INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF A POWER-TO-X ROADMAP

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1 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF A POWER-TO-X ROADMAP Annex document: criteria data tables 18th October 2018

2 The Weltenergierat - Deutschl e. V., based in Berlin, represents the German energy system in the network of the World Energy Council. Among its member are over 60 companies associations. The council looks at the entire energy spectrum with a fact-based eye in order to promote a better understing of energy issues solutions from a global perspective. The following report is created by Frontier Economics published on behalf of the Weltenergierat - Deutschl ( The study is a joined project with the following project partners: 50Hertz Transmission GmbH Bundesverb der Deutschen Luftverkehrswirtschaft e.v. DVGW Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches e.v. EnBW Energie Baden- Württemberg AG E.ON SE Innogy SE Institut für Wärme und Oeltechnik e. V. (IWO) Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Europe GmbH Mineralölwirtschaftsverb e. V. (MWV) MEW Mittelständische Energiewirtschaft Deutschl e. V. Open Grid Europe GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH RWE AG Siemens AG Power Generation UNITI Bundesverb mittelständischer Mineralölunternehmen e.v. Verb der Chemischen Industrie e.v. (VCI) Volkswagen AG The report was enhanced with contributions from the World Energy Council network in: Australia Chile China Germany Irel Morocco Netherls New Zeal Norway Saudi Arabia United Kingdom Dr. Jens Perner Dr. David Bothe jens.perner@frontier-economics.com david.bothe@frontier-economics.com Frontier Economics Ltd is a member of the Frontier Economics network, which consists of two separate companies based in Europe (Frontier Economics Ltd) Australia (Frontier Economics Pty Ltd). Both companies are independently owned, legal commitments entered into by one company do not impose any obligations on the other company in the network. All views expressed in this document are the views of Frontier Economics Ltd.

3 CONTENTS 1 Annex to Section 3.1 of the report: criteria data tables availability, costs energy framework Region, development status, resource availability logistics Political criteria international trade 24 frontier economics

4 frontier economics 4

5 1 ANNEX TO SECTION 3.1 OF THE REPORT: CRITERIA DATA TABLES 1.1 availability, costs energy framework Table 1 availability, costs energy framework Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) Afghanistan AFG 1,500 1, Albania ALB 1,556 1,200 1, , Algeria DZA 1,829 1,450 1, American Samoa ASM 67.9 Andorra AND 1,350 1, Angola AGO 1,400 1, , Antigua Barbuda ATG, 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) Argentina ARG 750 1, % 0.67% 11, % Armenia ARM 1,300 1, , Aruba ABW Australia AUS 1,050 1, % 1.06% 19, % Austria AUT 1,194 1,050 1, , Azerbaijan AZE 1,200 1, , Bahamas, The BHS 1,600 1,700 Bahrain BHR 2,086 1,600 1, Bangladesh BGD 1,400 1, Barbados BRB Belarus BLR 1,050 1, Belgium BEL 1, , % 0.43% 7, % frontier economics 5

6 Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) Belize BLZ 1,450 1, Benin BEN 1,500 1, Bermuda BMU Bhutan BTN 1,400 1, , Bolivia BOL 1,250 1, Bosnia Herzegovina BIH 1,315 1,100 1, Botswana BWA 1,250 1, , 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) Brazil BRA 1,150 1, % 3.78% 128, % British Virgin Isls Brunei Darussalam VGB 49.4 BRN 67.9 Bulgaria BGR 1,406 1,150 1,300 4, Burkina Faso BFA 1,550 1, Burundi BDI 1,450 1, Cabo Verde C Cambodia KHM 1,400 1, , Cameroon CMR 1,450 1, Canada CAN 900 1, % 1.30% 98, % Cayman Isls CYM 49.4 Central African Republic CAF 1,400 1, Chad TCD 1,600 1, Channel Isls CHI 55.7 Chile CHL 750 1, , China CHN 1,150 1, % 25.51% 618,803 1, , % Colombia COL 1,200 1, % 0.04% 12, % Comoros COM frontier economics 6

