Mainstreaming UNFCCC objectives in Nepal

Transcription

1 Source: google.com.np Mainstreaming UNFCCC objectives in Nepal Source: google.com.np Ram Prasad Lamsal, PhD Chief, Climate Change Management Division Ministry of Population and Environment March 28, 2017 Source: google.com.np

2 CLIMATE CHANGE Introduction to Climate Change A few basic facts > Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. > Climate change is a global issue: 1 tco 2 emitted in India = 1 tco 2 emitted in USA. > Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate. > Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1,4 to 5,8 degrees by > Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, economy and society.

3 BACKGROUND Human activity influence

4 BACKGROUND Variation of the temperature on Earth

5 BACKGROUND Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

6 BACKGROUND Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

7 BACKGROUND Climate change tends by 2100 TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS 5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era ( BC) Models Source forecasts : IPCC/SRESA2 : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.

8 CLIMATE CHANGE Visual impact of Climate Change

9 CLIMATE CHANGE Impact of Climate Change on society Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

10 CLIMATE CHANGE Cost of extreme weather events ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 14 / 48

11 CLIMATE CHANGE Less visual but with major impact Consequences of climate change: Agriculture and food security Crop yields, irrigation demands... Forest Composition, health and productivity... Water resources Water supply, water quality... Coastal areas Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention... > Temperature increase > Sea level rise > More rain Species and natural areas Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems... Human health Infectious diseases, human settlements...

12 UNFCCC Overview of UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change A global legal instrument (international agreement) on the control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG). Adopted in 1992, entered into force in Status of participation: 189 Parties. Contains 2 annexes: Annex 1: countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change Annex 2: countries with obligations to provide financing to developing countries for their obligations under UNFCC Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol.

13 UNFCCC Overall goal and objectives What is the overall goal? to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of mankind. What are the further objectives? to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

14 UNFCCC The UNFCCC entered into force on 21 March Today, it has nearuniversal membership. The 197 countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the Convention. The UNFCCC is a Rio Convention, one of three adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in Its sister Rio Conventions are the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. The three are intrinsically linked.

15 UNFCCC Institutional framework

16 UNFCCC Organisation of the Convention

17 UNFCCC National level actors National UNFCCC focal points > Responsible for the Government s interaction and communication with UNFCCC. > Usually a specific ministry / department. > Usually interacting with a wide range of other organizations / stakeholders at the national level. National CDM or JI organizations (DNA) > Specific organization (authority) that is responsible for approving CDM and JI activities at the national level. > Often, but not always, the same as the National Focal Point.

18 KYOTO PROTOCOL Bringing UNFCCC into action The Kyoto Protocol > An addition to UNFCCC that requires developed countries to limit their GHG emissions in 2012, as compared to their emissions in > Provides detailed methods and mechanisms for how the emission reductions can be achieved, measured and verified. > All members in UNFCCC have not agreed to sign the Kyoto Protocol! A long process of ratification > Adopted in 1997, but required the ratification of more than 55 countries representing more than 55% of GHG emissions. > Entered into force on February 16th, 2005 after ratification of the Russian Federation (now 163 countries covering 61.6% of global emissions have ratified the protocol).

19 KYOTO PROTOCOL A market-based instrument Kyoto Protocol characteristics > Commits Annex 1 countries to reduce GHG emissions by 5.2% by 2012 compared to > Actual commitment period: > Individual goals for each country. 3 mechanisms to help countries to reach their commitments > ETS - Emissions Trading System > CDM - Clean Development Mechanism (session 5) > JI - Join Implementation (session 6) 6 greenhouse gases: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, PFCs, HFCs, SF 6.

20 UNFCCC Ratification of the Kyoto protocol Signed and ratified Signed, ratification pending Signed, ratification declined No position

21 KYOTO PROTOCOL List of countries in Annex 1 Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Rep Denmark EC Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine UK USA * Countries with economies in transition to a market economy. * Countries which did not ratify Kyoto protocol.

22 Nepal: Quick Snapshot 67 m (Kechanakal, Jhapa) to 8848 m (Mount Everest) within a distance of 193 KM Agriculture sector -the base of livelihood of nearly 80% people and employs about 66% of the labor force of the country Only 21% of land is cultivated of which 54% is irrigated 50% of farmers are small holders cultivating land less than 0.5 hectares 21% of the population are under the poverty line 41% of the population do not get the minimum suggested daily calorie intake 42% of the total population now lives in municipalities 118 ecosystems, 75 vegetation types and 35 forest types 45% of total area is forested, 1.7% annual deforestation rate 40,000 MW hydropower potential 3,808 glaciers covering 4,212 Km glacial lakes

23 What the News trend is? YEAR 2073

24 Flooding in Bhaktapur, July 26, 2016 Increase in the frequency, magnitude and intensity of the extreme and unpredicta ble weather events!! Avalanche from Gangapurna Himal, Manang

