The Perils of Using Roll-Call Vote Results to Study Representation Online Appendix (OA)

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1 The Perils of Using Roll-Call Vote Results to Study Representation Online Appendix (OA) Caitlin Ainsley Assistant Professor Department of Political Science University of Washington Clifford J. Carrubba Professor Department of Political Science Emory University Brian F. Crisp Professor Department of Political Science Washington University in St. Louis Betül Demirkaya Postdoctoral Teaching Fellow Department of Political Science Pennsylvania State University Matthew J. Gabel Professor Department of Political Science Washington University in St. Louis Dino Hadzic Ph.D. Candidate Department of Political Science Washington University in St. Louis Table OA1 presents information on legislative voting procedures for 145 legislative chambers across 105 countries. All information concerns most legislative business. The table includes the following: The country associated with the relevant chamber. The name of the chamber in the native language. The chamber type (lower, upper, or unicameral). Whether the standard operating procedure (SOP) is roll-call (RCV) or non-roll-call (non-rcv). The precise method defined as the SOP electronic voting machines (EVM), voices, show of hands, rising in places, etc. Whether legislative actors can invoke a voting method that departs from the SOP either from RCV to non-rcv or non-rcv to RCV. The legislative actors who can invoke a voting method that departs from the SOP. 1

2 Table OA1: Legislative Voting Procedures in a Comparative Perspective Albania Kuvendi i Shqipërisë Non-RCV Yes approval of chamber 1 (unicameral) (EVM or show of hands) Argentina Cámara de Diputados Non-RCV Yes 1/10 of those present (lower) (NA) Argentina Senado Non-RCV Yes majority of those present (upper) (show of hands or rising in places) Armenia Azgayin Zhoghov RCV No none Australia House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes 2 members Australia Senate Non-RCV Yes 2 members Austria Nationalrat Non-RCV Yes 20 members, speaker (lower) (rising in places) Austria Bundesrat Non-RCV Yes 5 members, speaker (upper) (show of hands or rising in places) Bahamas House of Assembly Non-RCV Yes prime minister, leader (lower) (NA) of the opposition, 3members Bahamas Senate Non-RCV Yes 1 member 1 Article 59 stipulates that 7 members can request an RCV where individual members votes are recorded, but the request needs to be approved by the chamber. The standing orders do not specify if a majority of those present or a majority of members is required for approval. 2

3 Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad Non-RCV Yes NA Barbados House of Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member Barbados Senate Non-RCV Yes 1 member Belgium Chambre des Représentants Non-RCV Yes 8 members, speaker (lower) (rising in places) Belgium Sénat Non-RCV Yes 5 members, speaker (upper) (rising in places) Belize House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes 1 member Belize Senate Non-RCV Yes 1 member Bhutan Gyelyong Tshogdu Non-RCV Yes NA (lower) (show of hands) Bhutan Gyelyong Tshogde RCV No none (upper) (EVM) Bolivia Cámara de Diputados Non-RCV Yes 5 members (lower) (show of hands or rising in places) 3

4 Bolivia Cámara de Senadores Non-RCV Yes majority of those present (upper) (show of hands or rising in places) Bosnia Predstavnički Dom RCV Yes 1/3 of members (lower) (EVM) Bosnia Dom Naroda RCV Yes 1/3 of members (upper) (EVM) Brazil Câmara dos Deputados Non-RCV Yes 1 member (lower) (rising in places) Brazil Senado Federal Non-RCV Yes 1 member (upper) (rising in places) Bulgaria Narodno Sabranie Non-RCV Yes 1/10 of members, 1 parliamentary group Burkina Faso l Assemblée Nationale Non-RCV Yes speaker, government, (unicameral) (show of hands) responsible committee, party leader, 4 members Canada House of Commons Non-RCV Yes 5 members Canada Senate Non-RCV Yes 2 members Chile Cámara de Diputados RCV No none (lower) (EVM) 4

