EAB: IMPORTANT REGULATION CHANGES AND UPDATES

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1 EAB: IMPORTANT REGULATION CHANGES AND UPDATES The Emerald Ash Borer is an invasive insect that is killing ash trees in various areas of the United States. Feeds on the leaves of Ash Trees for two weeks-infestation will start at the top of the tree making initial detection of the insect difficult. Then will feed on the vascular tissue under the bark of the tree. Zigzag patters filled with Ash Borer excrement (frass) will appear under the bark. First discovered in Detroit MI in 2002 First discovered in Indiana in Stuban County. EAB is found in north eastern Indiana and Marian County. The U.S. Department of Agriculture and The Indiana Department of Natural Resources are currently monitoring the spread of this invasive species. EAB came to the United States from China. How is EAB spread? Natural Spread of EAB is one-fourth to one-half of a mile per year. Human activities have exponentially increased this through movement of Ash wood products such as: fire wood, raw wood with bark, dun age and crating, and trees from nurseries. There are regulations to prevent these products from leaving certain areas, however, it can be very difficult to monitor the movement of these products. 56% of all fire wood comes from tree services that cut down dead trees, Ash trees. 20% of this fire wood is used for camping, meaning that it is very mobile. It only takes one careless person to cause this harmful invasive to spread. Only one in five persons knows that the movement of fire wood from certain areas is prohibited. The role of parks is to educate the public about the severity of the problem and way they can help save our Ash Trees.

2 God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand tempests and floods. But He cannot save them from fools. ~John Jh Muir

3 Jodie Ellis Department of Entomology Purdue University

4 We shall fight them on beaches, landing grounds, in fields, in streets and on the hills... and especially in the Parks!

5 EAB: The Basics

6 Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Bupestridae) ½ inch

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9 How Does EAB Harm Trees?

10 Cambial layer

11 Frass Newly hatched larvae bore through bark and feed on the tree s vascular tissue. As they grow, larvae zigzag through tree tissue, leaving S- shaped tunnels that are flat and wide.

12 Heavy EAB infestations kill ash trees Heavy EAB infestations kill ash trees quickly within 1 to 3 years.

13 The Ash Resource in North America

14 Range of ash in North America U.S. Forest Service

15 Where Is EAB Now?

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19 (This is where you come in.)

20 The Big Issues: How EAB spreads How EAB is managed in quarantined areas

21 How EAB Spreads Natural spread of EAB is local (1/4 to 1/2 mile per year). Artificial or human-assisted spread moves the beetle much farther and faster in a less predictable manner.

22 Since EAB arrived here, it has been moved in: firewood raw wood with bark dunnage and crating for heavy goods nursery stock lumber and wood with bark attached

23 The Nature of The Problem certain normally harmless actions (such as moving firewood) can result in transporting the pests to new locations. Nurseries and businesses that t sell trees are monitored and controlled but all it takes is one uninformed person to transport infested firewood to bring the pests into a new area." Because nearly any individual can engage in such actions, including residents traveling to campgrounds or vacation homes and small firewood dealers, it is hard to define and reach target audiences The movement of firewood from home areas to campsites contributes significantly to the spread of forestharming invasive insects. Each of these pests -James Appleby, University of can Illinois be transported inadvertently by virtually anyone through activities as seemingly benign as moving firewood to a vacation home... - GAO report number GAO T transporting firewood out of quarantined areas can have a devastating impact on our nation's trees as it could lead to new infestations by the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB).

24 Known EAB Infestations Resulting From Movement of Firewood to Campgrounds EAB Finds in Michigan Parks In Indiana and Campgrounds Private campground in Branch County Private campground in Cheboygan County Brimley State Park, Chippewa County Charles Mears State Park, Oceana County Straits State Park- Mackinac County Young State Park- Charlevoix County Sleeper State Park- Huron County Ludington State Park- Mason County Warren Dunes State Park- Berrien County Rifle River Recreation Area-Ogemaw County Mackinac State Forest- Montmorency County Veterans Memorial State Forest Campground- Benzie County Private campground in Steuben County (State record) Private campground in LaGrange County Private campground in White County In West Virginia Private campground in Fayette County (State record)

25 Managing EAB

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27 Firewood buyers and sellers who are unintentionally or deliberately ignorant of the law, especially those who refuse to consider the consequences of their actions.

28 Survey of Producers and Sellers of Firewood in Pennsylvania Interviews conducted by telephone between October and December 2007 Businesses identified by Web search of telephone books and Web advertising using search term firewood alone and combined with for sale, dealer, seller, campground, fireplace, wood burning, wood heating and heating. These results are for Pennsylvania only.

29 Are most of your customers located within your state? t Most of Customers Located In State? Affirmative Responses Total Surveys Percentage *Most are in state % None are in state % All are in PA % Declined to answer %

30 Where does the firewood you sell originate? Affirmative Where Wood Originates Responses Total Surveys Percentage Land clearing company % Lumber mills % From own woodlot % Tree Service Companies % Pallets % Open Market % Property Management % Declined to answer %

31 How do your customers use the firewood they purchase from you? Firewood Use Affirmative Responses Total Surveys Percentage For resale % Home heating % Campfires % Fireplaces (atmosphere) % Industrial Use % Declined to answer %

32 On a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being Not Concerned At All and 5 being Highly Concerned, rate the following statement: Invasive species moved in firewood are threatening US forests. 64% feel that invasive Concern for US Affirmative Total Forests Responses Surveys Percentage species moved 1 (Not concerned) % in firewood are threatening % US forests % % 5 (Highly concerned) % Declined to answer %

