Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2014 ISSN:

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1 Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2014 ISSN: Available online at The Growth and Velocity of Urbanisation in North East India Priyanka Koiri Research Scholar, Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Abstract: Present study is based on theurbanization in North East states of India as this region set apart from the rest of India by geographical difficult terrains, socio-cultural pattern, a high proportion of tribal population, and different lifestyle. Using Census of India data of 1981, 1991 and 2001 census, per cent urban has been calculated for showing the degree of urbanisation. To show the situation of hyper urbanisation, manufacturing sectors of North Eastern states have been taken into account. Z-score and Composite index has been calculated for showing the facilities of the towns in each state in 2001, and it has been shown by using Graduated symbols and pie diagram. Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques have been performed for showing the spatial and temporal level of urbanization across the states of the region. As seen from the study, the decadal growth rate of population in North Eastern state has decreased in in comparison to The exponential growth rate of the population has increased in Nagaland in in comparison to , all of the other states has been decreased in The urban growth rate has increased in Manipur and Meghalaya. Urban rural growth rate differential has significantly increased in Assam, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura, on the other hand Manipur and Nagaland has negative urban rural growth differential in The degree of urbanization has increased in every state in North East in 2001 in comparison to 1981 and The manufacturing worker has increased in Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura in 2001 in comparison to Keywords:Urbanisation, North Eastern States, Growth rate, Hyper-urbanisation, Tempo of Urbanisation, Pace of Urbanisation Introduction: Database and Methodology: Urbanization has been the dominant demographic trend with its high pace of social and economic development. The study of urban growth by size class of towns help us to understand the stages of urban development in a country and the differential growth rates shows the extent of rural to urban migration (Bhagat, 2005). The level of urbanisation is measured by the percentage of population living in urban areas (Bhagat, 2011). Today, urbanization is being accepted as a lifestyle, which has, became the essential part of growth, and determines the material progress and social prosperity of human life. In general, urbanization is the process of population concentration and identifies two elements in the process: (i) The increase in the size of individual concentration due to growth of urban population (ii) natural increase in urban areas (iii) net rural to urban migration (iv) relocation of rural settlements to urban areas due to the extension of municipal boundaries (v) the emergence of new points of concentration (Premi, 1981). The aim of the study is to analyze the level and trends of urbanization, the pace and tempo of urbanization and also to examine the socioeconomic factors affecting in the urban areas in N.E. region. Data has been collected from the Census of India, General Population table, 1981, 1991 and 2001 along with the Town directory, 1991 and 2001 and also the Elementary Education in Urban India, Analytical Tables, , NUEPA, India for this study. For calculating the level of urbanization and migration pattern in my study area, different methods are being used:firstly, the degree or level of urbanization is defined calculated by using the formula: Per cent urban [(U/P)*100] and also the urban growth rate for the year Secondly, the hyper-urbanisation situation by taking into account the manufacturing sector of the N.E. states. Thirdly, the pace of urbanization is being calculated by the annual growth rate of population, and also the Tempo of urbanization is calculated by the formula,[1/n (ln (PU t+n / PU t) *100], where ln= natural log, PU t+n = population of current year PU t= population of previous year, n= census time= 10 years. Fourthly, Urban Rural Growth Differential has been calculated for the year 2001 and also Z-score and Composite index has been calculated for showing the facilities of the towns for each state in 2001, and it has been shown by using Graduated symbols and pie diagram. 92