5 Chile Senado RCV No none (upper) (EVM) Colombia Cámara de Representantes Non-RCV Yes majority of those present (lower) (show of hands) Colombia Senado Non-RCV Yes majority of those present (upper) (show of hands) Costa Rica Asamblea Legislativa Non-RCV Yes majority of those present (unicameral) (rising in places) Croatia Hrvatski Sabor RCV Yes parliamentary group Cuba Asamblea Nacional Non-RCV Yes NA (unicameral) (show of hands) Czech Republic Poslanecká Sněmovna RCV No none (lower) (EVM and show of hands) Czech Republic Senát RCV No none (upper) (EVM and show of hands) Denmark Folketing RCV Yes speaker if outcome seems obvious and fewer than 17 members object Dominica House of Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member 5

6 Dominican Republic Cámara de Diputados RCV No none (lower) (EVM) Dominican Republic Senado RCV No none (upper) (EVM) Ecuador Asamblea Nacional Non-RCV Yes 10 members (unicameral) (show of hands) El Salvador Asamblea Legislativa Non-RCV Yes 1 member (unicameral) (show of hands) Estonia Riigikogu RCV No none Ethiopia Yehizbtewekayoch Non-RCV No none Mekir Bet (lower) (show of hands or secret ballot) Fiji Parliament Non-RCV Yes 1 member Finland Eduskunta RCV No none France Assemblée Nationale Non-RCV Yes speaker, 1 party, (lower) (show of hands) referral committee, government conference of presidents France Sénat Non-RCV Yes speaker, 1 party, (upper) (show of hands) referral committee, government, 30 members 6

7 Georgia Sakartvelos P arlament i RCV No none Germany Bundestag Non-RCV Yes 1/20 of members, (lower) (show of hands or 1 parliamentary group rising in places) Germany Bundesrat Non-RCV No 2 none (upper) (show of hands) Ghana Parliament Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval Greece Voulí Ton Ellínon Non-RCV Yes 1/20 of members, speaker (unicameral) (show of hands or rising in places) Guatemala Congreso RCV No none Guyana National Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member Honduras Congreso Nacional Non-RCV Yes 1 member (unicameral) (show of hands) Hungary Országgyűlés RCV No none Iceland Althingi RCV Yes if speaker believes outcome is obvious and no objections raised 2 Rule 29 of the standing orders do permit a voting method that is referred to as a roll-call. However, these roll-call votes are conducted at the Land (German state), and not individual, level. In fact, individual level voting is not permitted in the Bundesrat (i.e., all members representing a particular Land are required to vote as a bloc). Because individual level voting is not practiced in the Bundesrat, we consider this a case where roll-calls are never conducted. 7

8 India Lok Sabha Non-RCV Yes NA India Rajya Sabha Non-RCV Yes NA Ireland Dáil Éireann Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval, 10 members otherwise Ireland Seanad Éireann Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval, 5 members otherwise Isle of Man House of Keys Non-RCV Yes 1 member Isle of Man Legislative Council Non-RCV Yes 1 member Israel Knesset RCV Yes speaker Italy Camera dei Deputati RCV Yes 30 members, parties if (lower) (EVM) they have 30 members Italy Senato della Repubblica Non-RCV Yes 15 members (upper) (show of hands) Jamaica House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes 1 member 8

9 Jamaica Senate Non-RCV Yes 1 member Kenya National Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval, 30 members in other instances Kenya Senate Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval, 15 members in other instances Kosovo Kuvendi i Kosovës Non-RCV Yes speaker, parliamentary (unicameral) (show of hands) group Latvia Saeima RCV No none Liberia House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes NA Liberia Senate Non-RCV Yes 1 member, speaker if outcome is unclear Lithuania Seimas RCV Yes speaker Luxembourg Chambre des Députes Non-RCV Yes 5 members (unicameral) (show of hands) Macedonia Sobranie Non-RCV Yes speaker, 10 members and only (unicameral) (EVM or if proposal was within 5 votes show of hands) of passage/failure in earlier vote 9

