Solid Waste Management problems present a serious problem to. residents. Understanding perceptions on the extent of implementation of the

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1 The Implementation of the Solid Waste Management Plan in the Cities of Davao and Tagum, Philippines: A Comparative Study Emelita S. Somera, MPA and Prof. Gladys Florangel I. Ortiz, MSDA Abstract: Solid Waste Management problems present a serious problem to residents. Understanding perceptions on the extent of implementation of the Solid Waste Management is a key when considering strategies to be employed. The purpose of the study was to figure out the perception of respondents on the implementation of the Solid Waste Management and whether there was a significant difference in the practices of households between Davao City and Tagum City. The study was conducted to compare the Solid Waste Management Practices of Davao City and Tagum City. This study answered the following questions: a) What is the profile of the cities in terms of budget, manpower, facilities and equipment, policies and organizational structure; b) Is there a difference in the profile of the cities per capita in terms of budget, manpower, facilities and equipment? c) What is the extent of implementation of SWM as perceived by the respondents in terms of waste generation; storage; collection; transfer and transport; processing and recovery; and disposal? d) Is there a significant difference in the extent of implementation of Solid Waste Management as perceived by the respondents? A total of 100 respondents were identified, composed of 50 respondents from four Barangays in the Poblacion (central) area of Tagum city and 50 respondents from four Barangays in the Poblacion area of Davao City.

2 The primary data was collected through questionnaires and secondary data from the Community Environment and Natural Resource Offices (CENRO) of the cities of Davao and Tagum. Weighted mean, frequency and test of difference were the statistical tools used to answer and analyze the research problems. To explore more insights on the implementation of the Solid waste management plan, an in-depth analysis through a Focus Group Discussion was also employed. Results of the study indicated that there was a higher budget and more manpower per capita in Davao City compared to Tagum City. Also, there were more policies enacted prior to RA 9003 in Davao City than Tagum City. Results of the survey have shown that the extent of implementation of the Solid Waste Management practices as perceived by the respondents was moderate for both Davao City and Tagum City. Furthermore, findings showed that there was a significant difference in the implementation of the Solid Waste Management practices between Davao City and Tagum City. Practices in terms of the Solid Waste Management Plan were perceived to be better implemented in Tagum City compared to Davao City. Introduction The increasing volume of garbage in many cities around the world is a serious issue that should be addressed for the future generations. It requires

3 utmost attention and cooperation from all the stakeholders to ensure that goals in terms of solid waste will be achieved. Solid waste management is an important aspect of society. It is a system for handling the garbage people dump in cities. As long as humans continue to live in settled communities, solid waste will always be an issue. Modern societies generate far more solid waste than early humans ever did (de Guzman,2003). Moreover, houses that do not have the space to bury their garbage bury it instead on the streets. Because of this, cities started to collect garbage for disposal. Davao city and Tagum City are two of the many cities in the country that have adopted this system. Prior to RA 9003, or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, Local Government Units were primarily responsible for its implementation and enforcement. Barangays and cities each have different responsibilities. The barangays are responsible for the segregation and collection of biodegradable, compostable and reusable solid wastes. On the other hand, the city or municipality is responsible for the collection of nonrecyclable materials and special wastes (RA 9003). The first priority of the Ecological Solid Waste Management (ESWM) is volume reduction at source. This could be done through segregation, reusing, recycling and composting at the point of origin, meaning at the grassroots and our homes. It is important to reuse, reduce and recycle waste because there are garbages that will take a very long time to decompose. Strategy is both an act and a science. The starting point must be the

4 identification of all of the relevant stakeholders. This will involve a surprising array of clear jurisdictional authority and mandated responsibility for the waste management (Brown, 1999). For waste management efforts to be effective all should be serious in making orders and people should follow rules. In addition, developing nations spend between 20 % and 40% of municipal revenues on waste management (Bartone, 2000); this is not able to keep pace with the scope of the problem. While it should be a priority for environmental health concern, less than 30 % of the population have access to proper and regular garbage removal (Senkoro, 2003). According to Misra and Pandey (2005), solid waste contributes most towards environmental degradation compared with other types of waste. This environmental degradation poses serious threat to the general welfare of the people and requires utmost attention and cooperation among national government agencies, local government units and the people in general. Strategies on solid waste management should be maximized in every local government unit to ensure positive results. Thus, a study in the differences in strategies and implementation of the SWM Plan between Davao City and Tagum City is timely and relevant. Background The Solid Waste Management Act of the Philippines: Enactment

