Growth and Bioproductivity of Urban Forests

Transcription

1 Growth and Bio of Urban Forests Lakyda, I. IIASA Interi Report April 2012

2 Lakyda, I. (2012) Growth and Bio of Urban Forests. IIASA Interi Report. IR Copyright 2012 by the author(s). Interi Report on work of the International Institute for Applied Systes Analysis receive only liited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Meber Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. Perission to ake digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroo use is granted without fee provided that copies are not ade or distributed for profit or coercial advantage. All copies ust bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. For other purposes, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, perission ust be sought by contacting

3 International Institute for Applied Systes Analysis Schlossplatz 1 A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Tel: Fax: E-ail: publications@iiasa.ac.at Web: Interi Report IR Growth and bio of urban forests Ivan Lakyda (lakyda@voliacable.co) Approved by Michael Obersteiner Progra Leader, Ecosystes Services and Manageent April 23, 2012 Interi Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systes Analysis receive only liited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Meber Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. International Institute for Applied Systes Analysis Registration nuber: ZVR

4 Contents Abstract.. iii Acknowledgeents iv About the authors... v Introduction 1 Materials, Method and Results 5 Conclusion. 19 References. 21 Appendix Appendix Appendix ii

5 Abstract This paper provides inforation about the background, process and results of growth odeling, yield and bio of artificial (planted) pine stands in urban forests in the city of Kyiv. This topic is exceptionally iportant to ecological functions of urban forest ecosystes around Kyiv, like any other urban forests, in ters of aintaining sustainability of the internal environent of cities, iproving the environental situation and reducing harful effects of industry, transport, etc. A characteristic feature of urban forests is a substantial anthropogenic pressure on forest ecosystes, which is uch higher copared to production forests. As a rule, reference inforation, growth odels, etc. for urban forests are either weak or copletely absent. This work is designed to eliinate soe of such shortcoings and probles for forests around the biggest city in Ukraine. As a ajor result of the study, odels of growth and biological (dynaics of live bioass, Net Priary Production have been developed. We show specific features of growth and functioning of urban forests and therefore a need for the developent of a special reference and norative base for inventory and anageent of this category of forests. iii

6 Acknowledgents Ivan Lakyda would like to thank the International Institute for Applied Systes Analysis for the wonderful opportunity to participate in the Young Scientists Suer Progra in 2010, his supervisors, Anatoly Shvidenko and Ditry Schepaschenko as well as the staff of IIASA Ecosyste Services and Manageent Progra for their understanding and support, valuable scientific discussions and excellent entoring. iv

7 About the Authors Ivan Lakyda is a PhD student in the Departent of Forest Manageent at the Education and Research Institute of Forestry and Landscape Park Manageent, National University of Life and Environental Sciences of Ukraine and a participant of YSSP v

8 Bio of urban forests Ivan Lakyda Introduction Under conditions of transition in Ukrainian forestry, towards principles of sustainable developent, cognition of ecological, econoical and social characteristics of the studied objects becoes ore and ore iportant. Urban forests are defined as those that are located in urban settleents, intended for recreational, cultural and sporting activities, as well as to aintain favorable environental conditions (Rosleshoz, 2007). In addition, forests are renewable resources and, therefore, their role as such is expected rise significantly in the near future. The iportance of urban forests is difficult to overestiate, firstly, as they play an ecological role, acting as a factor deterining quality of life of urban population in the broadest sense. The geographical location of urban forests in the city of Kyiv is shown on Figure 1. Figure 1. Geographical location of urban forests in Kyiv, anaged by the Counal enterprise Kyivzelenbud 1