2 The Study Area: The area selected for the studies is the seven N.E states viz. Arunachal, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.Urbanization in this region has a long history that started before the Britishers. The trends in the level of urbanization across the states highlight some peculiar features different from rest of India. States like Mizoram and Arunachal were without urban population in the first half of 20 th century and today they are most urbanized states in the region. Results and Discussion: Level of Urbanisation in North East India Table 1.1: Decadal Growth rate of population in North Eastern states States Arunachal %Decadal Growth rate ( ) %Decad al Growth rate ( ) % Urban pop (2001) Nagaland Manipur Mizoram Tripura Meghalaya Assam India Source: Calculated from Census of India, General Population Tables. The above table 1.1 shows the decadal growth rate of population in North-East region between and In the above table the highest share of decadal growth rate of population in Nagaland which is per cent followed by Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Arunachal in However, in the other hand the decadal growth rate of projected population in will be highest in Meghalaya followed by Arunachal, Mizoram, and Manipur. The negative growth rate of population is in Nagaland in compared to Table 1.2: Annual exponential growth rate in North East India, States T R U T R U Arunachal Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Tripura India Source: Census of India, General Population table, A- Series, Part II. From table 1.2, it is seen that the annual exponential growth rate in Arunachal was 9.82 per cent in and then dropped during to 7.23 per cent for urban areas. On the other hand, the urban growth rate of Manipur has increased from 2.98 per cent to 3.12 per cent in Meghalaya has slightly increased from 3.13 per cent in to 3.19 per cent in Therefore as noted in Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura the exponential growth rate has decreased. The total share of India has been decreased from 3.11 per cent in to 2.71 per cent in Table 1.3: Urban Growth Rate in North Eastern States, States Arunachal Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Tripura India Source: Census of India, General Population table, A- Series, Part II. The urban growth rate in North-Eastern state shows in the table 1.3, the highest urban growth in was 9.82 per centin Arunachal but it has decreased in and reached at 7.23 per cent. Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura has also decreased in But, in Manipur and Meghalaya the urban growth rate has increased from 2.98 per cent and 3.13 per cent to 3.12 per cent and 3.19 in per cent respectively. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1) January,

3 Table 1.4 Urban Rural Growth Differential, URGD States ( ) Assam 3.08 Arunachal 4.51 Manipur Meghalaya 2.14 Mizoram 2.91 Nagaland Tripura 2.76 Source: Census of India, General Population table, A- Series, Part II. The table 1.4, shows the URGD in the North Eastern states. The URGD shows the higher the value of URGD the more rapid is the urbanization and vice versa. Arunachal, Assam, Mizoram is showing higher rate of urbanization but Manipur and Nagaland shows the lowest rate of urbanization, as these two states are purely rural. Map 1 Degree of Urbanisation: The degree or level of urbanization is defined as relative number of people who live in urban areas. Per cent urban [(U/P)*100] is used to measure degree of urbanization. Table 1.5: Percentage of Urban Population to Total population or the level of Urbanisation States India Assam Arunachal Mizoram Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Tripura Source: Census of India, General Population table, A- Series,Part II. The above table 1.5 shows that the level of urbanization in North Eastern states. The level of urbanization in India has been increased from per centin 1981 to per cent in 1991, and in 2001 it has reached to per cent. The level of urbanization has significantly increased in Arunachal, it was 6.32 per cent in 1981, 12.21per centin 1991, and per cent in 2001.Therefore, all the northeastern states, the level of urbanization has increased in 2001 in comparison to 1981 and 1991.The same picture is shown with the help of a detailed map 1 of North Eastern states. Map 2 Table 1.6: District-Wise Level of Urbanisation, States Districts Assam Goalpara NA Kamrup NA Darrang NA Nogaon NA Sibsagar NA Lakhimp ur NA Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1) January,

4 States Districts Mirik hill NA N.C.Hills NA Cachar NA Arunachal Kameng Subansiri Siang Lohit Tirap Manipur Manipur south Manipur central Meghalaya Garo Hill Khasi and Jaintia Hill Nagaland Kohima Mokokch ung Tuensan g Mizoram Mizo district Tripura West Tripura North Tripura India Source: Census of India, General Population Tables, Part II (A), 1981, 1991, The district wise level of urbanization is being shown in the table 1.6 above. For the state of Assam, there is no data for 1981 as because of political unrest. With the passage of time, the level of urbanization is also increasing since 1981 as new towns and cities are also coming into account in the respective states. With the increase of towns the level of urbanisation is also increasing in North Eastern states. Moreover, Mizoram has 49 per cent level of urbanisation compared to national average of per cent in 2001 census. Similarly, districts such as Manipur Central, Subansiri, Kamrup, Papum Pare are also having more urban population than the national average. Therefore, it can be stated that slowly and gradually the districts of North Eastern states are developing and the increase in the level of urbanisation is one of such factor behind it. Spatial Pattern of Urbanisation in N.E. States: Map 3 From the above map 3, the level of urbanisation of the districts of North Eastern States for 2001 is being depicted, where it is seen that higher level of urbanisation is seen in the districts of Mizoram, Kamrup, Papum Pareof more than 30 per cent. Similarly, moderate level of urbanisation is seen in the districts of Arunachal, South Tripura and West Garo Hills of per cent. Pace of urbanisation: Urbanisation in India has been relatively slow compared to many developing countries. The percentage of annual exponential growth rate of urban population reveals that in Karnataka, it grew at faster pace from the decade Rural growth has been fluctuating since The decline in rural population growth was within small range during During the process of urbanization it is natural that rgup > rgtp > rgrp, where rgup =rate of growth of urban population, rgtp = rate of growth of total population, rgrp = rate of growth of rural population. From the calculation, it is seen that the urban rate of growth is more than the total population growth and the total population growth rate is more than the rural growth of population. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1) January,