5 RA 9003 or An Act Providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, Creating the Necessary Institutional Mechanisms and Incentives, Declaring Certain Acts Prohibited and Providing Penalties, Appropriating Funds Therefore, and for other purposes. It is a legislation that has the potential to radically transform and improve the solid waste management sector (De Lina, 2002). De Lina (2002) said that RA 9003 has the potential to effectively address solid waste management. However, implementation is behind schedule, source reduction and segregation are happening on an individual barangay level or not at all, and there is little or no active public participation. A comprehensive, integrated information, education, and communication plan is critical to the successful implementation of RA Solid waste management has six identifiable functional elements and these are: waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and recovery, and disposal (DENR-EMD, 1996).To handle waste situation, these six functional elements are combined to form a solid waste management system. Waste generation Article 11 Section 21 of RA 9003 states that there should be mandatory segregation of solid wastes. Segregation of wastes shall primarily be conducted at the source, to include household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources. The local government unit should provide for the residents a designated area and containers in which to accumulate source

6 separated recyclable materials to be collected by the municipality or private center. Storage Article 11 Section 22 states that there shall be a separate container for each type of waste from all sources. The solid waste container depending on its use shall be properly marked or identified for on-site collection as "compostable", "non-recyclable", "recyclable" or "special waste, or any other classification as may be determined by the Commission. Collection Article III Section 3 states that necessary training shall be given to the collectors and personnel to ensure that the solid wastes are handled properly; and collection of solid waste shall be done in a manner which prevents damage to the container, and spillage or scattering of solid waste within the collection vicinity. Transfer and Transport Article III Section 24 states that for the transfer of solid waste the use of separate collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers shall be required for specific types of wastes. Otherwise, vehicles used for the collection and transport of solid wastes shall have the appropriate compartments to facilitate efficient storing of sorted wastes while in transit.

7 Processing and Recovery Section 32 states that Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays shall be established. The facility shall be established in any suitable open space to be determined by the barangay through its Sanggunian (Council). The MRF shall be designed to receive, sort, process, and store compostable and recyclable material efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner. Disposal Article 6 Section 37 prohibits the use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste. No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor any practice or disposal of solid waste by any person, including LGUs, which constitutes the use of open dumps for solid waste, be allowed after the effectivity of the Act. After the effectivity of this Act, every LGU shall convert its open dumps into controlled dumps. The implementation of RA 9003 in Davao and Tagum Cities It is the responsibility of city governments to assume primary responsibility for solid waste management and develop and implement aggressive and effective waste reduction and source separation strategies. It is therefore interesting to consider how each city practice RA 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act.

8 Davao City Davao is a city in Mindanao, Philippines. It is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country. Davao is also the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area. It has an estimated population of 1,530,365 as of The City Mayors Foundation ranks Davao City as the 87th fastest growing city in the world, and it has been listed by the FDI Magazine as the 10th "Asian City of the Future". Implementation of RA 9003 in Davao City Davao City s solid waste management plan was entitled City Ordinance No Series of An Ordinance providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management, prohibiting certain acts and for other purposes. It shall be known as the Davao City Ecological Solid Waste Management Ordinance of It was enacted and Feb 2, Policies under waste generation state that there should be a ban on nonbiodegradable plastics bags and polystyrene foam as food containers. Only recyclable, biodegradable or reusable containers are allowed to be used as a food and beverage containers. Collection and transport under Section 17 states that segregated collection and transport of solid waste shall be mandatory. Section 28, states that Individual barangays or cluster barangays shall establish a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF). Under disposal, Article X of the Solid Waste Management plan states that residual and special wastes shall be disposed in the sanitary landfill of the city. According to the record of CENRO for December 2010, they have

9 collected an average of 485 tons everyday. While it slowly went down from 466 tons to Jan 2011 to 431 tons in April, the latest record, which was last May, increased to 450 tons (City ENRO). Tagum City Tagum is the capital city of the province of Davao del Norte, Philippines. The city is part of the Metropolitan Davao area. According to the 2010 LGPMS Census, it has a total of 242,801 inhabitants living in 46,651 households. Tagum City is located 55 kilometers north of Davao City and has a total land area of 19,580 hectares, which is predominantly agricultural, and produces various kinds of crops like coconut, rice, Cavendish banana, fruit trees and other agricultural crops for non-commercial use. Implementation of RA 9003 in Tagum City Tagum City s solid waste management plan was entitled City Ordinance No.229, S An ordinance revising the Municipal Ordinance No. 2, S- 1997, An ordinance establishing the comprehensive Solid Waste Management of the Municipality of Tagum. It was enacted and passed on December 18, The City Solid Waste Management Plan was created to ensure long-term solid waste management in all barangays. In Tagum City, residents must also segregate their solid waste. Then, the segregated recyclable solid waste should be brought to the designated Material Recovery Facility (MRF) for clustered or group of households. Section 5 states that the Barangay Material Recover Facility shall serve as the facility to store, process solid wastes. Composting Centers should be created so biodegradable