9 The ain purpose of this work is to study biological and associated ecological functions of urban forests in the city of Kyiv. This research topic is exceptionally iportant to ecological functions of forest ecosystes in the urban forests of Kyiv, as any other urban forest in ters of aintaining sustainability of the internal environent of cities, iproving the environental situation and reducing harful effects of various anthropogenic factors. Taking into consideration that ost forested areas in Ukraine are planted pine stands, which occupy over 33% of area covered with forest or 3,130 thousand hectares (Gordiyenko et al., 2002) and within urban forests in Kyiv pine plantations doinate with a percentage of over 80%, developing inforational provisions and support for their functions associated with bio is an iportant prerequisite for sustainable forest anageent in urban forests. It should be noted that at present this proble is far fro being solved. The overall objective of this study is to iprove our understanding of regularities of growth, yield and dynaics of biological of planted pine urban forests in the city of Kyiv. The ai is to develop corresponding odels for the above category of forests. We studied pine stands of artificial origin, which are located in three forest-park econoies of counal enterprise Kyivzelenbud Darnytske, Koncha-Zaspa and Svyatoshynske (Figure 1) The area of the stands specified is 14,619 hectares, growing stock volue 5.2 illion 3, nuber of stands To gain a better understanding of processes of bio in urban forests in Kyiv it is worthwhile to show their silvicultural and ensurational characteristics. Distribution of areas and growing stocks of forested areas by groups of ajor forest foring tree species is presented in Table 1. Table 1 Distribution of area and growing stock of forested areas by groups of ajor forest foring tree species Year of inventory 2009 Area, ha/growing stock, /Stock percentage by groups of forest foring tree species hardwood softwood coniferous broadleaves broadleaves As illustrated in Table 1, coniferous forests doinate both in ters of area of stands and their growing stock. The latter is about 88% of growing stock of urban forests in Kyiv. Hardwood and softwood broadleaves coprise about 12% of the growing stock (Figure 2). 2

10 8,3 3,5 Coniferous Hardwood broadleaves Softwood broadleaves 88,2 Figure 2. Distribution of growing stock of forested areas by groups of doinant forest foring tree species, % Distribution of area and growing stock of forested areas by doinant tree species is provided in Table 2. Table 2 Stock percentage of the ain forest foring tree species within groups of forest foring tree species in urban forests of Kyiv city, % Hardwood Year of Coniferous Softwood broadleaves broadleaves inventory pine spruce other oak beech other birch aspen alder other According to Table 2, it becoes apparent that the doinant species in urban forests of Kyiv are Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) in the coniferous and hardwood broadleaved group of forest foring tree species, respectively. Aongst the softwood broadleaved group of forest foring tree species, Black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and Silver birch (Betula pendula) are the doinant ones. According to Tables 1 and 2, the predoinant tree species both in ters of area and growing stock is Scots pine. Aong other tree species, the axial growing stock per unit area has White poplar (Populus alba). Significant stock percentages of other hardwood and softwood broadleaves are explained largely by ais and direction of forest anageent in urban forests. Distribution of growing stock of urban forests in Kyiv by age groups (young, idaged, iature, ature and overature) and by groups of forest foring tree species is presented in Table 3. 3

11 Table 3 Distribution of growing stock of urban forests in Kyiv by age groups, % Coniferous Hardwood broadleaves Softwood broadleaves Year of inventory young id-aged iature ature and overature young id-aged iature ature and overature young id-aged iature ature and overature As shown in Table 3, the doinant age group in all the groups of forest foring tree species is id-aged, and the sallest share is occupied by a group of young stands. There are several reasons for this phenoenon. The ain one is the way in which urban forests are anaged. Due to the forest anageent anual, clear cuts (in for of forest renovative cuttings) are practically prohibited in these forests. The areas available for afforestation are very liited in the region due to urbanization. These phenoena indirectly reflect an increase of ean age of the studied forests, and their aging. As of , the ean age of urban forests in Kyiv was equal to 83, at the sae tie ean age of a group of coniferous tree species was 83, hardwood broadleaves 104, softwood broadleaves 55. These values indicate that the ean age of stands is nearing their aturity age. Clearly, it is possible to state that older stands have higher aesthetic value, but it should also be noted that such a situation cannot last for a long period of tie; aging planted forests are evenaged that will require their replaceent due to inability to carry out their ecological functions. Site index class of a forest stand indicates its level of. Table 4 contains average site index classes of the studied forest stands. Average site index classes of urban forests in Kyiv by groups of forest foring tree species Table 4 Mean site index class after M.M. Orlov Year of inventory hardwood softwood coniferouss broadleaves broadleaves 2009 І,4 I,6 I,3 As it follows fro Table 4, the ean site index classes of urban forests in Kyiv are rather high. Distribution of areas of stands of ain forest foring tree species by site index classes as of is presented in Table 5. 4

