WHY AGRONOMISTS SHOULD BE CONCERNED ABOUT INVASIVE PLANTS

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1 WHY AGRONOMISTS SHOULD BE CONCERNED ABOUT INVASIVE PLANTS Mark J. Renz Associate Professor Extension Weed Specialist

2 Outline What is an invasive plant and how are they regulated in WI? What are the poten=al impacts to agriculture? Things you can do to help

3 What is an invasive species? NR 40, WI- DNR (2009): A nonnaive species including hybrids, cul=vars, subspecific taxa, and gene=cally modified variants whose introduc=on causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health 75 plants are regulated 27 prohibited, 36 restricted, 12 split hkp://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/nr/001/40.pdf

4 DNR assessed posiive/negaive akributes of non- naive species This is what was done in making NR- 40 rule Look under literature summary in DNR website Research/summarized known informa=on Involved stakeholders in the process Results were from a statewide perspec=ve

5 Difference between prohibited and restricted species Example of Prohibited Kudzu Example of Restricted Wild Parsnip

6 Many regulated terrestrial plants are/can impact agriculture # Present in WI Invades ag lands Examples Prohibited % 28% yellow star thistle Split listed % 67% poison hemlock Restricted % 63% Canada thistle TOTAL 62 85% 52%

7 Economic Impacts From Invasive Plants Livestock performance reduced/death Poison hemlock Yellow star thistle Yield reduced Canada thistle Buckthorn/honeysuckle Costs to manage crop increase Direct: Canada thistle Indirect: Soybean aphid that overwinters on buckthorn

8 Environmental and human health Impacts From Invasive Plants Environmental Soil erosion increased due to displacement of grasses from spo^ed knapweed Human health Japanese barberry increases =cks /lyme disease Wild Parsnip: Phyto- photo- sensi=vity Bush honeysuckle increase lone- star =ck and associated diseases

9 How to prevent/minimize impact? 1. Prevent invasions from establishing Na=onal and statewide efforts 2. Detect invasions early and eradicate (EDRR) Local efforts work best Most effec=ve and efficient method of control Coopera=ve efforts already in place at local level Allow for sharing of resources (CISMA=CWMA)

10 An example of why early detecion is important! Amur honeysuckle invasion Aeer 10 years of invasion, reduc=ons in in forest herb regenera=on can be observed Aeer 20 years of invasion many na=ve plants seeds are not present in the soil irreversible change Image courtesy of missouriplants.com

11 Case Study #1 Poison Hemlock Invades roadside ditches, pastures, and waterways White flowers up to 10 tall Stem have reddish- purple splotches Spreading via roads in southern WI Less than a pound

12 Case Study #2 SpoKed knapweed grows 2 4 tall showy pink to purple flower from one or mul=ple stems. Displaces desirable grasses and forbs. fields infested have > 2X the water runoff 4X more sediment removal

13 Case Study #3 Common Buckthorn Understory shrub or small tree tall. yellow/orange colored wood if cut earliest shrub to leaf- out in the spring and last to lose its leaves in the fall. Primary overwintering loca=on for the soybean aphid. $$$ to control infesta=ons and prevent yield loss

14 RelaIonship between buckthorn infestaion and acres sprayed? Heimpel et al. 2010

15 Feeds on soybeans In SE US, average yield loss from untreated fields 20% Can be managed with insec=cides ($) Case Study #4 Kudzu Bug Non- na=ve insect to US Not present in WI Discovered in US in 2009 Rapidly spreading north Uses Kudzu as a primary overwintering site

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17 PotenIal Kudzu Bug Impact Impact in south is 10-30% yield loss Wisconsin has 1.5 million acres of soybeans million bushels = $ 725,000,000 If 10% yield reduc=on in Wisconsin $72.5 Million Dollar loss If treated ½ fields ($20/A) $15 Million Dollar cost

18 Case Study #5 Japanese Barberry Common ornamental shrub typically 2-3 tall Branches are reddish- brown and deeply grooved, with a single sharp spine at each node It invades forests, changing factors related to forest regenera=on and health Provides ideal habitat for deer Icks involved in the con=nued spread of Lyme disease

19 Forest in the Wisconsin Dells

20 Summary Many other examples than these Many serve as alternate hosts for diseases Vegetable industry Oeen the impact is unknown at the =me of introduc=on If these new plants have no value is it worth the risk to allow them to persist?

21 Resources to Assist in ID and Control h^p://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci/ 36 factsheets ID and control 18 YouTube videos on ID (regulated species) h^p://weedid/wisc.edu = >300 species ID h^p://mipncontroldatabase.wisc.edu

22 How can you help? Goal is to prevent spread of plants Most effec=ve way is to detect plants early and eradicate before they become widespread Knowledge of new infesta=ons is most oeen the limi=ng factor Limited funding may be available to assist with management for PROHIBITED SPECIES

23 Report new infestaions Several opions on how to report 1. Contact me, DNR staff, county agent 2. Submit observa=on via the Great Lakes Early Detec=on Network 1. Online through website 2. Mobile App To download go to h^p://apps.bugwood.org/mobile/gledn.html

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25 Simple Report Form

26 Details of App Func=onal on apple/android Smartphones tablets Report across taxa Terrestrial and AquaIc Plants Insects Plant Pathogens Aqua=c Invertebrates Fish Animals Fish and Animal Diseases h^p://apps.bugwood.org/mobile/gledn.html

27 Infesta=on informa=on/notes Can make an observaion < 1 min Add a picture GPS loca=on Time spent monitoring

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29 For a video tutorial see or contact me for the link h^ps:// v=zztjem0f6c0&index=2&list=pllq7t9gbdf8 wbgakjydc7tygrj8x8hkgi 5 minutes long Intro to Downloading the App How to register How to submit an observa=on How to draw a polygon

30 What happens when a report is Verified Picture, visit submiked? Shared with the public Alert will be sent out to concerned land managers Available for research and outreach Upda=ng regula=ons towards species Predic=ng future spread of species MoIvate local groups to take acion to control new populaions

31 Summary Invasive plants can impact agriculture! The most effec=ve way to manage invasive plants is through Preven=on Early detec=on and eradica=on Repor=ng new infesta=ons can help prevent many of these impacts Resources to assist in repor=ng

32 Thank you! Ques=ons?

33 NR 40 is being revised Proposed revisions: Delis=ng 2 species (0 plants) Changing the regulated status of 6 species (2 plants) Lis=ng 83 new species 49 prohibited (41 plants, 19 aqua=c) 32 restricted (29 plants, 3 aqua=c) 2 plants split- listed