10 wastes coming from government facilities or public markets shall be processed into compost or fertilizer. Finally, Residuals of solid waste after resource recovery shall be disposed of in the city disposal facility, by sanitary landfilling or other in an ecologically sound method. In 2003, garbage generation is approximately 389 cu/ day however collection capability is pegged at 280 cum/day. Despite the gap in collection capacity, the City's garbage collection service today is a big improvement from 10 years ago, (Tiamson, 2013).Tagum s manner of disposing garbage in the 1990 was burning- consistent with the national trends as well as with comparative cities in Region X1. By year 2000, the sample region X1 cities have improved. The city's refuse is dumped in a controlled dumpsite in Barangay San Agustin since Article 3 Section 17 of RA 9003 states that Open dump sites shall not be allowed as final disposal sites. Currently, the city is constructing a sanitary landfill which is due to finish in the year METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the method of research, sources of data, data gathering instrument, sampling technique, the procedures and the statistical tools that were used in this study. Method Used This study used the comparative research method. This method is used

11 to discover answers to the questions who, what, when, where, and sometimes how (Copper and Schindler, 2008). Survey method is a type of descriptive method that questions individuals on a topic and then describing their responses. It allows researchers to study a larger group of individuals more easily (Jackson, 2008). Focus Group Discussion is a group discussion of approximately 6-12 persons guided by a facilitator, during which group members talk freely and spontaneously about a certain topic. Its purpose is to obtain in-depth information on concepts and ideas of a group. The idea is that group members discuss the topic among themselves, with guidance from the facilitator (Varkevisser, Pathmanathan, and Brownlee 2003). Sources of Data The primary data was from the survey response obtained from the sample households. On the other hand, secondary data consisted of the solid waste management plan of the cities of Davao and Tagum, and profile in terms of budget, manpower, facilities and equipment and organizational structure. They were taken from the City ENRO of both cities and from available resources online. Data Gathering Instruments A questionnaire modeled after Mapanao s 2011 study entitled Evaluation on the Implementation of Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan in Digos

12 City was used for evaluation. The questionnaire was designed to extract information needed to answer identified problems for this study. The questionnaire was based on the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. The survey questionnaires had three parts: the first part tackled the comprehensive solid waste management plan with indicators such as waste reduction, collection, information education campaign and final disposal; the second part discussed the resident s awareness and practices, and the CENRO performance with indicators budget, manpower, IEC, collection, facility and disposal; and the third part discusses the effectiveness of the comprehensive solid waste management plan implementation of Davao City and Tagum City. Moreover a comparison on budget, manpower, facilities, policies and organizational structure was conducted between the two cities under study. For the extent of the implementation strategies of the solid waste management plan, the scaling of the said variable is as follows: Table 1. Scale of options for the extent of implementation on strategies of Solid Waste Management Plan.

13 Range of Means Descriptive Level Meaning 4.5O-5.00 Very High If 81 % to 100 of the time the Solid waste management are practiced High If 61 % to 80 % of the time the Solid waste management are practiced If 41 % to 60% of the time the Solid waste management are practiced Low If 21 % 40 % of the time the Solid waste management are practiced Very Low If 0 % to 20 % of the time the Solid waste management are practiced Sampling technique For the sampling design, the multi stage sampling method was used. A multi- stage sampling is one in which sampling is done sequentially across two or more hierarchical levels (Lavrakas, 2011). Four barangays in the Poblacion area were selected from each of Davao City and Tagum City as the respondent barangay. Then, purposive sampling was employed to get the exact number of respondent household for each barangay. Purposive sample is one that is selected based on the knowledge of a population and the purpose of the study. The subjects are selected because of some characteristic, (Babbie, 2001). Representative sample size from each area was determined using the random number table. As shown in Table 2 and Table 3, these are list and number of

14 respondents included in the study from Davao City and Tagum City respectively. Table 2. Sampling Distribution for Davao City Barangay Actual Number of respondents 15-B Poblacion B Poblacion 8 36-D Poblacion D Poblacion 18 Total 50 Table 3. Sampling Distribution for Tagum City Barangay Actual Number of respondents Magugpo Poblacion 8 Magugpo East 19 Magugpo North 9 Magugpo South 14 Total 50 Procedure of the study Permission to conduct the study was sought from the Solid Waste Management Board of Davao City and Tagum City as well as the CENRO Office and Barangays under study. The survey questionnaire was distributed to the four different barangays of Davao City and Tagum City. The questionnaires were given to the individual persons and households. The questionnaires were then retrieved from the respondents after filling the form; this served as the primary data along with the results of the FGD. Then, a Focus Group Discussion was conducted in one of the Barangays in each city after conducting the survey. Krueger (1990) said that Focus Group

