English War and & Restoration ( ) James Charles 1649 Cromwell and Puritans overthrow, imprison, and execute Charles!

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1 English War and & Restoration ( ) I) As the Church loses power, Monarchs and Absolutism rises II) James financial fights with Parliament & did not enact Puritan plans to purify Church of England; Charles ignores Petition of Rights agreement with Parliament because it challenged idea of Absolutism (law above man) and, like father James, ignored Puritan demands for reform of Anglican church III) 1649 Cromwell and Puritans overthrow, imprison, and execute Charles! Cromwell attempts to establish 1 st written constitutional republic in Europe but ends up being a military dictator; observes Puritan principles (no theatre, sporting, dancing, secular music) but tolerated other Protestants not Catholics IV) Charles restores throne and establishes Habeas Corpus (writ to be arrested and specify charges and legal rationale for arrest) V) Glorious Revolutions bloodless revolution in which unpopular Catholic King James II flees England and Protestant-friendly William and Mary take throne; established English Bill of Rights (1689): 1) Parliament cannot be legally suspended 2) Parliament must approve taxes (no taxation without representation) 3) freedom of speech guaranteed; citizen may even criticize crown without penalty American Revolution 1. Taking ideas of Enlightenment beyond reform to rebellion 2. America interested in international trade off valuable cash-crops, England imposes Navigation Act to limit foreign partners and taxes to help pay for French/Indian War 3) Principles of Enlightenment lead to demands for same rights as British Citizens: John Locke stating that inalienable rights are granted by God, Smith pursuit of wealth and free vocation, Montesquieu, Rousseau submit to social-contract by will of people, Voltaire free-speech and religious tolerance 4) Ultimately a success due to will, guerrilla warfare, great expense over backwoods colony, and French intervention 5) Continental Congress and Articles of Confederation was weak (could not effectively raise revenue or guarantee laws would be enforced) replaced with Constitution favoring federal authority but amended with guaranteed freedoms to individuals and states

2 French Revolution 1) The 3 rd estate making up 90% of France s population (1 st Wealthy Bourgouise mechants and skilled artisans/unskeilled city workers/ rural peasants) resented the Old Regime system (1 st Nobles, 2 nd Clergy) 2) Rousseau and Voltaire greatly influencing political thought of 3 rd Estate 3) French market thrived but high-taxes and lavish spending by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; also, funding American Revolution ran deficit up even more and attempted re-impose taxes on 2 nd estate nobles (overturn Luis XIV order) 4) Measure failed, 3 rd estate locked out of National Assembly and take Tennis Court Oath and on July 14, 1789 the united 3 rd estate mob stormed bastille to prevent Louis from using army to suppress call for establishing new representative constitution 5) Great Fear follows in which nobles looted nobles estates in country and bread-riots in the city French Revolution II 1) August 4, 1789 Estates General attempt to reform and restore order; Declaration of Rights of Man effectively make all men (and all estates) equal 2) Move to have state-controlled Church allowed sale of property to reduce debt but angered many peasant Catholics (losing their support to reform) 3) Attempt to impose a limited-monarchy (meeting of left, middle, and right) failed 4) April 1792 outside absolutists in Austria and Prussia declare war hoping to restore Louis XVI and avoid threat of revolt at home; in meantime Jacobin anti-monarchy leftists take control of government (Jean-Paul Maret and Attorney Danton) 5) National Assembly, under Jacobin sway, sentence Louis XVI to death on January, 21, 1793; Jacobin leader, Maximillen Robespierre becomes Leader of Public Safety (essentially a dicatator) and begins the Reign of Terror; attempt to purge France of enemies of the Revolution but actually killed more members of the 3 rd estate than nobles (40,000 executions)