7 Congo, Dem. Rep. Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) COD 1,300 1, , Congo, Rep. COG 1,250 1, Costa Rica CRI 1,350 1, , Cote d'ivoire CIV 1,400 1, Croatia HRV 1,334 1,100 1,350 2, Cuba CUB 1,500 1, Curacao CUW , 2010, 2030 (TWh) Cyprus CYP 1,902 1,550 1, % 0.00% Czech Republic CZE 1, ,050 4, Δ (% ) Denmark DNK 987 1,050 1, % 0.79% 7, % Djibouti DJI 1,600 1, Dominica DMA 1,850 1, Dominican Republic DOM 1,550 1, % 0.08% % Ecuador ECU 1,200 1, % 0.04% 4, % Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 2,126 1,600 1, % 2.72% 3, % El Salvador SLV 1,600 1, , Equatorial Guinea GNQ 55.8 Eritrea ERI 1,600 1, Estonia EST 1,150 1, Ethiopia ETH 1,600 1, % 0.16% 4, % Faroe Isls FRO Fiji FJI Finl FIN 850 1, , France FRA 1,259 1,000 1, % 3.58% 46, % French Polynesia PYF 67.9 frontier economics 7

8 Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) Gabon GAB 1,250 1, Gambia, The GMB 1,550 1, Georgia GEO 1,150 1, , , 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) Germany DEU 1, , % 5.63% 113, % Ghana GHA 1,450 1, , Gibraltar GIB Greece GRC 1,637 1,300 1, , Greenl GRL Grenada GRD Guam GUM Guatemala GTM 1,500 1, , Guinea GIN 1,500 1, Guinea-Bissau GNB 1,550 1, Guyana GUY 1,450 1, Haiti HTI 1,500 1, Honduras HND 1,500 1, , Hong Kong SAR, China HKG 67.9 Hungary HUN 1,266 1,100 1,200 1, Icel ISL , India IND 1,400 1, % 13.58% 106, % Indonesia IDN 1,300 1, % 0.24% 9, % Iran, Islamic Rep. IRN 1,500 1, % 0.63% 12, Iraq IRQ 1,898 1,500 1,600 2, Irel IRL , , Isle of Man IMN 55.7 Israel ISR 2,008 1,600 1, Italy ITA 1,494 1,200 1, % 1.14% 51, % frontier economics 8

9 Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) Jamaica JAM 1,650 1, , 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) Japan JPN 1,100 1, % 0.71% 82, % Jordan JOR 2,083 1,550 1, Kazakhstan KAZ 1,200 1, % 0.55% 2, % Kenya KEN 1,500 1, % 0.08% 1, % Kiribati KIR Korea, Dem. People s Rep. PRK % 1.06% % Korea, Rep. KOR 67.9 Kosovo XKX Kuwait KWT 1,500 1, % 0.31% Kyrgyz Republic KGZ 55.7 Lao PDR LAO , Latvia LVA 1,100 1,250 1, Lebanon LBN 1,903 1,450 1, Lesotho LSO 1,100 1, Liberia LBR Libya LBY 2,002 1,450 1, Liechtenstein LIE 1,050 1, Lithuania LTU 1,050 1, Luxembourg LUX 900 1, Macao SAR, China MAC 67.9 Macedonia, FYR MKD 55.7 Madagascar MDG 1,350 1, Malawi MWI 1,400 1, Malaysia MYS 1,350 1, % 0.00% 7, % Maldives MDV Mali MLI 1,550 1, frontier economics 9

10 Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) Malta MLT 1,650 1, Marshall Isls MHL 67.9 Mauritania MRT 1,500 1, Mauritius MUS , 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) Mexico MEX 1,550 1, % 1.50% 19, % Micronesia, Fed. Sts. FSM 67.9 Moldova MDA 1,276 1,150 1, Monaco MCO Mongolia MNG 1,400 1, Montenegro MNE 1,468 1,100 1, Morocco MAR 1,897 1,500 1, % 0.43% 2, % Mozambique MOZ 1,200 1, , Myanmar MMR , Namibia NAM 1,300 1, Nauru NRU Nepal NPL 1,550 1, , Netherls NLD 1, , , New Caledonia NCL 67.9 New Zeal NZL , Nicaragua NIC 1,500 1, Niger NER 1,650 1, Nigeria NGA 1,450 1, % 0.00% 2, % Northern Mariana Isls MNP 67.9 Norway NOR 750 1, , Oman OMN 2,202 1,600 1, Pakistan PAK 1,550 1, , Palau PLW frontier economics 10