15 Discussion is needed to explore the meanings of survey findings that cannot be explained statistically; i.e., the range of opinions/views on a topic of interest. This was attended by the Punong Barangay (Barangay Captain or village head), Barangay Kagawad (barangay councilor or village councilor), Purok Leader, Barangay Sanitation Inspector for the assessment of the information from Barangay Magugpo, Poblacion Tagum City last March 18, An FGD was also conducted with the Punong Barangay and several Barangay Kagawad in Barangay 14-B, Poblacion Davao City last March 19, An interview of garbage collectors was done to complete the data. The gathering of data was done within the month of March After gathering the data from the field, the collation and analysis of data was done using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 17).Data was then analyzed and interpreted. Statistical Treatment The statistical treatments used in this study were weighted mean, frequencies and test of difference. Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the extent of implementation of the Solid Waste Management practices. Frequency. This was used to determine the occurrence of the observations of the residents in the CSWM plan implementation in both cities. Test of difference. A test on the p-value was conducted to conduct the test of difference. This was used to test the significant difference between the perception of the implementation of the solid waste management practices of Davao city and Tagum city.

16 The mean, frequency and test of difference were tested using the data from the questionnaires. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Profile of the Cities Davao City and Tagum City have different profiles in terms of budget, manpower, facilities and equipment, policies and organizational structure. The profile for each is presented below: Budget. In Davao City, City ENRO was one of the offices that have the biggest budget. In 2012, the total budget was PhP309,042,009; this is allotted for the different programs such as street cleaning, beautification, garbage collection, maintenance of plaza, parks and monuments and general administration. Tagum city, on the other hand, has a total of Php P33,016, budget for the year It has allotted budget for beautification, health and sanitation program, monitoring and sanitation that has the biggest allocation among all the programs. Davao Total Budget Population As of May

17 Tagum Total Budget Population As of May ,801 Davao City Tagum City Budget for Population per capita Budget for Population per capita Table 5. Budget of CENRO Tagum for 2012 CENRO Budget 2012 Sanitation (garbage collection) P 19,590, Implementation(including IEC, P 1,089, Waste Disposal Monitoring P 1,276, Beautification, Clean & GreenProg P 300,000 Environmental Mgt. Monitoring Prog. P 2,074,941 Health and Sanitation Program P 3,851, Personal Services P 4,832, TOTAL P33,016, Source:CENRO Tagum Manpower. There are a total of 967 personnel involved in the Solid Waste Management Program of the City of Davao. 942 were contractual while 25 were with plantilla positions, contractual workers constituted about 98 percent of the total workforce. Table 6 shows the number of personnel assigned in the solid waste management program in Davao City. Table 6.Number of Personnel assigned in the Solid Waste Management Program in Davao City Personnel Plantilla Contractual Total Composting Garbage Collectors

18 Garbage Driver Monitoring Street Sweeper Basura Patrol (Enforcer) IEC Spotter 8 8 Total Source:City Environmental and Natural Resources Office, Davao City In the city of Tagum, there were a total of 100 personnel, 80 were contractual and 20 were for plantilla positions. Table 7 shows the number of personnel assigned in the Solid Waste Management Program in Tagum City. This means that almost 98 percent of the solid waste management workforce and 80 percent were contractual in Davao City and Tagum city respectively. Table 7. Number of Personnel Assigned in the Solid Waste Management Program in Tagum City Personnel Plantilla Contractual Total Sweepers Collectors Driver CENRO personnel 4 4 Office staff Total Source:City Environmental and Natural Resources Office, Tagum City Facilities and Equipment. Davao city currently uses 109 vehicles, equipment including facilities used for the solid waste management. Fifty-two (52) out of the 57 garbage trucks are outsourced since it saves on cost and maintenance to ensure regular supply of trucks. The monitoring team uses 17 vehicles for its everyday operation Table 8. Vehicles/equipment and Facilities used by the City Government of

19 Davao for Solid Waste Management Vehicles/equipment Number of Unit/s Status Garbage collection Dump trucks -government -private Compactors Canal Clean-up -mighty mite - backhoe -vactor (big) -vactor (small) Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Under Repair Monitoring team -motorcycle -jeep -pick-up Composting Facility -shredder -weighing scale Sanitary Landfill -WEIGH BRIDGE -WASH BAY -LANDFILL COMPACTOR Bulldozer Payloader Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational 1 1 Under Repair Operational MRF 11 Operational TOTAL 109 Tagum city on the other hand used 23 facilities, equipment and transport for its solid waste management program. There were 4 trucks and 2 compactors, all owned by the government. They have a dumpsite located in Nueva Fuerza with 1 bulldozer and they have yet to construct a sanitary landfill that will be used by year Table 9. Vehicles/equipment and Facilities used by the City Government of Tagum for Solid Waste Management