3 Napoleon 1) Napoleon executes Coup d Etat in 1799; finally ends war with Russia, Austria, and Britain with treaty 2) Napoleon receives Plebiscite (vote of people) and restores order in France; begins Lycees (public schools) and establishes Napoleonic Code to create uniform law, reform corruption, and make government more efficient 3) crowned emperor in 1804; approves Louisiana Purchase; turns attention away from American colonies and focusing on Europe; creates short-live empire ) Napoleon loses grip in face of Spanish Guerilla fighters and by invading Russia in winter (faces Scorched Earth Policy); finally defeated in Belgium at Waterloo 5) European powers, led by Austrian king Matternich, who wants to reestablish order in Europe at the Congress of Vienna by: 1) containing France 2) restoring monarchs of conquered realms 3) restoring the balance of power Revolutions in Latin America 1) Resentment among social/ethnic hierarchy in Spanish colonies: Peninsulares (super-elite), Creoles (could not hold public office, only in military), Mulattos (African/European mix, some enslaved), pure Natives at bottom 2) Spanish colonies do not support Napoleon s appointment of his brother, Joeseph, as king; cite Locke s principle of support on consent of the governed 3) Simon Bolivar (creole general) leads independence in Venizaula, Columbia, and Venezuela; 4) San Martin (creole general) leads independence in Argentina, Chile, and Peru; Bolivar and San Martin from Grand Columbia alliance of South America Mexican Revolution 1) begins with priest Miguel Hildago, firm believer in Enlightenment, leads peasants revolt against Peninsulars and Creoles; Hildago defeated but Morelos keeps revolution alive until defeated by Agustin di Iturbide (who in a twist, actually announces Mexico s independence in 1821) 2) Central America had been under Mexican rule briefly under Iturbide but he was overthrown in 1823 and the future nations of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Hondurus, Guatemala, and El Salvador unite under United Provinces of Central America

4 Brazil 1) Prince John and royal family flee Portugal when Napoleon invades; Dom Pedro remains after royal family returns but loses colony in bloodless revolution (Pedro becomes ruler) Revolutions Continue in Europe 1) Class of Philosophies: a) Conservative support monarchies b) Liberal support parliaments but suffrage to only educated property owners c) Radicals demanded full democratic determination and suffrage to all 2) Natinalism spreads: belief that peoples should be united by nation-states; united by territory and cultural similarity 3) Balkanization Eastern and Southern Europe a mixed bag: Britain, France, and Russia support Greek independence; movement stalls in Eastern Europe: Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Belgium remain under crown control for a while (as do smaller Balkan states like Albania, etc.) 4) France unstable under monarchs Charles X and Louis-Phillipe; Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte offered strong republic rule 5) In Russia, Alexander II attempts reform and modernization by attempting to free serfs; Alexander III tries to strengthen Tsar rule but tries to continue modernization and industrialization under new nationalistic feeling Nationalism in Europe 1) Austria-Hungary splits into 2 realms; Prussia (Germany) gains influence in region Italy 1) King Emanuel II appoints Count di Cavour Prime Minister (1852) who works with France to kick Austria out of Northern territories; Garibaldi and Red Shirts begin to unite Southern Italy and Papal States in South Prussia/ United Germany 1) Wilhelm I appoints Bismark as Prime Minister; Bismark uses Real politik to create a unified Germany claiming majority ethnic German territiories in Austria, France, Denmark, and Eastern Europe along Russian front 2) By 1871, King Wilhelm was Kaiser (emperor of German state) and Germany and Britain were 2 top powers in Europe

5 Russia 1) Romanov dynasty in Russia attempts Russification by asserting standard cultural norms upon all minorities in empire; same theory to impose single Russian identity will continue on through Soviet and Putin era 3) Bolshevik Revolution: Lenin and Stalin attempt to organize Proletariat: Romanovs continue to persecute minorities and take great losses in Russo-Japanese War (war over territory in China and Korea) 4) Romanovs try to continue total control; Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905) thousands of workers killed or injured for trying to protest outside Tsar s palace at St. Petersburg; Tsar becomes even more unpopular when Russia enters WWI 5) bloodless Marxist Coup (Lenin and Stalin) seize government in November 1917