12 Table 5 Distribution of areas of stands of ain forest foring tree species by site index classes as of , ha Tree species I d I c Site index class after M.M. Orlov I b I a I II III IV V TOTAL Scots pine Norway spruce Pedunculate oak European beech Silver birch Aspen Black alder TOTAL Data presented in Table 5 show that stands of ІІ I b site index classes are the prevailing ones. The ost significant areas occupied by ajor doinant species belong to SI classes I and Ia in stands covered by Scots pine, SI class I and II in oak stands, SI class I in Silver birch stands and SI class II in Black alder forests. Average growing stock on 1 ha of forested area is another bioetric index, describing forest stand. The average growing stock equals ha -1 for the studied forests in ; ha -1 for coniferous stands; ha -1 for hardwood broadleaved species; and ha -1 for softwood tree species. The corresponding average growing stock per 1 ha for all forests of State agency of forest resources in Ukraine is saller, 229, 262, 214, and ha -1 respectively. To suarize, it is necessary to identify the following prerequisites for the selection of pine stands of artificial origin of urban forests in Kyiv as the objective of this research: Iportant ecological, econoic and social role of pine stands in the urban forests of Kyiv. Peculiarities of pine stands in the urban forests of Kyiv, due to their functions and anthropogenic load. Lack of inforation supporting functions linked with bio in urban forests copared with production forests. Materials, Method and Results Modeling growth and of forests is a fundaental step of forest ensurational studies, its results have scientific value and are often iportant for practical forestry. Models of growth and of forest plantations are the 5

13 foundation based on which one can quantify ecological functions of forest stands, such as their bio in ters of its coponents, and can plan related anageent regies. Choice of the classification base is an iportant step in designing the study. We used site index classes as a ajor indicator for classification of the forests under study by level of. The subject of this study is presented by planted pine forests situated in the green zone in Kyiv. These plantations cover an area of 15,864.8 hectares, their growing stock is 5.4 illion 3. The initial dataset used in this study derived fro constructing queries to the forest inventory database Stand-wise ensurational characteristics of forests of Ukraine, which was developed and is being operated by the Ukrainian state forest inventory production association Ukrderzhlisproekt. In order to answer the question of how to group research aterial for future odeling dynaics of ain ensurational indices, it was decided to use cluster analysis. When deterining clusters, the following concepts were used: association or connection rule defines ethods for cobination of clusters; easure of linkage distance allows calculating distance atrices using a chosen ethod. In order to perfor the analysis, a atrix of distances is calculated for a certain easure, then, depending on the selected rule (ethod) of association, objects are assigned to different clusters and a tree structure is fored. We used Ward s ethod as an association rule. This ethod applies analysis of variance techniques in order to assess the distance between clusters. The ethod iniizes the su of squares for any two clusters that can be fored at each step (StatSoft, 1995). The applied association rule requires calculating linkage distances between eleents using Square of Euclidean distance for correct operating. The linkage distance is calculated as a square of basic geoetric distance in ultidiensional space (StatSoft, 1995; Shoylova, 2005). Clusters were fored for the following ensurational indices: average height, average diaeter and age of individual stands. Figure 3 presents the tree structure for cluster objects of average height in the first stage. 6