20 Vehicles/equipment Number of Unit/s Status Garbage collection Dump trucks -government Compactors 4 2 Operational Operational Dumpsite -1 bulldozer 1 1 Operational MRF 11 Operational Composting Facility Shredder Weighing scale 1 1 Operational Operational Monitoring Motorcycle Multicab 1 1 TOTAL 23 Davao City Total Vehicles Population Tagum City Total Vehicles Population Davao City Tagum City Vehicles for Population per capita Vehicles for Population per capita Davao City

21 Total equipment Population Tagum City Total equipment Population Davao City Equipment for Population per capita 65, Tagum City Equipment for Population per capita Differences in the Profile between Davao and Tagum City This section presents the difference between Davao City and Tagum City in terms of profile such as: budget, manpower, facilities and equipment, and organizational structure. Budget. As reflected in Table 20, budget per capita for solid waste is 1: P 213 pesos in Davao and 1:135 pesos in Tagum City. Davao City has more budget per capita than Tagum city with a 78 peso difference. In a study conducted by Shamshiry, et al, (2011), she said that a municipality could spend up to more than 75 % of its budget for collection and transportation of solid waste especially for fuel consumption and work force. Further, she said that optimizing and mechanizing collection and transportation processes expedite operation and will require less cost. Therefore, as discussed in the

22 previous parts of this research, since Tagum City is segregating at source and optimizing collection with residual wastes only. Table 20. Comparison of Budget per Capita Area Budget (2012) in Population Budget per capita peso as of May, 2010 Davao 309,042,009 1,449,296 P Tagum 33,016, ,801 P Manpower. As reflected in Table 21, personnel per capita is 1: 1498 in Davao and 1:2428 in Tagum City. Davao City has more personnel per capita than Tagum city with 867 difference in the number of personnel. On the other hand, 75 % of the total solid waste management cost is related to collection, and a high proportion of that amount is related to worker and manpower, (Shamsiry,2011). Shamsiry further said that the major portion of the budget for solid waste is spent on salary. However, when collection is optimized and mechanized it will require less manpower. Table 21. Comparison of Manpower per Capita Area Total number of Population Manpower per capita personnel as of May,2010 Davao 967 1,449, Tagum , Facilities and equipment. As reflected in Table 24, facilities/vehicles and equipment per person is 1: 13,296 in Davao and 1: 10,556 in Tagum City. This means that there are more facilities/equipment per capita in Tagum

23 compared to Davao. Table 24.Comparison of facilities and equipment per capita Area Facilities/vehicles and equipment Population (as of May 1,2010) Facilities and equipment per capita Davao 109 1,449,296 13,296 Tagum ,801 10,556 Trucks and compactors. As reflected in Table 25. Trucks and compactors per capita for solid waste is 1: 21,613 in Davao and 1: 40,466 in Tagum City. Davao City has more trucks and compactors per capita than Tagum City. Table 25. Comparison of Trucks and Compactors per capita Area Trucks and Population Trucks and compactors compactors as of May,2010 per capita Davao 67 1,449,296 21,613 Tagum 6 242,801 40,466 Policies. Davao City and Tagum City have enacted a number of policies to manage the issues pertaining to the solid waste management. Table 10 shows the policies enacted by the local governments of Davao and Tagum pertaining to Solid waste. Table 10. Policies Enacted by the Local Government of Davao and Tagum

24 Pertaining to Solid Waste Management. Davao City Policy Number and Title Ordinance No , series of 2010 An ordinance providing for an ecological solid waste management, prohibiting certain acts and providing penalties for violations, and for other purposes. Tagum City Policy Number and Title City Ordinance No. 229, series of 2006 An ordinance establishing the comprehensive solid waste management of the municipality of Tagum and providing penalties for violation thereof. Executive Order No. 41, series of 2004 An order requiring barangays in the City of Davao to implement a comprehensive barangay solid waste Management Program, which highlights waste reduction and recovery schemes. Effective Jan 23, City Ordinance 044 series of 2002 An ordinance known as the Davao City Ecological Solid Waste Management Board Ordinance of 2002, which highlights the creation of a body that is mandated to prepare, submit and implement a plan for the safe and sanitary management of solid waste generated in areas under its City Ordinance No 689, series of 1998 An ordinance regulating the disposal by commercial areas, residential and industrial area, the time of collection and providing penalties in case of violation thereof Ordinance No. 216 S-1991 An ordinance requiring owners of subdivisions to keep their premises free of waste materials in the City of Tagum. geographic and political coverage. City Ordinance No 105 series of 1991 An ordinance amending Ordinance No.98, series of 1957, otherwise known as an ordinance penalizing acts of littering, scattering or any careless disposal of waste materials, refuse and other unsanitary things in street, parks, public building and other public areas in the City of Davao. City Ordinance No. 194 An ordinance prohibiting amending section 3, Chapter X1X of Ordinance No.56 series of 1948, otherwise known as the Sanitary Ordinance of the City of Davao City Ordinance No.56, series of 1948 A sanitation ordinance, regulating the disposal of human waste manure, garbage, refuse and ashes, domestic animal and general provision. Source: Sangguniang Panglungsod Archival Division, Davao City and Sangguniang Panglungsod Tagum City Organizational Structure. Davao city, has 4 divisions under the City

