Domestication of Lesser Known Tropical Species Neolamarckia cadamba among the Small Scale Forest Owners

Transcription

1 Domestication of Lesser Known Tropical Species Neolamarckia cadamba among the Small Scale Forest Owners Ahmad Zuhaidi, Y., Hashim, M. N., Sarifah, K & Norhazaedawati, B Forest Research Institute Malaysia IUFRO 2012 Small-Scale Forestry: Science for Solutions, September 2012, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

2 My presentation: About the species Distribution and Ecological Early planting in Malaysia Facts and figures of the species The growth and yield performance Field observation Positive and disadvantages Research on the planting materials productions General remarks

3 Forest / Forest Industry situation i. Government and the association of wood-based industries recognized the need to develop forest plantations for the sustenance of timber supply. ii. Increasing import values of logs and sawntimber from neighbouring countries indicates the shortage of raw materials for local consumption needs iii. Incentives by the government on commercial plantation; soft loans; income tax reduction

4 Experience in Forest Plantation Main species planted Hevea brasiliensis, Acacia mangium, both exotics, since 1990 s Need to plant potential native species Causes and failures of previous plantation species, i. Known techniques are not applied ii. Management practices, are not tuned to the species / sites. iii. Often the approach of designing plantation projects is too narrow iv. Unable to produce the timber quality anticipated and economic targets cannot be achieved. v. Readily, the species is blamed for the failure. vi..

5 Forest plantation as an alternative i. Allocation of production forests or an annual coupe is slowly decreasing, the role of forest plantations, an alternative source of raw materials and investments in forestry sector. ii. Current stage, a total of 1,000,000 ha of land identified in various states with major portions in Sabah and Sarawak iii. A total 8 species listed including natives such as N. cadamba, which is found growing in natural forests iv. Tectona grandis, Rubber, Acacias, potential exotic such as Khaya spp. and Eucalyptus.

6 i. Family Rubiaceae was formerly Anthocephalus cadamba and later changed to Anthocephalus chinensis and now renamed by the botanist as Neolamarkia cadamba. ii. Pioneer tree, geographical and ecological range, between latitude 27 º N and latitude 9 º S, India to Nepal, Thailand and Indo China and eastward in the Peninsular Malaysia, Island of Borneo to Papua New Guinea. It is known as Kelempayan in Peninsular Malaysia, Laran in Sabah/Sarawak, Jabon in Kalimantan/Java and Kadam in India. About the species

7 Ecological characteristics i. Found growing in moist, warm type of deciduous and evergreen forests in area below 1300 m altitude with annual rainfall from mm. ii. Light demanding species and grows on a variety of soils commonly grows best on deep, moist alluvial ground, along rivers and swampy areas

8 In this study, seeds are collected from selected mother trees in the wild

9 Later raised in the nursery until plants are ready for planting

10 Similar trials using leafy cuttings

11 Trial using vegetative propagation, mainly cuttings

12 Production of Planting Stocks of Neolamarckia cadamba by Leafy Stem Cuttings Experimental results H. AMINAH, M. S. AHMAD FAUZI, A. F. MOHD ADI FAIZ, M. HAMZAH & M. FAUZIAH. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong Selangor, Malaysia Neolamarckia cadamba is one of the species chosen for forest plantation in Malaysia because it is a fast growing species and suitable for planting in the plantation. The planting materials for this species are normally obtained from seeds or wildings. However, there is problem with regular seed supply because seeds are produced according to seasons. Due to this problem, vegetative propagation by stem cuttings can be an alternative technique to supplement the supply of planting materials. For this project, effect of medium and hormones on cuttings of the species were studied. This experiment was followed by the determination of suitable potting medium to raise the planting stocks produced from rooted cuttings In the experiment on propagation by cuttings 3 media and 4 commercial hormones and control were used. The media used were sand, coconut husk and a mixture of these two media in the ratio of 1:1 while the hormones applied were 1) Seradix 2 (0.6% Indole butyric acid- IBA), 2) Seradix 3 (0.8% IBA) 3) Plantone-R 2000 (0.2% IBA+0.1% NAA- Naphthalene acetic acid), 4) Plantone-R 3000 (0.3% IBA+0.15% NAA) and 5) Control. For potting media experiment, media used were 1) 100% forest top soil, 2) soil:sand 3) soil:coconut husk, 4) soil:rice hulls, 5) soil:leaf compost and 6) sand:leaf compost. The ratio for each of these mixtures was 1:1. Results for the experiment on cuttings showed that, there was no significant difference between other hormone treatments and control, but they produced significantly higher rooting than Seradix 3. Highest rooting was obtained with Plantone R-3000 (74.4%) followed by Seradix 2 (72.2%). In terms of rooting media, no significant difference in rooting of cuttings was achieved. However, potting was significantly higher in media of soil, mixture of soil:compost and sand:compost compared to mixture of soil:coconut husks and soil:rice hulls. Diameter increment was significantly higher in mixture of soil:compost and sand:compost compared to mixture of soil:coconut husks and soil:rice hulls. The media with soil:compost had the highest height increment (20.4 cm) and the highest diameter increment was obtained in media of sand:compost (9.1 cm). Key words: Plantation species: Vegetative propagation: rooting medium: hormones: potting medium