10 Malaysia Dewan Rakyat Non-RCV Yes 15 members Malaysia Dewan Negara Non-RCV Yes 8 members Maldives Rayyithunge Majilis RCV Yes NA Malta Parlament Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval Marshall Islands Legislature Non-RCV Yes 3 members Mauritius National Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member Mexico Cámara de Diputados Non-RCV Yes 6 members (lower) (rising in places) Mexico Senado Non-RCV Yes 6 members (upper) (rising in places) Micronesia Congress Non-RCV Yes 1/5 of those present Moldova Parlamentul Non-RCV Yes approval of chamber 3 (unicameral) (show of hands) 3 Article 89 stipulates that the speaker or members (not specified how many) can request an RCV method (electronic voting), but the request needs to be approved by the chamber. The standing orders do not specify if a majority of those present or a majority of members is required for approval. 10

11 Montenegro Skupština RCV No none Nauru Parliament Non-RCV Yes 1 member Netherlands Tweede Kamer der Non-RCV Yes 1 member Staten-Generaal (lower) (show of hands) Netherlands Eerste Kamer der RCV Yes approval of chamber 4 Staten-Generaal (upper) (roll-call) New Zealand House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval Nicaragua Asamblea Nacional RCV Yes NA Norway Storting RCV No none Pakistan National Assembly Non-RCV Yes NA Pakistan Senate Non-RCV Yes NA Palestine Al-Majlis al-tashrī iyy Non-RCV No none al-filasṭīniyy ( show of hands or (unicameral) rising in places) 4 Article 108 stipulates that the speaker or a member can request a vote by rising in places, but the request needs to be approved by the chamber. The standing orders do not specify if a majority of those present or a majority of members is required for approval. 11

12 Panama Asamblea Nacional Non-RCV Yes approval of chamber 5 (unicameral) (show of hands or rising in places) Papua New Guinea National Parliament Non-RCV Yes 2 members Paraguay Cámara de Diputados Non-RCV Yes 1/5 of those present (lower) (show of hands or rising in places) Paraguay Cámara de Senadores Non-RCV Yes 1/5 of those present (upper) (show of hands or rising in places) Peru Congreso RCV Yes 2/3 of members Philippines House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes 1/5 of members Philippines Senate Non-RCV Yes 1/5 of members Poland Sejm RCV No none (lower) (EVM and show of hands) Poland Senat RCV Yes speaker, 20 members (upper) (EVM and show of hands) Portugal Assembleia da República Non-RCV Yes 10 of members on (unicameral) (rising in places) some issues, Assembly or Conference of Leaders on all others 5 The standing orders stipulate that any member can request an RCV (Article 198). The standing orders do not specify if a majority of those present or a majority of members is required for approval. 12

13 Romania Camera Deputatilor RCV Yes approval of chamber 6 (lower) (EVM) Rwanda Umutwe w Abadepite NA 7 Yes NA Yes NA (lower) Rwanda Sena NA 8 Yes NA Yes NA (upper) Samoa Legislative Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval Senegal Assemblée Nationale Non-RCV Yes 10 members (unicameral) (EVM or show of hands) Serbia Narodna Skupština RCV Yes NA Seychelles National Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval (unicameral) (show of hands) Singapore Parliament Non-RCV Yes 5 members Slovakia Národná Rada RCV No none Slovenia Državni Zbor RCV No none (lower) (EVM) 6 Article 123 stipulates that the speaker or a party leader can request a vote by show of hands or secret ballot, but the request needs to be approved by the chamber. The standing orders do not specify if a majority of those present or a majority of members is required for approval. 7 The standing orders are ambiguous about what voting method is standard operating procedure. Both RVC (electronic voting machine, recorded division) and non-rcv (show of hands, consensus, secret ballot) methods are possible, but which method is standard is not explicitly stated. The orders do state the following: (1) when the item is not a bill, voting by consensus, show of hands, or electronically are the only permitted methods, (2) voting by secret ballot can occur at the request of 1/5 of those present, (3) voting on provisions of a bill is conducted electronically or by show of hands, (4) votes on entire bills are conducted by recorded division. 8 Same as for the Rwandan lower house (Umutwe w Abadepite). 13