14 5,5E5 5E5 4,5E5 Linkage Distance 4E5 3,5E5 3E5 2,5E5 З 1 я у у 98С 1 я у у 10С 1 я у у Pine <75% Pine 75-95% Pine >95% Figure 3. Tree structure for cluster objects of average height in the first stage When analyzing Figure 3, it can be concluded that it is worthwhile to join clusters of pure pine stands with conventionally pure stands, i.e. having shares of 80 to 90 percent pine by growing stock volue. Figure 4 shows the tree structure for cluster objects of average diaeter in the first stage. 6,2E5 6E5 5,8E5 Linkage Distance 5,6E5 5,4E5 5,2E5 5E5 4,8E5 4,6E5 З D 1 я у у 98С D 1 я у у 10С D 1 я у у Pine <75% Pine 75-95% Pine >95% Figure 4. Tree structure for cluster objects of average diaeter in the first stage When analyzing Figure 4 it can be stated that it is worthwhile to join clusters of pure pine stands with stands that have 75 to 95 percent of pine species in their coposition. 7

15 5,5E5 5E5 4,5E5 Linkage Distance 4E5 3,5E5 3E5 2,5E5 З 1 я у у 98С 1 я у у 10С 1 я у у Figure 5. Tree structure for cluster objects of age in the first stage Based on the cluster analysis conducted we conclude that the feasibility of joining clusters of pure pine stands of artificial origin with ones that have 75 to 95 percent of pine species in their coposition. Hereafter, this group will be called pure pine stands in urban forests of Kyiv. The area of the entioned stands equals to 14,619 hectares and have a growing stock of 5.2 illion 3. The next step was to choose a odel of height growth dynaics for the studied stands. As a basis, we applied the odel of dynaics of relative heights and dynaic site index class scale for optial pine stands of artificial origin in the Ukrainian Polissya region (Strochynsky et al., 1992), reduced to a base age of 120 (Strochynsky, 1999; Terentyev, 2008). The ain basis for this decision was that at the age of 120 intervals between classes of site index class scale (after M.M. Orlov) are equal to 4 eters. The chosen odel of dynaics of relative height has the following general view: H H Pine <75% Pine 75-95% Pine >95% з exp A 1 exp A A , (1) where А age of a stand, average height of a stand, з H average height of a stand at base age of An exaple of the differences between site index class scale after M.M. Orlov and the applied dynaic site index class scale are depicted in Figure 6 for I b site index class. 8

16 Figure 6. Differences between site index class scale after M.M. Orlov and dynaic site index class scale for optial pine stands of artificial origin in the Ukrainian Polissya region As we can see fro Figure 6, the average height of trees, which are assigned to a particular site index class using the dynaic scale is soewhat lower at a younger age and slightly higher at an older age than it is indicated by Orlov s site index class scale. Experiental data were divided by site index classes using the dynaic scale. Since the vast ajority of stands belong to I b - IV site index classes, the odeling of growth was perfored for these site index classes. The paraeters for stands of I d, I c, V and V a site index classes were estiated using odel regularities for the nearest site index classes. The Bertalanffy s growth function was selected as a basis for odeling of average diaeter, basal area and for height. where y dependent variable, x independent variable, 0, 1 і 2 regression coefficients. y a a x a2 0 (1 exp( 1 )), As a result of odeling of dynaics for the above bioetric indicators of stands, the following atheatical odels were developed ) odel of dynaics for average diaeter of the studied stands D a a A a (1 exp( 1 )), where 0 = SI SI SI 3, 1 = SI SI 0, SI 3, (2) (3) 9

17 2 = SI SI 0, SI 3, А stand age, year, D average stand diaeter, c SI site index class code. A systeatic error of the odel equals zero, standard deviation is , and estiation error of ean value is b) odel of dynaics for basal area of the studied stands G a A (1 exp( )), where 0 = SI SI SI 3, G stand basal area, 2 ha -1, А stand age, year SI site index class code. A systeatic error of the odel equals zero, standard deviation is , and estiation error of ean value is c) odel of dynaics for for height of studied stands where HF= ( SI SI 2 ) (1-EXP( A)) , (5) HF for height, A stand age, year SI site index class code. A systeatic error of the odel equals zero, standard deviation is , and estiation error of ean value is The developed odels accurately describe the experiental data and have no systeatic errors. A graphic interpretation of the atheatical odels is presented in Figures 7, 8 and 9. (4) 10