25 Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO). The Environmental and Waste Management Division has three subdivisions: these are the: Pollution management Section, Industrial waste and management section and the Solid Waste Management Section. Environmental and Waste Management Division is the one responsible for the implementation of the Solid waste management program. Figure 2. Organizational Structure, City ENRO Davao Tagum City

26 Organizational Structure of CENRO. The City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) is responsible for the disposal and collection of garbage in Tagum City. The solid waste management team is responsible for implementation. Garbage collection unit is under the Sanitation unit which is under the office of the City Mayor. This set up is political according to an interview with one of the CENRO staff- which results from the wide latitude of authority by the Mayor of the City. City Government Assistant City Government Dept.Head ] Environmental and waste management division Administration Division Solid waste management Accounting Supply and Mgmt Natural Resources Operations Division Mines and Geosciences Division Figure 3. Organizational Structure, City ENRO Tagum Extent of Implementation of the SWM Plan in Davao City and Tagum City

27 Waste Generation The perception of respondents between Davao and Tagum City in terms of the practices on waste generation is presented in Table 12. As reflected in Table 12, Davao City got a moderate descriptive rank with 2.98 overall mean. Meanwhile, Tagum City got a high descriptive rank with an overall mean of This indicates that waste segregation was moderately practiced in Davao city but highly practiced in Tagum City based on the perceptions of the respondents. Table 12.Comparative perception of respondents on waste generation. Waste Generation Davao Tagum Reuse bottles, plastics,containers and other reusable items 3.58 High Backyard composting 2.96 Segregation of waste to 2.86 biodegradable,recyclable Implements take back programs for 3.12 chemical containers and other non- biodegradable containers Availability of MRF to separate, process 2.40 and store recyclable materials Overall Mean High 3.72 High 3.72 High 2.36 Low 3.82 High 3.57 High The findings imply that waste segregation practices such as reusing bottles, composting, segregation and availability of Material Recovery Facility (MRF)is adequately observed and a common practice in Tagum City however moderately practice in Davao. Storage

28 The perception of respondents between Davao and Tagum City in terms of the practices on storage is presented in Table 13. The respondents perception on storage practices was rated moderate in Davao city with an overall mean of 3.22 as indicated in Table 13. This means that practices were adequately observed and a common household practice. Meanwhile, in Tagum City, a moderate rating was also observed with an overall mean of 3.11 which means moderate level of household practices as perceived by the respondents. Table 13. Comparative perception of respondents on storage. Storage Davao Tagum Expandable plastic sacks were present to store segregated wastes in the household Waste segregator facility is available in public places such as parks In commercial and institutional areas waste segregator facility is available High 3.66 High Adequate sturdy containers to store segregated wastes is available in every barangay 3.58 High Every barangay constructed MRF stations to segregate 2.58 and store reusable, recyclable wastes Overall Mean The findings imply that household practices in terms of storage are moderately practiced in both cities as perceived by the respondents. Weighted mean for the presence of waste segregator and containers in every barangay or public place was higher in Davao than in Tagum. Collection

29 The perception of respondents between Davao and Tagum City in terms of the practices on collection is reflected on Table14. The respondents perception on storage practices was rated moderate in Davao city with an overall mean of 2.99 and also moderate for the city of Tagum with a weighted mean of 3.19 as indicated in Table 14. This means that collection of solid waste is perceived by the respondents as adequately observed. Table 14. Comparative perception of respondents in terms of collection. Collection Davao Tagum Schedule of collection is well disseminated 3.94 High Schedule of garbage collection is regular 3.54 High Collection of garbage is done in a manner that spillage 2.78 or scattering of waste within the collection of vicinity is prevented Only specified residual wastes are collected to ensure 2.42 absolute segregation at source Low Practices no segregation, no collection policy 2.28 Low Overall mean The findings imply that in Davao city respondents were highly satisfied with the schedule of collection. Transfer and Transport The perception of respondents between Davao and Tagum City in terms of the practices on transfer and transport is reflected on Table 15. The respondents perception on transfer and transport practices was