14 Solomon Islands Parliament Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval South Africa National Assembly RCV No none (lower) (EVM) South Africa National Council of Provinces Non-RCV Yes 4 members South Korea Daehan Minguk Gukhoe RCV Yes 1/5 of members, majority of chamber upon speaker recommendation Spain Congreso de los Diputados Non-RCV Yes two parliamentary groups, (lower) (rising in places) 1/5 of members Spain Senado Non-RCV Yes 50 members (upper) (rising in places) Sri Lanka Parlimenthuwa Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval Sweden Riksdag RCV Yes speaker Switzerland Nationalrat RCV No none (lower) (EVM) Switzerland Ständerat Non-RCV Yes 10 members (upper) (EVM) 14

15 Thailand Wutthisapha RCV Yes 20 members if not (upper) (EVM) objected to by 1/3 of those present Tonga Legislative Assembly Non-RCV Yes 1 member from (unicameral) (show of hands) minority Trinidad and Tobago House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes 1 member Trinidad and Tobago Senate Non-RCV Yes 1 member Turkey Büyük Millet Meclisi Non-RCV Yes 15 or 20 members 9 (unicameral) (show of hands) Tuvalu Parliament Non-RCV Yes 1 member, speaker if outcome is unclear Uganda Parliament Non-RCV Yes 40 members United Kingdom House of Commons Non-RCV Yes 1 member with speaker approval United Kingdom House of Lords Non-RCV Yes 1 member United States House of Representatives Non-RCV Yes 1/5 of those present 9 The standing orders are vague/inconsistent about whether holding an RCV requires 15 members (Article 143) or 20 members (Article 81). It appears that for some kinds of legislative business 15 members are required while for other kinds it is 20 members. 15

16 United States Senate Non-RCV Yes 1/5 of those present Uruguay Cámara de Diputados Non-RCV Yes 1/3 of those present (lower) (show of hands or rising in places) Uruguay Cámara de Senadores Non-RCV Yes NA (upper) (show of hands) Vanuatu Parlement Non-RCV Yes NA (unicameral) (show of hands) Venezuela Asamblea Nacional Non-RCV Yes 1 member 10 (unicameral) (rising in places) 10 The standing orders stipulate that any member can request an RCV (Article 125) but do not specify the procedure required to approve the request. 16

17 Section 2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers To estimate the contemporary importance of different legislatures in terms of scholarly research, we counted the number of articles published in journals covered by the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) from 1990 to March The SSCI includes primarily English language journals, but also includes journals published in other languages. In designing our search algorithm, we focused on a common set of search criteria. We recognize that some legislatures may have specific characteristics that cause this common set of criteria to over- or under-count the number of relevant cites. But we have no reason to believe such errors would significantly alter the order of legislatures reported here or change the relative share of articles attributed to each legislature. Search procedure: 11 For each legislative lower house or unicameral legislature, we searched by topic for articles according to the following criteria: country name (both as noun and adjective) with (a) the names of the legislature in English or in the native language, or (b) chamber of deputies or parliament. For upper legislative houses, we changed criterion (b) to include upper house. We present our data in Table OA2. The table presents the following information about each chamber: The associated country. The name of the chamber in the native language. The chamber type (lower, upper, or unicameral). The number of articles that focus on the chamber. The number of articles that focus on the chamber as a percentage of all articles across all 145 chambers. 11 The full search code algorithm is available from the authors upon request. 17