25 Climate Change in Nepal 0.39% of global population Nepal s contribution to global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission: 0.027% Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change About 1.8 degree centigrade increase in between 1975 to 2006 Annually temperature increasing by 0.06 degree centigrade (MoE, NAPA, 2010) Day and night are warmer ever before Change in raining season and pattern Snow melting and loss of ice caps Increased frequencies, magnitude and intensity of natural disasters Decreased food production in recent years Position 4/170 Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2011 (Maplecroft) Vulnerability to the impacts of CC over the next 30 years 7/187 Climate Risk Index for 2014 (Germanwatch) 17/187 Climate Risk Index for (Germanwatch)

26 Quickly: AR5 Facts Warming is likely to exceed 1.5 C relative to 1850 to 1900 for all RCP scenarios except RCP 2.6 to exceed 2 C for RCP2.6 Over the period , global mean sea level rose by 0.19 [0.17 to 0.21] m. very substantial reductions in emissions will be needed in order to limit warming below 2 C and bring warming back to 1.5 C by 2100 AR5 and South Asia Mid-term ( ): increase of 2-3 C, warmest temperature focused in the northern portion (Nepal, Bhutan, southern China, northern India, Pakistan) Long-term ( ): increase of 3-5 C, warmest temperatures focused in the northern portion (Pakistan, northern India, southern China, Nepal, Bhutan) The warmest daily maximum temperature is projected to increase 4-5 C, with highest temperatures in northern India, Pakistan, southern China, Nepal, Bhutan The number of tropical nights (that is the number of 24-hour days above 20 C) is projected to increase from between 0 and 80 days, with most concentrated in the southern portion of the region (India) Sharp decrease in annual mean soil moisture of -0.8 to -1.6 mm in the northeastern portion of the region (Nepal, China, Bhutan) Increased risk of diarrhea and malnutrition in Southeast Asian countries including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar and Nepal (McMichael et al., 2004)

27 Nepal in the frontlines of Climate Change Impacts Increase in the presence of agricultural pests and diseases 42 out of 75 districts classified as food insecure hectares of agricultural land lost due to extreme events Climate change may contribute to a projected 12 % loss in national food production over the next 60 years More than 1.9 million people are highly climate vulnerable, with 10 million people increasingly at risk 21 Glacial Lakes are potentially dangerous Climate Change impacts on agriculture may affect national food security and the livelihoods of over 60% of the population Continued melting glaciers and increased runoff will lead to more flood risk, substantial reductions in dry season flow, and will negatively impact downstream agriculture, which relies on this water for irrigation (World Bank, 2013) Extreme events in Nepal already cost 1.5-2% of the GDP each year with additional investment of USD 2.4 billion needed to build resilience from now to 2030 Water-induced disasters due to climate change would cost an additional estimated USD million (equivalent to % of current GDP) each year till 2050 Climate change-driven events could cause losses of 9.9 % of Nepal s annual GDP by 2100 Decreases in dry season river flows may increase required hydropower investment by USD 2.6 billion until 2050

28 Key sectors vulnerable to Climate Change Water Resources and Energy Forests and Biodiveristy Agriculutre and Food Security Urban Settlements and Infrastructures Public Health Climate Induced Hazards Tourism, Natural and Cultural Heritage

29 Impacts of Climate Change in Nepal X010 Glacier retreating at the rate of 10 meter per year Source: GEN/DHM Changes in Glaciers

30 Impacts of Climate Change in Nepal Choyu Glacier Khumbu Glacier

31 Impacts of Climate Change in Nepal 1956: Imja Lake 2006: Imja Lake

32 Response to Climate Change Impacts in Nepal A. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS B. POLICY FRAMEWORKS C. Programmes and Projects

33 A. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Climate Change Council, 2009 Climate Change Management Division, 2010 MCCICC, 2011 REDD Forestry and CC Cell, 2009 and RIC 2014 Climate Change Focal Person at different sectoral ministries Climate Finance Management Section, 2015 DEECC Section

34 B. POLICY FRAMEWORKS Climate Change Policy, 2011 NAPA, 2010 LAPA, 2011 Climate Change Budget Code, 2013 EFLG Framework, 2014 REDD Strategy, 2015 LCED Strategy (Draft)

35 C. Programmes and Projects On going Projects: Nepal Climate Change Support Programme (NCCSP) Community-based flood risk and GLOF risk reduction programme Reducing vulnerability and increasing adaptive capacity in agriculture sector Ecosystem-based adaptation Programme (EbA) Nepal pilot country Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR) Building climate resilient watersheds in mountainous ecoregions Building resilience to climate related hazards Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development Building climate resilient communities (private sector) Enhancing capacity, knowledge and technology support to build climate resilience of vulnerable developing countries Hariyo Ban Project and ASHA adaptation action Building adaptation to CC in health through climate-resilient WASH National Adaptation Plan Formulation Process Pipeline projects: Catalysing ecosystem restoration in degraded forests of Nepal Adapting to climate induced threats (food) in Karnali region Developing climate resilient livelihoods in the vulnerable watersheds EbA for climate-resilient development in the Kathmandu Valley Climate Smart Development Program

36 D. Coordination Mechanism CCC MCCICC RCCC VEECC DEECCCC

37 @Ram_Lamsal01 Source: google.com.np