33 Firewood Consumers

34 Regional Firewood Use Survey Methodology Survey of 600 adults who burn firewood indoors or outdoors at least once per year 300 interviews each with residents of states in the Northeast and Upper Midwest Interviews conducted December 1-9, 2007 Overall margin of sampling error of +/- 4.0% Preceded by four focus groups with firewood users in the Detroit and Boston areas Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Associates Opinion Research & Public Policy Analysis

35 The most frequent place for burning firewood is at home. In which of the following locations do you typically burn firewood in a typical year: An indoor fireplace An outdoor fire pit at your house 38% 36% Outdoors at a campground or campsite An indoor wood stove 24% 22% Outdoors at a vacation home or cabin 14% An portable outdoor fireplace or chiminea at your house DK/NA 1% 11% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 3. Multiple Responses Accepted

36 Respondents purchase firewood from a diverse variety of sources. (Asked only of the 38% who purchase firewood) Where do you typically purchase your firewood? A firewood seller who brings it to your house 21% A big-box retail store like Walmart or Lowe s 16% A roadside stand A seller at a campsite A landscaper or contractor 13% 13% 13% A grocery store or supermarket 11% A gas station 4% DK/NA 9% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 7. Multiple Responses Accepted

37 Only a few firewood users see a great threat from forest pests and pathogens. Amount Heard About The Issue Perceived Local Seriousness of Threat Yes, heard a lot Yes, heard a fair amount 20% 26% Yes, very serious 25% Total Total Yes Serious Yes, somewhat serious 30% 69% 55% Yes, heard a little 23% No, not a serious threat 31% No, haven t heard anything 31% DK/NA 15% 0% 20% 40% 60% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 11. In different places across the country, there have been problems with non-native insects and diseases infesting or killing large numbers of trees. Have you heard anything about this issue? 12. Based on what you have heard, are these types of insects or diseases a serious threat to trees in your area?

38 Two in five firewood users move firewood at least occasionally. Frequency of Moving Distance Moved (Among Movers) Five or more times per year One to four times per year 10% 19% Total Movers 38% Less than 50 miles 51 to 100 miles Once every few years 9% 101 to 200 miles 3% 24% 65% More than 200 miles 6% Never 62% DK/NA 3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 9. How often do you bring firewood from one location to use in another location like bringing it from home to a campsite or vacation house, or from a vacation area back to your home: 10. When you use firewood brought from another location, how far have you typically transported it:

39 About two in five have heard messages about moving firewood. Have you ever seen, heard, or read any information urging the public not to move firewood from place to place? Yes 38% No 61% DK/NA 1% Q13.

40 Only one in five say they are aware of laws or regulations limiting the ability to move firewood. Are you aware of any state laws or regulations in your area that limit the public s ability to move firewood from one location to another? No 80% Yes 19% DK/NA 1% Q15.

41 The Cure For Unintentional Ignorance is Education. The Cures For Willful Ignorance Are Regulation and Penalties. ates

42 The Role of The Parks? But Education Must Be Backed Up By Regulation and Penalties.

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44 Education must start before they get to the park gate.

45 Education should continue when they arrive at the park.

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48 If education fails, it s time for regulatory action. Best case: Voluntary surrender of regulated firewood Usual case: Surrender of regulated firewood after persuasion Worst case: Involuntary ntar surrender of regulated firewood

49 Understanding Quarantines

50 The Three Level Quarantine Blue Township Red Township Yellow Township White Township Green Township Orange Township Pink Township Black Township Level 1: After EAB is found in an Indiana Township, the entire County is placed under quarantine for ash products. Level 2: The affected Township is placed under an additional quarantine.

51 Most EAB states do not use township level quarantines; the quarantines occur at the county level.

52 The Federal Quarantine Level 3: The entire state of Indiana is under a federal quarantine for regulated ash items. These items may not be moved outside of the borders of the state without a written compliance agreement from USDA APHIS PPQ. State wide quarantines were also placed on OH, MI, and IL.

53 An Example of Controlling Firewood Movement In One State s Parks

54 Firewood: Existing State Efforts Wisconsin: Voluntary Firewood Certification Program Certifies firewood dealers so their wood can be sold to consumers for use in State Parks and statemanaged lands throughout Wisconsin, or so dealers can sell firewood directly to the state parks. Two step process: Complete and submit application Inspection by Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection agent to verify information presented on application

55 Approved firewood treatment methods in WI: Heat treatment All bark and additional wood to a depth of at least ½ inch beneath the bark removed Firewood stored on the dealer s premisesfor at least 2 years Firewood is fumigated with a registered fumigant pesticide according to the pesticide label Firewood is treated in a manner approved by the WI Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. ti

56 Pennsylvania The movement of firewood of all types and species into the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is prohibited. Firewood includes all wood, processed or unprocessed, coniferous or hardwood, meant for use in a campfire or other outdoor or indoor fire. This prohibition does not apply to the transportation of saw logs, pulpwood or wood chips to facilities for processing into lumber, paper or manufactured wood products.

57 Biological Control of EAB with Asian Natural Enemies Oobius agrili, a solitary egg parisitoid, laying its egg in an EAB egg. Tetrastichis spp, a gregarious larval endoparisitoid, it id laying eggs in EAB larvae after drilling through tree bark. In 2005, the US Forest Service studied natural enemies of EAB in China. They looked at two main insect natural enemies - O. agrili and Tetrastichus sp. By end of summer, 27% of EAB eggs and 40% of EAB larvae in their study area were parasitized. The combined impact of these two parasitic wasps was a 60% reduction of EAB populations in the forest.

58 EAB Awareness Week 2008 Ohio, Maryland, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, West Virginia, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, Pennsylvania

59 For More Information on EAB

60 edu/eab

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