18 I b I a I II III IV Figure 7. Graphic interpretation of the odel of dynaics of average diaeter I b I a I II III IV Figure 8. Graphic interpretation of the odel of dynaics of basal area 11

19 Figure 9. Graphic interpretation of the odel of dynaics of for height Soe studies indicated that inventory based growing stock volue of stands has a bias (e.g., -7% for the study s region, U-Te-Tint, 1971). This bias ipacts for factors when calculating these based on the odels above, causing soe underestiation of their values for all site index classes. In order to eliinate this bias it was decided to use a generic odel of dynaics of for factor for optial pine stands of artificial origin in the Ukrainian Polissya region (Strochynskyy et al., 1992), which has the following general view: where F=(A D H EXP( /H+13.76/H 2 ))/1000, (6) F for factor, A stand age, year D average stand diaeter, c, H average stand height. 2. The rest of ensurational paraeters which are required for developent of yield tables were calculated in the following way: Growing stock: Nuber of stes per 1 ha: Current annual increent: Mean annual increent: I b I a I II III IV M = G H F, (7) N = G/π/D 2, (8) CAI = ( А - А-10 )/10, (9) 12

20 MAI = А /А. (10) Since the original dataset did not contain inforation about the reoved part of the stands odels of dynaics for reduction rates of the reoved part by diaeter and average height of optial pine stands of artificial origin in the Ukrainian Polissya region were used in order to develop yield tables for the studied forests. The entioned odels have been developed based on easureents on peranent saple plots and could be presented in the following for: a) odel of dynaics for reduction rate of reoved part by average height: R H = A 0.112, (11) ) odel of dynaics for reduction rate of reoved part by diaeter: R D = A (12) where R H and R D are ratio of average height and diaeter of reoved part to corresponding values of the reaining part, respectively. 10. Graphic interpretation of these atheatic expressions is presented in Figure Age, Figure 10. Graphic interpretation of odels for reduction rate of reoved part by average height (a) and diaeter (b) Based on these odels, paraeters of the reoved part of a stand were calculated. The next step was to produce yield tables based on the above developed odels. One of the iportant ensurational indices, shown in the tables above, is the of forest stands, defining as a aount of ste wood which is produced by a stand during its lifespan. Its dynaics is illustrated in Figure

21 I b I a I II III IV Figure 11. Dynaics of for odal pine stands of artificial origin in urban forests of Kyiv city The developed yield tables are provided in Appendix 1. In the second stage of this study, in order to develop tables of biological, a recently suggested new ethod of assessing biological of forests was applied (Shvidenko et al., 2007) The ethod is based on odeling of dynaics of production of live bioass and has no biases in opposite to ethods which are based on destructive easureents of NPP in forest ecosystes. However, reliability of the ethod depends on quality of live bioass odels. Because this study is a first attept of assessent of NPP by the above ethod in Ukraine, we used two available systes of odels of live bioass applied to the developed growth odels: local syste of odels for forests in Ukraine (Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008); regional syste of odels for forests in the European part of Northern Eurasia (Shvidenko et al., 2007). The first of these two bio odels systes is ore general, developed for a geographically larger area. It should be noted that the data set used by the author for the syste of local bio odels is a subset of the data set on which the regional syste of odels was developed. However, it does not allow to coent on the siilarity of these systes. The local syste gives slightly worse results than the regional one, priarily because odels for evaluation of soe fractions of live bioass in it are based on a liited aount of data and cover a narrow age range. The difference between the results of these two bio odels systes could be rather large. Thus, it sees relevant to consider both systes and provide a coparison of the results. When applying both systes, aount of stand live bioass is estiated as a su of its fractions (ste wood over bark, branches, needles, roots, understorey, undergrowth and green forest floor). The calculation of live bioass fractions of undergrowth and understorey, as well as green forest floor was carried out using the 14

