City states led by warrior chiefs Usually chosen from ranks of military

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2 polytheistic (multiple gods) religious beliefs explained in myths and epics 4 main reasons for myths: to explain natural events to explain human behavior to receive benefits & favors from gods/goddesses to teach correct behavior Believe in the afterlife Soul goes to a realm ruled by Hades (includes areas for rewards or punishment) Gods/goddesses acted very human like & interfered with humans on Earth City states led by warrior chiefs Usually chosen from ranks of military City states began to be led by the people with the money (aristos) and property (a form of oligarchy) Aristos became corrupt, Tyrants took over (often by force). Usually started out as good leaders, but evolved into harsh & mean rulers. Citizens rebelled against the tyrants established early forms of democracy where people took part in decision making process for a city state either directly in Assembly meetings or through a election process 2

3 in charge of the day today running of the citystate 28 male citizens, over age of 60 in charge of the military drafted/proposed & war laws (fought along w/their men) held court made up of all landowning males over 30 voted to pass or reject laws Five men chosen from the assembly Job was to make sure that the kings obeyed the laws Kings were chosen, not hereditary 2 kings so that during war, there was still a leader assisted with the education of the youth Had direct oversight over education system 3

4 50 men from the 10 tribes of Athens Chosen by lottery Served 1 year terms Responsible for developing laws for the city state Consisted of every male citizen of the city state Voted to veto or approve laws proposed by the Council Any member had the right to speak before the entire assembly 9 men chosen by the Assembly Each in charge of different areas (military, religious matters, etc. The King Archon was the presiding officer of the Assembly & had great influence Presided over by the Aeropagus Archons who had served Athens well could be in the Aeropagus for life Decisions reached by citizen juries 4

5 Social Classes of Sparta (List & Describe) Women received education, could own property & run businesses, but could not participate in government Equals Half Citizens Owned land & businesses, were free, paid taxes, received education, & served in military. Could NOT participate in government. Helots Full rights & benefits of citizenship, received education, served in military, owned property, & could participate in government Slaves, no rights, could not own property, could not participate in government, were the descendents of people conquered by the Spartans 5

6 Social Classes of Athens (List & Describe) Women no formal education no right to own property no say in government could only rarely leave home Citizens Metics Born outside the city of Athens, often farmers & artisans, could serve in military, had some rights, were free, & paid taxes. Could NOT participate in government. Full rights & benefits of citizenship, received education, served in military, owned property, & could participate in government Slaves Slaves, no rights, could not own property, could not participate in government, were often people conquered & captured during wars. It was possible to earn freedom. 6

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8 Philosophy Thales of Miletus Socratic Method Plato Aristotle Pythagorean Theorem Hippocrates Father of History 8

9 Three Key Greek Philosophers Socrates Plato Aristotle Athenian educator (sophist) Encouraged students to question accepted truths & the government Taught that people should think for themselves executed for corruption of the youth inspired the Socratic Method of asking openended questions a student of Socrates founded the Academy, a school in Athens Perfection is impossible Theory of Forms all things are an imperfect replica of a perfect form Wrote down the teachings of Socrates Wrote in dialogues (imaginary conversations) Wrote The Republic about government a student of Plato founded a school in Athens knowledge should be studied using logic believed in classifying plants and animals teacher of Alexander the Great wrote Poetics analyzing drama believed in limited democracy 9

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13 Peloponnesian War 13

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15 Important Greeks & Their Contributions to History, Science, Medicine, & Mathematics Key Contributions/ Achievements Herodotus Thucydides Hippocrates Pythagorus Archimedes Euclid Aristarchus Eratosthenes Known as the Father of History, wrote the Histories, used both personal experiences and hearsay, tended to exaggerate Believed in trying to be accurate in retelling history. Wrote The History of the Peloponnesian War Greek physician. Believed that healing should be approaches as a science instead of superstition. He believed that diseases had natural causes, not revenge of the Gods. Felt that good food, rest, & fresh air best medicine. Greek mathematician. Developed a theorem to determine the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle (a2 + b2 = c2) Mathematician & scientist. Determined the value of Pi. Invented the Archimedes Screw (a way of pulling water upward), explained how levers worked, developed the compound pulley Founder of Geometry. Explained that geometric statements flow logically from one to another. Determined that the Sun was the center of the universe and the Earth revolved around it. Calculated the diameter of the Earth using the angles of the Sun's rays. 15