30 rated moderate in Davao city with an overall mean of 3.07 and also moderate for the city of Tagum with a weighted mean of 3.40 as indicated in Table 15. This means that transfer and transport of solid waste was perceived by the respondents as adequately observed. Table 15. Comparative perception of respondents on transfer and transport. Transfer/Transport Davao Tagum Vehicles used in transporting garbage are appropriate 3.04 Residual/non recyclable wastes are brought out along 3.04 the collection route of the vehicle strictly during the collection period Transport vehicles are in good running condition 3.50 High Vehicles are designed in a way that odorous smell from 2.56 garbage does not escape Vehicles have covered compartments to ensure 2.52 containment of solid waste while in transit Overall mean High 3.54 High Based on the data above, it is evident that transportation of solid waste is perceived as properly handled in both cities. However, the practice on the delivery of residual wastes only in garbage bins should be practiced more in Davao city segregation should also be practiced. Processing and Recovery The perception of respondents between Davao and Tagum City in terms of the practices on processing and recovery is reflected on Table 16. The respondents perception on processing and recovery practices was rated moderate in Davao city with an overall mean of 2.74 and also moderate

31 for the city of Tagum with a weighted mean of 3.40 as indicated in Table 16. This means that processing and recovery of solid waste is adequately practiced in both cities as perceived by the respondents. Table 16. Comparative perception of respondents on processing and recovery. Processing and Recovery Davao Tagum Adequate sturdy containers to store segregated wastes is available at the barangay level for collection 2.50 Barangay composting is properly practiced 3.38 Every barangay or sub-barangay constructed MRF 2.70 stations to segregate and store reusable,recyclable wastes. MRF s are properly used for processing wastes into construction materials or into other uses 2.64 MRF s are maximized for its potential such as selling 2.50 recyclable solid waste to local junk shops. Overall mean High

32 Recyclable Waste Coming from residential, commercial sources (absolute segregation is done) Satellite MRF Purok Storage and marketing system Needed immediate disposal Yes Local junk yard No Barangay MRF Brgy. Storage & marketing system Big Buyers in Davao City Figure 4. Design Scheme and Flow of Recyclable Solid Waste Transfer Scheme A. Source: CENRO Tagum (Residence, Small Business Establishments) Final disposal The perception of respondents between Davao and Tagum City in terms of the practices on final disposal is presented in Table 17. The respondents perception on final disposal practices was rated moderate in Davao city with an overall mean of 2.76 as indicated in Table17. This means that practices were adequately observed. Meanwhile, in Tagum City,

33 a moderate rating was also observed with an overall mean of 3.05 which means moderate level in terms of final disposal as perceived by the respondent. Table 17. Comparative perception of respondents on final disposal Processing and Recovery Davao Tagum Residents are properly informed on the schedules of wastes delivery on MRF s Composting plant for market and commercial wastes 2.46 are present in the barangay. The Barangay has a functional and operational MRF 2.36 There is no open dumping and burning of wastes Sanitary landfill is present for disposals of special 3.40 wastes and those that could no longer be recycled, reused or process. Overall mean High The findings imply that household practices in terms of final disposal are adequately practiced in both cities as perceived by the respondents. It is important to note however that in Davao City where there are no MRFs present in the four Barangays under study, they were not informed about the schedule of delivery to the MRF but instead to the throwing of garbage at collection points. Perception on the Implementation of Strategies of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan in Davao City and Tagum City Presented in Table 18 is the summary of the respondents perception on the extent of implementation of the solid waste management plan in Davao city and Tagum City. In general, the respondents perceived that the extent of

34 implementation of the strategies of the Solid Waste Management plan of Davao city is moderately implemented with an overall mean score of Meanwhile, in Tagum City it is higher with an overall mean of 3.28 although still in moderate level of implementation based on the perception of the respondents. In particular, the indicator on waste generation in Tagum garnered the highest rating among the practices of solid waste with a weighted mean of 3.57 which means high level of solid waste implementation. The high level of implementation means waste segregation is highly practiced in Tagum city based on the perception of the respondents. Moreover in Davao City, a moderate descriptive equivalent on the SWM implementation showed in the following indicators: storage with 3.22 compared to Tagum with 3.11 weighted mean- moderate; collection with 2.99 weighted mean compared to Tagum with 3.19 weighted mean moderate; transfer/transport with a 3.07 weighted mean compared to Tagum with 3.40 weighted mean- moderate; processing and recovery with 2.74 weighted mean compared to Tagum 3.40-moderate; and final disposal with 2.76 weighted mean compared to Tagum 3.05 weighted mean- moderate. These mean that indicators were adequately observed and were common practice for both cities. The findings imply that both cities moderately practice solid waste management practices except for waste management where Tagum city had a high descriptive mean. Both moderately practice the indicators with a slightly higher mean for Tagum in all practices except for storage where Davao city got an average weighted mean of 3.22.

35 Table 18. Summary on the extent of implementation of the Solid waste management plan in Davao City and Tagum City. Variable Davao Descriptive Rating Tagum Descriptive Rating Waste generation High Storage Collection Transportation/transfer Processing and Recovery Final Disposal Overall Mean Test of Difference This section presents the results of the test of difference between Davao City and Tagum City based on the household practices of the five indicators of the Solid Waste Management Plan. As reflected in Table 19, in the overall mean, thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a significant difference between the implementation of the solid waste management practices in Davao City and Tagum City with a t-value of This means that the implementation of the solid waste management practices was highly implemented in Tagum City as perceived by the respondents.