18 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. United States Senate Upper Non-RCV United States House of Lower Non-RCV Representatives Germany Bundestag Lower Non-RCV United Kingdom House of Commons Lower Non-RCV Australia House of Lower Non-RCV Representatives Canada House of Commons Lower Non-RCV France Assemblée Nationale Lower Non-RCV Italy Camera dei Deputati Lower RCV SOP but Sweden Riksdag Unicameral RCV SOP but Ireland Dáil Éireann Lower Non-RCV Netherlands Tweede Kamer der Lower Non-RCV Staten-Generaal Spain Congreso de los Lower Non-RCV Diputados Norway Storting Unicameral RCV mandatory Switzerland Nationalrat Lower RCV mandatory Denmark Folketing Unicameral RCV SOP but New Zealand House of Unicameral Non-RCV Representatives 18

19 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. Poland Sejm Lower RCV mandatory Belgium Chambre des Lower Non-RCV Représentants Australia Senate Upper Non-RCV Austria Nationalrat Lower Non-RCV Israel Knesset Unicameral RCV SOP but Hungary Országgyűlés Unicameral RCV mandatory Germany Bundesrat Upper Non-RCV Czech Republic Poslanecká Lower RCV mandatory Sněmovna Finland Eduskunta Unicameral RCV mandatory United Kingdom House of Lords Upper Non-RCV Greece Voulí Ton Ellínon Unicameral Non-RCV India Lok Sabha Lower Non-RCV Romania Camera Deputatilor Lower RCV SOP but Turkey Büyük Millet Meclisi Unicameral Non-RCV Brazil Câmara dos Lower Non-RCV Deputados Mexico Cámara de Lower Non-RCV Diputados Portugal Assembleia da Unicameral Non-RCV República 19

20 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. South Africa National Assembly Lower RCV mandatory Canada Senate Upper Non-RCV Argentina Cámara de Lower Non-RCV Diputados Slovakia Národná Rada Unicameral RCV mandatory South Korea Daehan Minguk Unicameral RCV SOP but Gukhoe Bulgaria Narodno Sabranie Unicameral Non-RCV Lithuania Seimas Unicameral RCV SOP but Mexico Senado Upper Non-RCV Uruguay Cámara de Lower Non-RCV Diputados Chile Cámara de Lower RCV mandatory Diputados Uganda Parliament Unicameral Non-RCV Estonia Riigikogu Unicameral RCV mandatory Rwanda Umutwe w Abadepite Lower NA Slovenia Državni Zbor Lower RCV mandatory Spain Senado Upper Non-RCV Ireland Seanad Éireann Upper Non-RCV Luxembourg Chambre des Unicameral Non-RCV Députes 20

21 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. Malta Parlament Unicameral Non-RCV Peru Congreso Unicameral RCV SOP but South Africa National Council Upper Non-RCV of Provinces Argentina Senado Upper Non-RCV Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad Unicameral Non-RCV Cuba Asamblea Nacional Unicameral Non-RCV Czech Republic Senát Upper RCV mandatory Italy Senato della Upper Non-RCV Repubblica Malaysia Dewan Rakyat Lower Non-RCV Switzerland Ständerat Upper Non-RCV Croatia Hrvatski Sabor Unicameral RCV SOP but Ecuador Asamblea Nacional Unicameral Non-RCV France Sénat Upper Non-RCV Georgia Sakartvelos Unicameral RCV mandatory P arlament i Latvia Saeima Unicameral RCV mandatory Nicaragua Asamblea Nacional Unicameral RCV SOP but Palestine Al-Majlis al-tashrī iyy Unicameral Non-RCV al-filasṭīniyy 21

22 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. Poland Senat Upper RCV SOP but Serbia Narodna Skupština Unicameral RCV SOP but Singapore Parliament Unicameral Non-RCV Bosnia Predstavnički Dom Lower RCV SOP but Brazil Senado Federal Upper Non-RCV Ghana Parliament Unicameral Non-RCV Kenya National Assembly Lower Non-RCV Kosovo Kuvendi i Kosovës Unicameral Non-RCV Philippines House of Lower Non-RCV Representatives Samoa Legislative Unicameral Non-RCV Assembly Austria Bundesrat Upper Non-RCV Chile Senado Upper RCV mandatory Colombia Senado Upper Non-RCV Costa Rica Asamblea Unicameral Non-RCV Legislativa Fiji Parliament Unicameral Non-RCV Guatemala Congreso Unicameral RCV mandatory India Rajya Sabha Upper Non-RCV