5 Table 1.7: Annual Growth Rate of Population in N.E Sates, States Districts States Annual growth rate of urb_pop, Annual growth rate of tot_pop Annual growth rate of rur_pop Arunachal Nagaland Manipur Mizoram Tripura Meghalaya Assam From the table 1.7 it is clear that the growth rate of urban population is higher than the rural growth rate, which shows that the urban population is increasing with time. The annual growth rate of urban population is higher in Arunachal followed by Nagaland, Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura. On the other hand, the annual growth rate of total population is higher in Nagaland followed by Meghalaya and Mizoram. Annual growth rate of rural population is higher in Nagaland followed by Meghalaya and Manipur. Tempo of urbanization: Tempo of urbanization refers to speed of urbanization and is measured as change registered in the level or degree of urbanization over the years. From the calculation done, it is clear that tempo or speed of urbanization is not uniform over the years. It shows a fluctuating trend over the years Again it is required to mention tempo of urbanization measured as a per cent will tend toward zero as the urban population reaches the 100 per cent level, since the urban and total population growth would become the same.it is calculated as: Tempo of PU = 1/n [ l n (PU t+n /PU t )]* 100, where ln = natural log, PU t+n and PU t = per cent urban in t+n th census and t th census respectively, n = census interval=10. Table 1.8: Tempoof Urbanisation States Districts Arunachal Kameng Subansiri Siang Lohit Tirap Assam Goalpara Kamrup Darrang 0.17 Nogaon 0.22 Sibsagar NA Lakhimpur Mirik hill N.C.Hills Cachar Manipur Manipur south Manipur central Meghalaya Garo Hill Khasi and Jaintia Hill Mizoram Mizo District Nagaland Kohima Mokokchung Tuensang Tripura West Tripura North Tripura South Tripura Source: Calculated from Census of India, General Population table, A- Series, Part II. Table 1.8 shows that the tempo of urbanization in north eastern state between and The tempo of urbanization in district of Arunachal in Kameng district has increased from per centin to per cent in In Subansiri district, the tempo of urbanization has significantly decreased from 10.1 per cent to 1.34 per cent between two decades. Lohit district shows the negative tempo of urbanization in Arunachal in Manipur also shows the negative tempo, Manipur south and Central district has shown the decreasing tempo of urbanization in Meghalaya also shows the decreasing tempo in in comparison to In Mokokchung district of Nagaland, shows the increasing tempo of urbanization in South Tripura has also showing increase in the tempo of urbanization in in comparison to Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1) January,

6 Hyper Urbanisation: Map 4 Hyper urbanization is the situation where the level of urbanization is more than the manufacturing sector. Manufacturing sector includes the household and non- household industry. From the study, it has been clear that in the North Eastern states, the percentage of workers in manufacturing sector is less than the level of urbanization, which is showing the situation of hyper-urbanizationfor both the decades in the respective states in map 4 and 5. This can be more clearly seen from the table 1.9, where the percentage of manufacturing workers along with the urban population is being depicted. Table 1.9: Hyper- Urbanisation in N.E States %Manu f_ wrkrs %urb _ pop %manuf _ wrkrs %urb _ pop AP Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Tripura Source: Calculated from Census of India, General Population table, A- Series, Part II. Type of Facilities in the Towns of N.E. States, 2001: (Using data from town directory, 2001, India) Map 5 Map Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1) January,