11 Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) Panama PAN 1,300 1, , Papua New Guinea PNG 1,300 1, Paraguay PRY 1,050 1, , Peru PER 1,450 1, , Philippines PHL 1,350 1, , , 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) Pol POL 1, , % 0.71% 8, % Portugal PRT 1,632 1,300 1, , Puerto Rico PRI 1,650 1, Qatar QAT 2,134 1,500 1, Romania ROU 1,301 1,100 1,250 11, Russian Federation RUS 850 1, % 0.31% 51, % Rwa RWA 1,400 1, Samoa WSM San Marino SMR Sao Tome Principe STP 55.8 Saudi Arabia SAU 2,216 1,550 1, % 0.59% Senegal SEN 1,500 1, Serbia SRB 1,472 1,100 1, , Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE 1,350 1, Singapore SGP Sint Maarten (Dutch part) Slovak Republic SVK 1,182 SXM 49.4 Slovenia SVN 1,270 1,150 1,300 1, Solomon Isls SLB 67.9 Somalia SOM 1,550 1, frontier economics 11

12 Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh), 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) South Africa ZAF 1,000 1, % 0.43% 4, % South Sudan SSD Spain ESP 1,659 1,350 1, , Sri Lanka LKA 1,450 1, , St. Kitts Nevis St. Lucia St. Martin (French part) St. Vincent the Grenadines KNA LCA MAF 49.4 VCT Sudan SDN 1,550 1,850 2, Suriname SUR 1,500 1, Swazil SWZ 1,050 1, Sweden SWE 750 1, % 0.47% 28, % Switzerl CHE 1,233 1,050 1, , Syrian Arab Republic SYR 1,945 1,550 1,750 Tajikistan TJK 1,500 1, , Tanzania TZA 1,500 1, Thail THA 1,350 1, , Timor-Leste TLS 67.9 Togo TGO 1,450 1, Tonga TON % 0.00% Trinidad Tobago TTO 1,600 1,600 Tunisia TUN 1,830 1,400 1, Turkey TUR 1,661 1,350 1, % 3.23% 38, % Turkmenistan TKM 1,350 1, frontier economics 12

13 Turks Caicos Isls Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) (kwh/m²) Min (FLH- Min) Max (FLH- Max) LCOE 2030 TCA 49.4 as% of global in 2030 Wind as% of global wind in 2030 Total capacity (MW) Total (TWh) Tuvalu TUV Uga UGA 1,450 1, , 2010, 2030 (TWh) Δ (% ) Ukraine UKR 1,100 1, % 0.31% 6, % United Arab Emirates ARE 2,164 1,600 1, % 0.00% 0 14 United Kingdom GBR , % 3.23% 40, % United States USA 1,350 1, % 9.65% 229, % Uruguay URY % 0.12% 3, % Uzbekistan UZB 1,350 1, , Vanuatu VUT Venezuela, RB VEN 1,500 1, Vietnam VNM 1,050 1, Virgin Isls (U.S.) West Bank Gaza VIR 49.4 PSE Yemen, Rep. YEM 2,286 1,600 1, Zambia ZMB 1,450 1, , Zimbabwe ZWE 1,350 1, Source: GHI based on Beták et. al (2012): Solar Resource Photovoltaic Electricity Potential in EU-MENA Region. FLH based Agora Energiewende Calculator of Levelized Cost of Electricity for Photovoltaics (2015) based on Pietzcker et.al. (2014): Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics concentrating solar power, in: Applied Energy, Vol. 135, pp LCOE based on Ram et al. (): Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy - Power Sector, Study by Lappeenranta University of Technology Energy Watch Group, Lappeenranta, Berlin. Generation capacity indicators based on Irena. frontier economics 13

14 1.2 Region, development status, resource availability logistics Table 2 Overview: Region, development status, resource availability logistics Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; Afghanistan AFG South Asia Low income, Combination 652, Albania ALB Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 27, Algeria DZA Arab World Low & middle income Combination 2,381, American Samoa ASM East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income Andorra AND Europe & Central Asia High income Angola AGO Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 1,246, Antigua Barbuda ATG small states High income Argentina ARG Latin America & Low & middle income, Combination 2,736, Armenia ARM Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 28, Aruba ABW Latin America & High income Australia AUS East Asia & Pacific High income 7,682, Austria AUT Europe & Central Asia High income 82, Azerbaijan AZE Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 82, Bahamas, The BHS small states High income 10, Bahrain BHR Arab World High income 771 1, Bangladesh BGD South Asia Lower middle income 130,170 1, Barbados BRB small states High income Belarus BLR Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 202, Belgium BEL Europe & Central Asia High income 30, Belize BLZ small states Low & middle income 22, Benin BEN Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 112, Bermuda BMU North America High income 50 1,308 Bhutan BTN South Asia Lower middle income 38, frontier economics 14