23 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. Macedonia Sobranie Unicameral Non-RCV Mauritius National Assembly Unicameral Non-RCV Moldova Parlamentul Unicameral Non-RCV Pakistan Senate Upper Non-RCV Papua New National Unicameral Non-RCV Guinea Parliament Philippines Senate Upper Non-RCV Venezuela Asamblea Nacional Unicameral Non-RCV Albania Kuvendi i Shqipërisë Unicameral Non-RCV Belgium Sénat Upper Non-RCV Bhutan Gyelyong Tshogdu Lower Non-RCV Colombia Cámara de Lower Non-RCV Representantes El Salvador Asamblea Legislativa Unicameral Non-RCV Iceland Althingi Unicameral RCV SOP but Jamaica House of Lower Non-RCV Representatives Montenegro Skupština Unicameral RCV mandatory Nauru Parliament Unicameral Non-RCV Pakistan National Assembly Lower Non-RCV Solomon Islands Parliament Unicameral Non-RCV

24 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. Sri Lanka Parlimenthuwa Unicameral Non-RCV Thailand Wutthisapha Upper RCV SOP but Tonga Legislative Unicameral Non-RCV Assembly Tuvalu Parliament Unicameral Non-RCV Uruguay Cámara de Upper Non-RCV Senadores Armenia Azgayin Zhoghov Unicameral RCV mandatory Bahamas House of Assembly Lower Non-RCV Bahamas Senate Upper Non-RCV Barbados House of Assembly Lower Non-RCV Barbados Senate Upper Non-RCV Belize House of Lower Non-RCV Representatives Belize Senate Upper Non-RCV Bhutan Gyelyong Tshogde Upper RCV mandatory Bolivia Cámara de Lower Non-RCV Diputados Bolivia Cámara de Upper Non-RCV Senadores Bosnia Dom Naroda Upper RCV SOP but

25 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. Burkina Faso l Assemblée Unicameral Non-RCV Nationale Dominica House of Assembly Unicameral Non-RCV Dominican Cámara de Lower RCV mandatory Republic Diputados Dominican Senado Upper RCV mandatory Republic Ethiopia Yehizbtewekayoch Lower Non-RCV Mekir Bet Guyana National Assembly Unicameral Non-RCV Honduras Congreso Nacional Unicameral Non-RCV Isle of Man House of Keys Lower Non-RCV Isle of Man Legislative Council Upper Non-RCV Jamaica Senate Upper Non-RCV Kenya Senate Upper Non-RCV Liberia House of Lower Non-RCV Representatives Liberia Senate Upper Non-RCV Malaysia Dewan Negara Upper Non-RCV Maldives Rayyithunge Unicameral RCV SOP but Majilis Marshall Legislature Unicameral Non-RCV Islands Micronesia Congress Unicameral Non-RCV

26 Table OA2: Legislative Politics Research Across Chambers (continued ) Country Chamber Chamber SOP # of % of Name Type Art. Art. Netherlands Eerste Kamer der Upper RCV SOP but Staten-Generaal Panama Asamblea Unicameral Non-RCV Nacional Paraguay Cámara de Lower Non-RCV Diputados Paraguay Cámara de Upper Non-RCV Senadores Rwanda Sena Upper NA Senegal Assemblée Unicameral Non-RCV Nationale Seychelles National Unicameral Non-RCV Assembly Trinidad House of Lower Non-RCV and Tobago Representatives Trinidad Senate Upper Non-RCV and Tobago Vanuatu Parlement Unicameral Non-RCV