13 In this domestication study, 4 study sites I - Sandakan, Sabah located at latitude 5 o 54 N and longitude 118 o 04 E. The area experiences a typical equatorial climate, with constant temperature, considerable amount of rain and high humidity. Elevation ranges from 25 to 30 m above sea level. Overall the stand is located along riverine areas. II - The stand in, Sibu, Sarawak started in 2007 was under the Immense Fleet Forest Plantation Programme covers an area of 2,000 hectares. The areas in general are undulating with steep slopes between an elevation of 100 and 180 m above sea level. III Setul FR in the western part of Peninsular Malaysia at longitude 2 o 47, latitude 101 o 55 E. Located just north of the Equator, the area has a perhumid climate with average daily temperature ranging from 27 to 32 o C. The annual rainfall was between 1900 and 2050 mm IV Sabah Softwood Sdn Bhd, Tawau (single plot) is located at the latitude 4 o 16 N and longitude 117 o 53 E slightly below in latitude from Sandakan, experiencing similar weather pattern with temperature ranges from 26 to 27 O C

14 Study sites Site I Site IV Site III Site II

15 Field Planting (well drained, high moisture regime) after 6 months, FRIM

16 Field Planting (well drained, high moisture regime) after 12 months FRIM

17 Site I Planted at 5 x5 m spacing, low lying area adjacent to water ways After 4 years

18 Site II Planted at 4 x4 m spacing, gentle sloping area adjacent to water ways 4-year-old N. cadamba

19 Site III 6-month old provenance

20 Site III after 12 months

21 Site III after 3 years Planted at 4 x4 m spacing, gentle sloping area adjacent to water ways

22 Site IV Planted at 4 x4 m spacing, gentle sloping area adjacent to water ways 10-year-old N. cadamba

23 Achieved growth and yield _ Site I Private plantations, Kenangan Manis, Sandakan, Sabah (150 trees) Plots Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele Ave MAI 5.6

24 Table 1 Private plantations, Kenangan Manis, Sandakan (150 trees) Achieved growth and yield _ Site II Immense Fleet stands, Sibu, Kanowit, Sarawak (150 trees) Plots Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele Ave MAI 4.8

25 Achieved growth and yield _ Site III Setul Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan (400 trees) Plot/source Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele. 1/Keningau /Ulu Segama /Sibuga /L. Datu Average MAI 2.8

26 Achieved growth and yield _ Site IV Sabah Softwood Berhad, Tawau, Sabah (75 trees) Plots Age N dg hg G V MAIv Ele MAI 2.5

27 Overall results after 4 years Favourable growth rates based on the results from 4 different sites, except in Site III, in P. Malaysia May not be suitable in higher elevation or not associated with water Potential species for rehabilitation of riverine areas or areas with high moisture regime, which are unsuitable to other plantation species Utilization of native fast growing species Aspects of wood utilization is yet to be examined

28 Weaknesses observed Presence of stem borer, Endoclita aroura Treatment trunk injection with systemic insecticide e.g. Methamidophos at 10 cc per treatment However, no major outbreak of pest attack Defoliators Margaronia hilaralis Treatment a) Before field planting apply systemic insecticide e.g. Carbofuran to every seedlings b) Age below 6 months old insecticide spray

29 Observation of close association with water regime Measurement on tree sizes with distance from water sources To relate that the species grows best on deep, moist alluvial ground, along rivers and swampy areas Negative relation of dbh growth with moisture regime

30 Government initiatives multi disciplinary species for plantations Increasing interest by the Investors as source of light hardwood supply Native species availability of seeds and vegetative propagation Alternatives species in areas not suitable for other plantation species Future Outlooks

31 Application of available knowledge

32 To conclude; 1. The results obtained from the study help: i. answering questions relating the potential growth rate, expected rotation; ii. iii. rehabilitation of wide range of plantation sites; the importance of silvicultural regime in the management of the species. 2. Species site-specific characteristic- closely related in association with water sources; 3. An alternative source of indigenous tree species besides the exotic

33 Thank you for attending this session, happy to answer questions now or during the break 33