15 Bolivia BOL Latin America & Bosnia Herzegovina Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; Lower middle income 1,083, BIH Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 51, Botswana BWA Sub-Saharan Africa Low & middle income 566, Brazil BRA Latin America & British Virgin Isls Brunei Darussalam VGB Latin America & Low & middle income 8,358, High income BRN East Asia & Pacific High income 5, Bulgaria BGR Central Europe the Baltics Low & middle income 108, Burkina Faso BFA Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 273, Burundi BDI Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 25, Cabo Verde C Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 4, Cambodia KHM East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 176, Cameroon CMR Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 472, Canada CAN North America High income Wind 9,093, Cayman Isls CYM Latin America & Central African Republic High income CAF Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 622, Chad TCD Sub-Saharan Africa Low income, Combination 1,259, Channel Isls CHI Europe & Central Asia High income Chile CHL Latin America & High income Combination 743, China CHN East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income 9,388, Colombia COL Latin America & Low & middle income 1,109, Comoros COM Arab World Low income 1, Congo, Dem. Rep. COD Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 2,267, frontier economics 15

16 Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; Congo, Rep. COG Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 341, Costa Rica CRI Latin America & Low & middle income 51, Cote d'ivoire CIV Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 318, Croatia HRV Central Europe the Baltics Cuba CUB Latin America & Curacao CUW Latin America & Low & middle income 55, Low & middle income 104, High income Cyprus CYP Europe & Central Asia High income 9, Czech Republic CZE Central Europe the Baltics High income 77, Denmark DNK Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 42, Djibouti DJI Arab World Lower middle income 23, Dominica DMA small states Low & middle income Dominican Republic DOM Latin America & Ecuador ECU Latin America & Egypt, Arab Rep. Low & middle income 48, Low & middle income 248, EGY Arab World Lower middle income, Combination 995, El Salvador SLV Latin America & Equatorial Guinea Lower middle income 20, GNQ Sub-Saharan Africa Low & middle income 28, Eritrea ERI Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 101, Estonia EST Central Europe the Baltics High income 42, Ethiopia ETH Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 1,000, Faroe Isls FRO Europe & Central Asia High income 1, Fiji FJI East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income 18, Finl FIN Europe & Central Asia High income 303, frontier economics 16

17 Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; France FRA Europe & Central Asia High income 547, French Polynesia PYF East Asia & Pacific High income 3, Gabon GAB Sub-Saharan Africa Low & middle income 257, Gambia, The GMB Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 10, Georgia GEO Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 69, Germany DEU Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 348, Ghana GHA Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 227, Gibraltar GIB Europe & Central Asia High income 10 3,441 Greece GRC Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 128, Greenl GRL Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 410,450 0 Grenada GRD small states Low & middle income Guam GUM East Asia & Pacific High income Guatemala GTM Latin America & Lower middle income 107, Guinea GIN Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 245, Guinea-Bissau GNB Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 28, Guyana GUY small states Low & middle income 196, Haiti HTI Latin America & Honduras HND Latin America & Hong Kong SAR, China Low income 27, Lower middle income 111, HKG East Asia & Pacific High income 1,050 6, Hungary HUN Central Europe the Baltics High income 90, Icel ISL Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 100, India IND South Asia Lower middle income 2,973, Indonesia IDN East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income < 1,811, Iran, Islamic Rep. IRN Middle East & North Africa Low & middle income, Combination 1,628, frontier economics 17