22 sae odels (Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008), so the results of both systes of odels for these fractions have no differences. The coparison of the results of the two systes of odels is carried out graphically. A coparison of the live bioass dynaics of a ste is shown in Figure 12. I b I a I II III IV Figure 12. Dynaics of live bioass of a ste ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) As it is shown in Figure 12 the local syste predicts higher aounts of ste live bioass than the regional. The difference between the results of the two systes of odels increases for higher site index classes. A coparison of dynaics for live bioass of branches is shown in Figure 13. I b I a I II III IV Figure 13. Dynaics of live bioass of branches ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) Figure 13 shows that the regional syste of odels overestiates live bioass of branches regarding the local syste, and the discrepancy between the predicted values of live bioass of branches is about 15%. Miniu values are achieved in site index class IV, and axiu in the I a, I and II site index classes for regional and local 15

23 syste of odels respectively. A coparison of the dynaics for live bioass of needles is shown in Figure 14. I b I a I II III IV Figure 14. Dynaics of live bioass of needles ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) When coparing results of local and regional systes of odels for predicting dynaics of live bioass fraction of needles, it has to be entioned that, for the fraction of branches, the regional syste of odels calculates higher values than the local. The difference in this case is around 50%. The iniu value is observed in site index class IV, and the axiu in I, II, and Ia site index classes for regional and local systes of odels, respectively. A coparison of dynaics for phytoass of roots is shown in Figure 15. I b I a I II III IV Figure 15. Dynaics of live bioass of roots ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) We can conclude that the regional syste of odels underestiates fraction of roots relatively to the local syste. The discrepancy between the predicted values of the 16

24 two systes is 35%. The iniu values correspond to site index class IV, and axiu to site index class I a. It should be noted that difference increases when age increases. A coparison of dynaics for live bioass of the stands under the study is shown in Figure 16. I b I a I II III IV Figure 16. Dynaics of live bioass of a stand ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) Figure 16 shows that the local syste of odels overestiates live bioass of a stand relatively to the regional syste of odels by a value of 15%. Miniu and axiu values are recorded for site index classes IV and I b, respectively. A coparison of the dynaics of live bioass is shown in Figure 17. I b I a I II III IV Figure 17. Dynaics of live bioass ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) As it is shown fro the above coparisons the regional syste of odels predicts higher values of bioass production than the local. The discrepancy does not exceed 10%, while iniu values are quite close together. The difference increases as site increases. The axiu value for the regional odel is achieved in site index classes I a and I b, and for the local odel in site index class I b. A coparison 17

25 of the dynaics for current annual increent of live bioass by present stock is shown in Figure 18. I b I a I II III IV Figure 18. Current annual increent of live bioass by present stock ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) The curves depicting current annual increent of live bioass (Figure 18) have a siilar shape, axiu is reached at a young age, after which values decrease with increasing age. This corresponds to the nature of current annual increent. The regional odel overestiates the value of the paraeter, relatively to the local odel. The iniu value corresponds to site index class IV, and axiu to site index classes I b and I a. A coparison of the dynaics for net priary production is presented in Figure 19. I b I a I II III IV Figure 19. Dynaics of net priary production ( after Shvidenko et al., 2007, b after Lakyda, 1997; Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008) When coparing the dynaics of net priary production, it should be noted that the local syste of odels gives higher values relatively to the regional syste in older age. Miniu values are reached in site index class IV, and axiu correspond to 18

