Research on Azadirachta indica. and its Planting at Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry

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1 Research on Azadirachta indica and its Planting at Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry

2 Foreword Neem (Azadirachta indica) is not a native species in China. It was first successfully introduced to China (Hainan Province) in It was introduced to Yunnan and researched in a planned way in Now it has been cultivated on a large scale.

3 1 Objective To afforest ecologically in the dry-hot valley area to improve its environmental conditions To establish neem plantation for raw material of high quality and high output

4 2 Contents Study seed sources and technique of introduction Select fine breed Explore normal areas Research on techniques of growing seedlings and neem afforestation on a large scale Elementary and concerned research on afforestation of high quality and high efficiency

5 3 Methord 3.1 Organize a multi-learning team 3.2 Lay emphasis on technological study, demonstration and popularization

6 3.3 Introduce techniques Introduce seed sources from different origin areas Collect technical data Investigate abroad and invite foreign experts

7 3.4 Renew the introduced techniques Comparative tests of seed sources Comparative tests of different site factors Verification on the introduced techniques of growing seedlings and afforestation

8 3.5 Research on the techniques of growing seedlings and afforestation of neem on a large scale Draw lessons from foreign techniques of growing seedlings and afforestation of neem and other similar home species of trees Research on the key techniques of growing seedlings on a large scale Form a complete set of the concerned techniques with their verification

9 3.6 Lay down technical specification and operating regulations 3.7 Demonstration and popularization

10 4 Result of technological study Some adaptive seed sources were decided Some individuals were selected with both high content of Aza-A (max. up to 0.91%) and higher output as well Put forward practicable techniques of growing seedlings and afforestation of vast scale and successful popularization in area covered about 20000ha.

11 5 Some valuable results of researches and tests with new ideas

12 5.1 The mature criterion of the fruit When the fruits being mature and with seed-fall of about 30%, collect the whole fruits on a tree (about fruits) and then separate the yellow from the green ones, both of them were washed and dried in the air. The test shows that the fruits becoming yellow is not only the standard of seed mature and collection.

13 Seeds from the ground Seeds from the yellow Seeds from the green Kilo-grain weight /g Germination rate /% Kernel yield /% Kernel Aza- A content /%

14 5.2 Variation of Aza-A content of the kernel The test result of the seeds exposed to the sun in the production area when the seeds were fresh Method to dry Aza-A% * of kernel The seeds on cement ground Plastic film on grassland and the seeds on the film covered with sun shade net not covered covered with the net not covered The seeds in room 0.50 * Water content 10%-12% of the determined seeds

15 The test result of the dry seeds exposed to the sun Days exposed to the sun Germination rate /% Aza-A% of kernel

16 Aza-A content change of the greensh and yellow to the kernels from the stored seeds Duration of store /months 6 Seeds from China 0.53 Seeds from Myanmar

17 The determined result of the kernels with different color Color of the kernel Greensh Yellow Brownsh Brown and black Aza-A%

18 5.3 The relationship between Aza content of kernels and the morphology and autumn of the seeds No relation between Aza content and autumn of the seeds on the same tree The length and width of the seeds and Aza content is positively correlative (This will be accounted in detail by Dr. Zhang Yanping the next day)

19 5.4 Genetics Blossom and pollination Blossoming time in a day appears at 18:00-23:00 with the peak time at around 20:00. In the next morning, the pollen will shrink and change to brown The result of pollination under artificial control shows the fruits of self-pollination consist of 1%-3% of the fruits under natural condition The test by means of RAPD proved that the average outcrossing of neem is 96.27%

20 Maternal plant A B C D E F G Nos. of filial generation Cumulative outcrossing rate /% Average of cumulative outcrossing rate /% 96.27

21 Morphological variation The test by means of AFLP showed that the difference of inter-provenances was less than the difference of intra- provenances

22 Individual difference in seed output and Aza content The capability of seed yield of an individual is comparatively stable Difference of seed yield of an individual in a seed source is significant Different of Aza-A content of kernel between individuals is relatively significant (from 0.27% to 0.91%) (This will be accounted in detail by Dr. Zhang Yanping the next day)

23 Vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation of neem has been reported abroad Our test and practice show that the technique of vegetative propagation can be widely used in growing seedlings of neem and improvement of neem trees. As to the tissue culture, the cost of it is rather high Neem can be grafted on Melia toosendan or M. azedarach and the survival rate is not only very high but also the young trees grow faster than those reproduced by seeds

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26 Grafting Can flower after only two months Grafting is the best way to improve the quality of the seedling. Neem trees developed from grafted seedling can keep their parent characteristics.

27 Azadirachta indica grafted on Melia toosendan

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29 5.5 The impact of low temperature on growth of neem Essential climatic factors and damage done by low temperature to neem trees in test points Yuanjiang Yuanmou Jinggu Jingdong Annual mean temperature / Mean temperature of the coldest months / Extreme low temperature / Annual mean days of 0 /d Annual mean frost days /d Annual mean rainfall /mm Annual mean relative humidity /% Degree of cold damage Nil A few Few Heavy Growth Normal Normal Normal Branches, even young trees died, no ripe seed

30 The essential climatic factors in the period ( ) of the rarely low temperature throughout 40 years and the damage caused by them Mean temperature / Extreme low temperature / Days of <2 /d Days of 0 /d Days with light frost /d Days with heavy frost /d Freezing days /d Mean relative humidity /% Rate of the damaged trees /% Damage index Rate of trees with dead branches /% Rate of trees of dead stem /% Yuanjiang Yuanmou Jinggu Jingdong

31 On the basis of the above two tables we draw the following preliminary conclusions: Extremely low temperature 2 causes no cold damage to neem tree and they grow normally Extremely low temperature > 0-2 causes partial leaves to wither and leaf-fall, but the trees grow normally Extremely low temperature 0 leads the branches and a part of slender or younger stems to wither and the trees can not grow normally

32 Duration of low temperature and damage degree is positively correlative When harmful low temperature appears, high humidity causes heavier damage and severe frost and freeze increase much more damage The older or stronger trees are more resistant to cold.

33 6 The experience of growing seedlings on a large scale with seeds of very low germination Sow germinated seeds in containers Transplant sprouting from pre-germination bed into seedling containers

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36 7 Standardization Quantitative Degree Standard of Azadirachta indica Seeds Item Grade 1 Grade Grade 2 Grade 3 Cleanliness degree(%) Germination rate(%) >40 Percent moisture (%) <10 <11 <12 Goodness percentage(%)

37 Quantitative Degree Standard of Azadirachta indica Seedlings

38 Planting regulation of Azadirachta indica Range Cited document Cultivation object Selection of site and provenance Ground preparation Harvesting seeds Seedlings cultivation Planting Plantation management Pest management

39 Acknowledgment We sincerely express our thanks to: Experts from China and other countries Farmers of production areas The enterprises and organizations

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48 Thanks!