18 Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; Iraq IRQ Arab World Low & middle income 434, Irel IRL Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 68, Isle of Man IMN Europe & Central Asia High income Israel ISR Middle East & North Africa High income 21, Italy ITA Europe & Central Asia High income 294, Jamaica JAM small states Low & middle income 10, Japan JPN East Asia & Pacific High income 364, Jordan JOR Arab World Lower middle income 88, Kazakhstan KAZ Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income Wind 2,699, Kenya KEN Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Combination 569, Kiribati KIR East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Korea, Dem. People s Rep. PRK East Asia & Pacific Low income 120, Korea, Rep. KOR East Asia & Pacific High income 97, Kosovo XKX Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 10, Kuwait KWT Arab World High income 17, Kyrgyz Republic KGZ Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 191, Lao PDR LAO East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 230, Latvia LVA Central Europe the Baltics High income 62, Lebanon LBN Arab World Low & middle income 10, Lesotho LSO Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 30, Liberia LBR Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 96, Libya LBY Arab World Low & middle income 1,759, Liechtenstein LIE Europe & Central Asia High income Lithuania LTU Central Europe the Baltics High income 62, Luxembourg LUX Europe & Central Asia High income 2, Macao SAR, China MAC East Asia & Pacific High income 30 20,204 frontier economics 18

19 Macedonia, FYR Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; MKD Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 25, Madagascar MDG Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 581, Malawi MWI Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 94, Malaysia MYS East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income 328, Maldives MDV South Asia Low & middle income 300 1, Mali MLI Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 1,220, Malta MLT Middle East & North Africa High income 320 1, Marshall Isls MHL East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income Mauritania MRT Arab World Lower middle income Combination 1,030, Mauritius MUS Sub-Saharan Africa Low & middle income 2, Mexico MEX Latin America & Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Low & middle income 1,943, FSM East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Moldova MDA Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 32, Monaco MCO Europe & Central Asia High income 2 19, Mongolia MNG East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Wind 1,553, Montenegro MNE Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 13, Morocco MAR Arab World Lower middle income 446, Mozambique MOZ Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 786, Myanmar MMR East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 653, Namibia NAM Sub-Saharan Africa Low & middle income, Combination 823, Nauru NRU East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income Nepal NPL South Asia Low income 143, Netherls NLD Europe & Central Asia High income 33, New Caledonia NCL East Asia & Pacific High income 18, New Zeal NZL East Asia & Pacific High income Wind 263, Nicaragua NIC Latin America & Lower middle income 120, frontier economics 19

20 Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; Niger NER Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 1,266, Nigeria NGA Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 910, Northern Mariana Isls MNP East Asia & Pacific High income Norway NOR Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 365, Oman OMN Arab World High income, Combination 309, Pakistan PAK South Asia Lower middle income 770, Palau PLW East Asia & Pacific High income Panama PAN Latin America & Papua New Guinea Low & middle income 74, PNG East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 452, Paraguay PRY Latin America & Peru PER Latin America & Low & middle income 397, Low & middle income 1,280, Philippines PHL East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 298, Pol POL Central Europe the Baltics High income 306, Portugal PRT Europe & Central Asia High income 91, Puerto Rico PRI Latin America & High income 8, Qatar QAT Arab World High income 11, Romania ROU Central Europe the Baltics Russian Federation Low & middle income 230, RUS Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income Wind 16,376, Rwa RWA Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 24, Samoa WSM East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income 2, San Marino SMR Europe & Central Asia High income Sao Tome Principe STP Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income frontier economics 20

21 Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; Saudi Arabia SAU Arab World High income 2,149, Senegal SEN Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 192, Serbia SRB Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 87, Seychelles SYC Sub-Saharan Africa High income Sierra Leone SLE Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 72, Singapore SGP East Asia & Pacific High income 709 7, Sint Maarten (Dutch part) SXM Latin America & Slovak Republic SVK Central Europe the Baltics Slovenia SVN Central Europe the Baltics Solomon Isls High income 34 1,176 High income 48, High income 20, SLB East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 27, Somalia SOM Arab World Low income Combination 627, South Africa ZAF Sub-Saharan Africa Low & middle income, Combination 1,213, South Sudan SSD Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Spain ESP Europe & Central Asia High income Wind, Combination 500, Sri Lanka LKA South Asia Lower middle income 62, St. Kitts Nevis KNA small states High income St. Lucia LCA small states Low & middle income St. Martin (French part) St. Vincent the Grenadines MAF Latin America & High income VCT small states Low & middle income Sudan SDN Arab World Lower middle income 2,376, Suriname SUR small states Low & middle income 156, Swazil SWZ Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 17, Sweden SWE Europe & Central Asia High income 407, Switzerl CHE Europe & Central Asia High income 39, frontier economics 21

