The Spread of Participatory Budgeting Across Latin America: Efforts to improve social well-being. February 18, 2017

Transcription

1 1 The Spread of Participatory Budgeting Across Latin America: Efforts to improve social well-being Brian Wampler February 18, 2017

2 投影片 1 1 update with new logo, if possible Michael Touchton, 2015/4/19

3 WHAT IS PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING? A policymaking process that brings together citizens, community leaders, and government officials to deliberate over and vote on the allocation of public resources. Started in 1989 southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre through the joint efforts of CSOs and the Workers Party s (PT) municipal government. There are now thousands of PB programs modeled after the pioneering case of PB. In Brazil, 13 in 1992 to 201 in cases in Europe Thousands in Latin America, Africa and Asia

4 PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING: FOUNDING PRINCIPLES Reward citizen mobilization Encourage pro-poor policy selection Promote deliberation Promote social justice Institutionalize transparency

5 WHERE HAS IT BEEN ESTABLISHED? Latin America Peru, Mexico, Colombia, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Argentina, Uruguay. Asia South Korea India Taiwan Philippines Indonesia China Europe Spain, Italy, England, Germany Africa Uganda, Mozambique, South Africa, Madagascar, Nigeria

6 PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL First case of PB; founded in 1989/1990 Workers Party governs from ; opposition party from 2005-present Less than 1,000 participants in 1989 Average of 30,000 participants from ; city of 1.3 million Program becomes much more complex over time Spent US $600 million on PB projects in PB Roughly 10% of all public spnding-- between 1994 and 2004 Housing projects, paving, sewage and water lines Most PB spending is in low-income communities

7 PB ADOPTION ACROSS BRAZIL Take-of f phase Workers Party and other leftist parties Most adoptions in wealthier parts of country 130 cases Broader adoption Multi-party adoption Adoption across country, including in poorer regions 208 cases 25% of the country lives in a city with PB Slowing Down Workers party adoption Slowing down back to 100+ cases

8 SPREAD ACROSS LATIN AMERICA: 3 TYPES Municipal-led Large, urban cities More robust civil society Examples: Mexico City, Montevideo, Caracas, Cordoba Nationally mandated Peru All municipalities are required to use implement Donor funded and supported Inter American Development Bank; World Bank Rural, small towns Examples Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador

9 MUNICIPAL-LED Large urban areas Lef tist governments stronger ties to organized civil society Dominican Republic as exception (fiscal conservatives adop Rules are similar to Porto Alegre model Decentralization Focus on investment spending Annual cycle Combination of Voice and Vote Principles: Deepening the quality of democracy and Social justice Examples: Mexico City (MX), Montevideo (UR), Caracas (VEN), Cordoba (AR), Medellin (COL)

10 NATIONALLY-MANDATED: PERU Context 2003 national Participatory Budgeting Law requires all municipallevel districts (1821) to use participatory budgeting processes All districts are required to form local coordination councils to implement participatory budgeting programs Effort to incorporate business/middle class groups into process All Districts form Oversight Committees, which are geared toward enhancing social accountability over the implementation phrase Ongoing Efforts A few districts Villa El Salvador (pop. 344, 657), Santo Domingo (pop. 10,200), Huaccana (pop. 11, 200) have been actively involved in the process, linking citizen participation to policy discussions. Most districts have made weak commitments to PB.

11 DONOR-LED Donors promote PB as part of social accountability ef forts Supply-side and Demand-side This becomes a development tool Limited effort to promote social justice or deepening the quality of democracy. Donors seek out local champions, who will carry the agenda forward Focus on small towns and rural areas Low-cost projects Ef fort to incorporate women into formal public venues Effort to provide basic education Examples Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador

12 PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING MAY IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE POOR Enhance Governance Empower Citizens Improve Quality of Democracy Improve Social Well-being

13 CENTRAL FINDINGS Participatory Budgeting Improves Well-being Increases Health and Sanitation Spending Improves Infant Mortality rates Increases number of Civil Society Organizations, which alters demand-side inputs and policy implementation oversight

14 RESEARCH DESIGN Brazil: the deepest and broadest experience with Participatory Budgeting 130 PB cases in cities with more 100,000 residents (out of 253 possible cities) Focus on health care, where short-term changes are possible and measurable Excellent data coverage (municipal-level budget, income, election, etc) data Methodology Matched pairs

15 POTENTIAL EXPLANATORY VARIABLES Presence of PB in each of 4 mayoral administrations Region (Brazil has five distinct regions) # of municipal residents Per capita budget at Municipal level Workers Par ty elected to Mayor s office # of years with PB (4, 8, 12, 16 years)

16 IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING ON HEALTH Increases Health care and Sanitation Budget 5% increase in health and sanitation spending Moving from year one of PB to 10 years of PB generates a 25% increase in health and sanitation spending Improves Infant Mortality rate 15% decrease in infant mortality Moving from year one of PB to 10 years of PB generates a 33% decrease in infant mortality

17 IMPACT OF PB ON CIVIL SOCIETY Civil Society Using PB is Associated with a 10% increase in the number of registered CSOs. Moving from year one of PB to 10 years of PB generates an increase of 19% in the number of registered CSOs

18 POLITICAL ALIGNMENT STRATEGY Adopting PB with a Workers Party mayor generates: - A 41% increase in spending on healthcare and sanitation - a 21% increase in CSOs - a 31% decrease in infant mortality.

19 CONCLUSION Participatory Budgeting Improves Well-being. at least in Health Care and Sanitation PB is increasing the number of CSOs involved in formal policymaking processes PB s impacts improve over time, suggesting that the institutionalization of PB is creating these positive outcomes. Stronger impact when there is an interested political party in office (similar to key stakeholder, local champion). Internal rules matter: Social spending, Quality of Life Index, Veto, and informational workshop

20 The Spread of Participatory Budgeting Across Latin America: efforts to improve social well-being Brian Wampler Feburary 18, 2017 Questions? Comments?

21 RESULTS: PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING AND HEALTH AND SANITATION SPENDING

22 PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING AND INFANT MORTALIT Y,

23 PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING, PT MAYORS AND INFANT MORTALIT Y

24 MECHANISMS FROM WAMPLER 2015 Government officials more attuned to citizens perceptions, attitudes, and demands Citizens gain access to basic information Financial information Know where to place demands in policy cycle as well as during ongoing implementation Citizens form broader networks Citizens to CSOs CSOs tied to other CSOs CSOs to elected officials and public employees Citizens and CSOs engage in oversight Public employees work closely with CSO leaders and citizens Links technical knowledge to local knowledge Builds trust through repeated interactions Allows public employees to learn about key challenges and problems facing citizens