26 site index classes I a and I b. In older age, the local syste of odels predicts further growth of NPP for all site index classes, and regional - only for site index classes III and IV. The forecast by the regional syste looks ore like the one corresponding to the nature of change of forest NPP with age. The following reasons for the illustrated differences can be pointed out: availability of data that were used by the authors for developing their systes of odels. This factor is especially notable when considering the dynaics of live bioass fractions of needles and roots. Live bioass of roots is correctly described by atheatical expression of the local syste of odels only to the age of 80. Clearly, epirical data for older age were issing, so the results for this period appear less adequate to objective reality. Live bioass of needles throughout the period to 140 is low copared with actual data fro saple plots in siilar forest growing conditions (Usoltsev, 2001). ipact of geographical factors. The peculiarity of the regional syste of bio odels is the ipact of geographical conditions of a large region for which it was designed. Thus, the odels for evaluation of green forest floor, understorey and undergrowth works in the sae way for site index classes IV in dry, dap and wet conditions, which does not fully eet the conditions of the Ukrainian Polissya region. atheatical expressions used in odeling the dynaics of live bioass fractions in the regional syste of odels describe the experiental data ore accurately copared to expressions used for developing the local syste (Shvidenko, Lakyda, McCallu et al., 2008). The ain conclusion fro the results above is a need to iprove the local syste of live bioass odels in order to correct these deficiencies, which, despite not being critical ones, significantly coplicate correct interpretation of the results. First of all, it should be set to expand on the initial dataset in order to better describe a considerable age gap and draw attention to the kind of atheatical expressions used to describe age dynaics for biological of forest plantations. These easures ay significantly iprove the syste of odels for biological of forests in Ukraine. Conclusion This study illustrated that urban forests which are basically destined for recreation and environent protection have distinctive features of growth and and, consequently, require developent of special odels for assessing their biospheric services (e.g., ipacts of forests on ajor biogeocheical cycles) and ipleentation of appropriate regies of forest anageent. The approach used deonstrated its ability to satisfactorily reach the planned objectives. We showed that results of forest inventory of studied forests in cobination with a nuber of epirical odels could be used as initial inforation for developent of guidelines and standards for sustainable forest anageent. Developed odels of growth and yields and dynaics of bio for odal pine stands of artificial origin for urban forests around Kyiv have a rather high accuracy and satisfactorily describe current functioning of the studied forests. The 19

27 odels are a basis for further quantitative assessent of ecological functions of studied forest ecosystes. However, reliability of the odeling systes also substantially depends on consistency of all epirical odels needed for the assessent of ajor indicators of biological. Our analysis showed that there are soe gaps in available sets of odels which are used for assessing dynaics of live bioass of forest ecosystes in the region. For this reason, we tried to organize the entire process of odeling as a self-educated syste which would be able to use new inforation and new knowledge for further iproveents of developed odels. This study covers a ajor part of urban forests in the region. In the future it is planned to develop siilar sets of odels for natural pine stands, as well as for birch stands, which are doinant species aongst softwood broadleaves in urban forests of Kyiv. This will enable to characterize growth, developent and of urban forests in Kyiv ore coprehensively, as well as perforance of ecological functions associated with their biological. Fro other side, this study supposes to be used as part of a odeling syste of assessent growth and of forests under global change which is under developent now for the entire country. 20

28 References Federal Agency of Forest Manageent of the Russian Federation, Urban forests. Available at: - date of review Gordienko, M.I., Shlapak, V.P., Goychuk, A.F., Rybak, V.O Artificial pine stands in Ukraine. Kyiv: Institute of Agricultural Econoics UAAS,, 872 pp. [in Ukrainian]. Statistical syste STATISTICA. [User guide.] Copyright StatSoft, 1995 Shoylova R.A., Minashkin V.G., Sadovnikova N.A., Shuvalova E.B Theory of Statistics: Handbook - [4 th edition]. Мoscow: Finances and Statistis, 656 pp. [in Russian]. Strochinsky, A.A., Shvidenko A.Z., Lakyda P.I Growth and odels for optial stands. Кyiv: Ukrainian Agricultural Acadey, 144 pp. [in Russian]. Strochinsky, A.A On ethods of actualization of relative stocking and standing stock of stands within the fraework of syste of continuous forest inventory.scientific Herald of National Agricultural University of Ukraine, Vol. 17, pp [in Ukrainian]. Terentyev, A. Yu., Bala O.P., Volodyyrenko V.M Analysis of odel of prognosis of dynaics of average height of artificial pine stands in Ukrainian Polissya. Scientific Herald of National Agricultural University of Ukraine, Vol. 113, pp [in Ukrainian]. Lakyda, P.I Productivity of forest stands of Ukraine by coponents of aboveground phytoass. Kyiv: National Agricultural University of Ukraine, 45 pp. Shvidenko, A., Schepaschenko, D., Nilsson, S., Bouloui, Y. Sei-epirical odels for assessing biological of Northern Eurasian forests. // Ecological Modelling, p Usoltsev, V.A Phytoass of forests of Northern Eurasia: database and geography. - Ekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Acadey of Sciences, 708 pp. [in Russian] U-Te-Tint A study of a statistical ethod of forest inventory in zone of intensive forest anageent. Kiev: Ukrainian Agricultural Acadey, 1971, 27 pp. 21