22 Syrian Arab Republic Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; SYR Arab World Lower middle income 183, Tajikistan TJK Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 138, Tanzania TZA Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 885, Thail THA East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income 510, Timor-Leste TLS East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 14, Togo TGO Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 54, Tonga TON East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income Trinidad Tobago TTO small states High income 5, Tunisia TUN Arab World Lower middle income 155, Turkey TUR Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 769, Turkmenistan TKM Europe & Central Asia Low & middle income 469, Turks Caicos Isls TCA Latin America & High income Tuvalu TUV East Asia & Pacific Low & middle income Uga UGA Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 200, Ukraine UKR Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 579, United Arab Emirates ARE Arab World High income 83, United Kingdom GBR Europe & Central Asia High income Wind 241, United States USA North America High income 9,147, Uruguay URY Latin America & High income 175, Uzbekistan UZB Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income 425, Vanuatu VUT East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 12, Venezuela, RB VEN Latin America & Low & middle income Solar, Combination 882, Vietnam VNM East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income 310, Virgin Isls (U.S.) VIR Latin America & High income frontier economics 22

23 West Bank Gaza Region Income, Wind or Combination L Area (km²) Population Density 2016 (people/km²) PSE Arab World Lower middle income 6, Water stress BAU 2030 (0=low; Yemen, Rep. YEM Arab World Lower middle income 527, Logistics performance 2016 (1=low; Zambia ZMB Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income 743, Zimbabwe ZWE Sub-Saharan Africa Low income 386, Source: World Bank: Region, Income, L Area, Population Density, Logistics performance;, Wind or Combination: Frontier Economics based on World Bank Group ( Water stress: World Energy Council: World Energy Scenarios 2016, frontier economics 23

24 1.3 Political criteria international trade Table 3 Political criteria international trade EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Afghanistan AFG HIPC, Fragile & Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Albania ALB (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) Algeria DZA American Samoa ASM Andorra AND Angola AGO Antigua Barbuda ATG Argentina ARG Armenia ARM Aruba ABW 96 Australia AUS OECD Austria AUT OECD, EU Azerbaijan AZE Bahamas, The BHS Bahrain BHR Bangladesh BGD Barbados BRB Belarus BLR Belgium BEL OECD, EU Belize BLZ frontier economics 24

25 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Benin BEN HIPC, Fragile & Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Bermuda BMU 100 Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Bhutan BTN Bolivia BOL HIPC, Fragile & Bosnia Herzegovina BIH Botswana BWA (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) Brazil BRA British Virgin Isls Brunei Darussalam VGB BRN Bulgaria BGR EU Burkina Faso BFA HIPC, Fragile & Burundi BDI HIPC, Fragile & Cabo Verde C Cambodia KHM Cameroon CMR HIPC, Fragile & Canada CAN OECD Cayman Isls CYM 100 Central African Republic CAF HIPC, Fragile & Chad TCD HIPC, Fragile & Channel Isls CHI frontier economics 25

26 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Chile CHL OECD (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) China CHN Colombia COL Comoros COM HIPC, Fragile & Congo, Dem. Rep. COD HIPC, Fragile & Congo, Rep. COG HIPC, Fragile & Costa Rica CRI Cote d'ivoire CIV HIPC, Fragile & Croatia HRV EU Cuba CUB Curacao CUW Cyprus CYP EU Czech Republic CZE OECD, EU Denmark DNK OECD, EU Djibouti DJI Dominica DMA Dominican Republic DOM Ecuador ECU Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY El Salvador SLV Equatorial Guinea GNQ frontier economics 26

27 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Eritrea ERI HIPC, Fragile & Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Estonia EST OECD, EU Ethiopia ETH HIPC, Fragile & Faroe Isls FRO Fiji FJI Finl FIN OECD, EU France FRA OECD, EU French Polynesia PYF 100 (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) Gabon GAB Gambia, The GMB HIPC, Fragile & Georgia GEO Germany DEU OECD, EU Ghana GHA HIPC, Fragile & Gibraltar GIB Greece GRC OECD, EU Greenl GRL Grenada GRD Guam GUM Guatemala GTM Guinea GIN HIPC, Fragile & Guinea-Bissau GNB HIPC, Fragile & frontier economics 27