36 Table 19. Summary of the Test of difference results Area Mean Sig. (2-tailed) Significance Overall Tagum Significant Waste generation Davao Tagum Significant Davao Storage Tagum Not significant Davao Collection Tagum Not significant Transfer and Transport Processing and Recovery Davao Tagum Significant Davao Tagum Significant Davao Disposal Tagum Significant Davao In terms of waste generation, thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a significant difference between the implementation of waste generation in Davao City and Tagum City with a t-value of This means that the implementation of waste generation practices is highly implemented in Tagum City than in Davao City as perceived by the respondents. Meanwhile, for storage, thus the null hypothesis is not rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no significant difference between the implementation of waste generation in Davao City and Tagum City with a t-value of This means that the implementation of storage practices is equally implemented in Davao city and Tagum city as perceived by

37 the respondents. Furthermore, in terms of collection,, thus the null hypothesis is not rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no significant difference between the implementation of collection in Davao City and Tagum City with a t-value of This means that the implementation of collection practices is equally implemented in Davao city and Tagum city as perceived by the respondents. For transfer and transport, thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a significant difference between the implementation of transfer and transport in Davao City and Tagum City with a t-value of This means that the implementation of transfer/transport practices is highly implemented in Tagum as perceived by the respondents. Processing and recovery on the other hand has, thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a significant difference between the implementation of processing and recovery in Davao City and Tagum City with a t-value of This means that the implementation of processing and recovery practices is highly implemented in Tagum as perceived by the respondents. Finally, for disposal, thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a significant difference between the implementation of disposal in Davao City and Tagum City with a t-value of

38 This means that the implementation of disposal practices is highly implemented in Tagum as perceived by the respondents. Summary A survey was conducted on the respondents from Tagum City and Davao city on March This is to test perception of respondents of both cities in terms of the implementation of Solid Waste Management Plan. The study determined the following: the Solid waste management household practices between the cities of Davao and Tagum in terms of: a) waste generation, b)storage, c) collection, d)transfer/transport, e) processing and recovery, f) final disposal. A survey of 50 respondents from Tagum City and Davao City was conducted focusing in the Poblacion areas of each city. Results of the study have shown that the Solid Waste Management practices were perceived to be moderate by the respondents of Davao City and Tagum City. It means that Solid Waste Management practices were well implemented in both cities. Meanwhile, there is a significant difference in the implementation of the Solid Waste Management practices. Results of the study have shown that practices in terms of Solid Waste Management were perceived to be better implemented in Tagum City than in Davao City by the respondents from the Barangays under study.

39 Conclusions Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: In general, the respondents perceived that the extent of implementation of the strategies of the Solid Waste Management Plan of Davao City was moderately implemented with an overall mean score of Meanwhile, in Tagum City it was higher with an overall mean of 3.28 although still in moderate level of implementation. In particular, indicator such as waste generation in Tagum garnered the highest rating among the practices of solid waste with a weighted mean of 3.57 which means high level of solid waste implementation compared to the waste generation in Davao with 2.98 weighted mean- moderate. Moreover in Davao City, a moderate descriptive equivalent on the Solid Waste Management Plan implementation showed in the following indicators: storage with 3.22 compared to Tagum with 3.11 weighted mean- moderate; collection with 2.99 weighted mean compared to Tagum with 3.19 weighted mean moderate; transfer/transport with a 3.07 weighted mean compared to Tagum with 3.40 weighted mean- moderate; processing and recovery with 2.74 weighted mean compared to Tagum 3.40-moderate; and final disposal with 2.76 weighted mean compared to Tagum 3.05 weighted mean- moderate. These mean that indicators were adequately observed and were common practices for both cities. Results of the study have shown that there is a significant difference in terms of the practices on waste generation with a t value of 5.656, transfer and

40 transport with a t-value of 2.671, processing and recovery with a t-value of 4.513, and disposal with This means that practices in terms of waste generation, transfer and transport, processing and recovery and final disposal is perceived practiced highly among the respondents from Tagum City compared to Davao City. Recommendations Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the following recommendations are offered: 1. Tagum City can provide more budget and manpower for the implementation of its Solid Waste Management Plan. Although it is perceived moderately practiced by the respondents, the budget and the size of manpower wholly affects the Solid Waste Management implementation of the city. 2. Davao City can make some improvements in terms of the Solid Waste Management practices to fully maximize the provisions in the Solid Waste Management Plan. 3. Davao City ENRO and Tagum City ENRO may take the results as basis for realigning, continuing and expanding the Solid Waste Management practices. 4. Furthermore, other researchers may conduct parallel studies on solid waste management implementation in other areas utilizing other respondents.

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