7 Map 7 The above figure is showing the type of facilities provided in the urban areas on the name of basic amenities. Map 6, is showing the facilities on the basis of educational facilities and banking facilities in the states of North East, where the towns are also considered. For identifying the educational facilities; primary, secondary, higher secondary schools are being taken into account alongwith the adult centers. Basically, from the figure it is clear that in almost all the places of North East there is a high percentage of educational facilities compared to banking facilities. Banking facilities are high in the state of Assam, Nagaland and some parts of Manipur. Map 7, is showing the road facilities and medical facilities available in the respective states. For identifying road facilities, pucca roads are taken into account, whether the following states has the facility for pucca roads or not, where is seen that almost all the parts of North East has pucca roads except Manipur and parts of Mizoram. For Medical facilities, hospitals, dispensaries, health centers are taken into account where t is seen that high percentage of medical facilities are seen for the state of Nagaland as because Nagaland is also having high rate of urban population and so the facilities are also increasing thereby. Map 8 Analysing the above two maps, a composite index map has been constructed for showing the facilities in totalin North East with the help of dots. Bigger dot are having more function than the smaller dot. From map 8, it is seen that Assam has much more facilities compared to other states in North East. The town Chandrapur (Kamrup), Dobaka (Nagaon), Bongaigaon Refinery and Petrochemical township, Shillong (class I town) has more functions. Assam has 37 towns with classes from I VI, and so the facilities are also high in this state. In Arunachal, Changlang, Tawang and Tirap districts are having high facilities than the rest of the states. Manipur and Mizoram is having only one class I town and class III, IV and V towns are also less in number. Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura are showing lesser values and the dots are also very small compared to Assam. Type of facilities in school in North Eastern States, : (Using data from Elementary Education in Urban India, Analytical Tables, NUEPA, India) Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1) January,

8 Map Map 11 Map 9 Map 10 Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1) January,

9 The above Map 9, shows that the percentage of school having drinking water facilities in Arunachal, Assam, Nagaland and Mizoram shows the primary with upper primary and primary with upper primary and secondary having higher proportion of drinking water facility in The school having toilet facility in Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Assam and Arunachal shows the higher proportion of toilet facility in up with higher secondary and primary with upper and secondary shown in Map 10. The electricity connection having in Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal in Primary with upper secondary and up with higher secondary in Map 11. The above all three figure shows that the facility is better in primary with upper and secondary and up with higher secondary for toilet, electricity and drinking water facility in north eastern states in Conclusion: The decadal growth rate of population in north east state has decreased in in comparison to The exponential growth rate of population has increased in Nagaland in All of the other states have been decreased in The urban growth rate has increased in Manipur and Meghalaya. Urban rural growth rate differential has significantly increased in Assam, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura, on the other hand Manipur and Nagaland has negative urban rural growth differential in Moreover, the degree of urbanization has increased in every state in North East in 2001 in comparison to 1981 and The manufacturing worker has increased in Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura in 2001 in comparison to Therefore, the urban industrial employment is needed to develop so that it could gradually absorb the rural surplus labour. The rural population grew, however, much faster than had been expected and, without opportunities for a livelihood, many people migrated to the urban areas as a last resort. The urban industrial sector could not absorb the new arrivals, which ended up in slums and squatter settlements and found employment in the informal sector. Thus the overalloutcome can be poverty in both urban and rural areas. REFERENCES Bhagat Ram B, (2005, March 31 April 2). Urban Growth by City and Town Size in India. Paper presented in the annual meeting of Population Association of America to be held at Philadelphia, USA. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai , India. Bhagat Ram B. ( 2011, August). Emerging Pattern of Urbanisation in India, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XIVI, No. 34, Giri Pabitra. (1991, Nov Dec. 4,) Urbanisation in West Bengal, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33, No. 47/48, Kundu and Basu. (1992). Urban Development and Urban research in India. Khama Publishers, New Delhi. Kundu Amitabh. (2009). Urbanisation and Migration: An Analysis of Trend, Pattern and Policies in Asia. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Research Paper 2009/16. Mitra, A. (1992). Pattern of Urbanisation in India: An overview. The Indian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 5, No. 2, Patil, S.Y.(1998). Trend of Urbanisation and Regional development in India. Indian Journal of Regional of Regional sciences, 30(1), Premi, M.K. (1981, July Sept.). Role of migration in urbanization process in third world countries- Case study of India. Social action, vol. 31,