28 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Guyana GUY HIPC, Fragile & Haiti HTI HIPC, Fragile & Honduras HND HIPC, Fragile & Hong Kong SAR, China Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) HKG Hungary HUN OECD, EU Icel ISL OECD (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) India IND Indonesia IDN Iran, Islamic Rep. IRN Iraq IRQ Irel IRL OECD, EU Isle of Man IMN 100 Israel ISR OECD Italy ITA OECD, EU Jamaica JAM Japan JPN OECD Jordan JOR Kazakhstan KAZ Kenya KEN Kiribati KIR Korea, Dem. People s Rep. PRK Korea, Rep. KOR OECD frontier economics 28

29 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Kosovo XKX (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) Kuwait KWT Kyrgyz Republic KGZ Lao PDR LAO Latvia LVA OECD, EU Lebanon LBN Lesotho LSO Liberia LBR HIPC, Fragile & Libya LBY Liechtenstein LIE Lithuania LTU EU Luxembourg LUX OECD, EU Macao SAR, China MAC Macedonia, FYR MKD Madagascar MDG HIPC, Fragile & Malawi MWI HIPC, Fragile & Malaysia MYS Maldives MDV Mali MLI HIPC, Fragile & Malta MLT EU Marshall Isls MHL Mauritania MRT HIPC, Fragile & frontier economics 29

30 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Mauritius MUS (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) Mexico MEX OECD Micronesia, Fed. Sts. FSM Moldova MDA Monaco MCO 100 Mongolia MNG Montenegro MNE Morocco MAR Mozambique MOZ HIPC, Fragile & Myanmar MMR Namibia NAM Nauru NRU Nepal NPL Netherls NLD OECD, EU New Caledonia NCL 100 New Zeal NZL OECD Nicaragua NIC HIPC, Fragile & Niger NER HIPC, Fragile & Nigeria NGA Northern Mariana Isls MNP Norway NOR OECD Oman OMN Pakistan PAK frontier economics 30

31 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Palau PLW Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Panama PAN Papua New Guinea PNG Paraguay PRY (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) Peru PER Philippines PHL Pol POL OECD, EU Portugal PRT OECD, EU Puerto Rico PRI Qatar QAT Romania ROU EU Russian Federation RUS Rwa RWA HIPC, Fragile & Samoa WSM San Marino SMR Sao Tome Principe STP HIPC, Fragile & Saudi Arabia SAU Senegal SEN HIPC, Fragile & Serbia SRB Seychelles SYC Sierra Leone SLE HIPC, Fragile & Singapore SGP frontier economics 31

32 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) SXM 100 Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Slovak Republic SVK OECD, EU Slovenia SVN OECD, EU Solomon Isls SLB Somalia SOM HIPC, Fragile & South Africa ZAF (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) South Sudan SSD , Spain ESP OECD, EU Sri Lanka LKA St. Kitts Nevis KNA St. Lucia LCA St. Martin (French part) St. Vincent the Grenadines MAF 72 VCT Sudan SDN HIPC, Fragile & Suriname SUR Swazil SWZ Sweden SWE OECD, EU Switzerl CHE OECD Syrian Arab Republic SYR Tajikistan TJK Tanzania TZA HIPC, Fragile & frontier economics 32

33 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) Thail THA Timor-Leste TLS Togo TGO HIPC, Fragile & Tonga TON Trinidad Tobago TTO Tunisia TUN Turkey TUR OECD Turkmenistan TKM Turks Caicos Isls TCA 96 Tuvalu TUV 99 Uga UGA HIPC, Fragile & Ukraine UKR United Arab Emirates ARE United Kingdom GBR OECD, EU United States USA OECD Uruguay URY Uzbekistan UZB Vanuatu VUT Venezuela, RB VEN Vietnam VNM Virgin Isls (U.S.) West Bank Gaza VIR PSE frontier economics 33

34 EU/ OECD Development HPIC (heavily indebted poor country) Corru Perce Risk premium (%) EOB Access to electricity (% of population) Exports Imports Yemen, Rep. YEM Zambia ZMB HIPC, Fragile & EU imports mineral fuels, lubricants related (mio. of ECU/ EUR) Zimbabwe ZWE Energy imports, net 2014 (% of energy use) Source: World Bank: EU/OECD,Development HPIC, Risk premium, EOB (Ease of Doing Business), Access to electricity, Exports Imports, Energy imports net; Transparency International: Corru Perce ; Eurostat: EU Imports Mineral Fuels, Lubricants Related ; BP Statistical Review:. (mio. t) (% of total in mio. t) frontier economics 34

35 frontier economics 35

36 frontier economics 37