29 Appendix 1 Yield tables for odal pine stands of artificial origin of urban forests of Kyiv city A, H, D, c n G, -1 F 2 ha Stand Annual M, -1 3 ha Site index class І b increent, -1 3 (ha year) H, ean current D, c Reoved part n, 3 ha M, -1 Total increent, 3 (ha year) -1 А, Total, 3 ha ha ean current ,

30 A, H, D, c n G, -1 F 2 ha Stand Annual M, -1 3 ha Site index class I a increent, -1 3 (ha year) H, ean current D, c Reoved part n, 3 ha M, -1 Total increent, 3 (ha year) -1 А, Total, 3 ha ha ean current

31 A, H, D, c n G, -1 F 2 ha Stand Annual M, -1 3 ha Site index class I increent, -1 3 (ha year) H, ean current D, c Reoved part n, 3 ha M, -1 Total increent, 3 (ha year) -1 А, Total, 3 ha ha ean current

32 A, H, D, c n G, -1 F 2 ha Stand Annual M, -1 3 ha Site index class II increent, -1 3 (ha year) H, ean current D, c Reoved part n, 3 ha M, -1 Total increent, 3 (ha year) -1 А, Total, 3 ha ha ean current

33 A, H, D, c n G, -1 F 2 ha Stand Annual M, -1 3 ha Site index class III increent, -1 3 (ha year) H, ean current D, c Reoved part n, 3 ha M, -1 Total increent, 3 (ha year) -1 А, Total 3 ha -1-1, 3 ha ean current

34 A, H, D, c n G, 2 ha - 1 Stand F M, 3 ha - 1 Site index class IV Annual increent, -1 3 (ha year) H, ean current D, c Reoved part n, 3 ha M, -1 Total increent, 3 (ha year) -1 А, Total, 3 ha ha ean current

35 Appendix 2 Tables for biological of odal pine stands of artificial origin in urban forests of Kyiv (after syste of odels by Shvidenko, Schepaschenko, Nilsson et al., 2007) Site index class I b, relative stocking 0.72 Age, ste Live bioass of a stand, t ha -1 stand aboveground branches needles roots undergrowth and understorey live soil cover Total live bioass, t ha -1 Current annual increent of live bioass, t (ha year) -1 by Sequestered carbon, t ha -1 by Oxygen, t ha -1 by

36 Site index class I a, relative stocking 0.71 Age, ste aboveground branches needles Live bioass of a stand, t ha -1 stand roots undergrowth and understorey live soil cover Total live bioass, t ha -1 Current annual increent of live bioass, t (ha year) -1 by Sequestered carbon, t ha -1 by Oxygen, t ha -1 by

37 Site index class І, relative stocking 0.70 Age, ste aboveground branches needles Live bioass of a stand, t ha -1 stand roots undergrowth and understorey live soil cover Total live bioass, t ha -1 Current annual increent of live bioass, t (ha year) -1 by Sequestered carbon, t ha -1 by Oxygen, t ha -1 by

38 Site index class ІІ, relative stocking 0.70 Age, ste aboveground branches needles Live bioass of a stand, t ha -1 stand roots undergrowth and understorey live soil cover Total live bioass, t ha -1 Current annual increent of live bioass, t (ha year) -1 by Sequestered carbon, t ha -1 by Oxygen, t ha -1 by