Two models of Political Leadership. Louis XIV (France) vs. English Parliament Flavors of Absolutism

Transcription

1 Two models of Political Leadership Louis XIV (France) vs. English Parliament Flavors of Absolutism

2 Before there was Louis XIV... Henry IV s primary influence was through his advisor, the Duke of Sully Sully oversaw economic and infrastructure planning that strengthened France Known for the quips, A chicken in every pot & Paris is worth a mass Issues Edict of Nantes in 1598 But, Henry IV was assassinated eventually by Catholic extremist

3 Henry IV

4 Louis XIII

5 Louis XIII Nine years old when he becomes leader of France His mother, Marie de Medici exerts a heavy hand in his leadership--which he eventually rebels against Both eventually enlist Cardinal Richelieu to assist

6 Cardinal Richelieu

7 Cardinal Richelieu Extremely effective and singular advisor/ leader. Goals were consolidation of power in hands of the Monarchy, oppression of Huguenots, and total obedience He considered the Edict of Nantes to have created a state within a state --and therefore unacceptable

8 Siege of La Rochelle

9 Siege of La Rochelle under Richelieu and Louis XIII the Huguenot fortified city of La Rochelle was destroyed after extended siege. Furthers strength and superiority of central control Peace of Alais in allows Huguenots to keep religion, but not be militarized

10 Richelieu Richelieu used intendant system to organize France. This exempted nobles from regional positions of authority--emphasizing royal officials instead--called the nobles of the robe Also involved France in the thirty years war in showing possible trends as a politique? Known by his saying finances are the sinews of the state Standardized French language, usage, grammar

11 Louis XIV Louis was four when he became leader. In lieu of Richelieu, another Cardinal is installed as advisor--cardinal Mazarin Mazarin good, but not as clever or Machiavellian as Richelieu Both Mazarin and Louis were deeply motivated by the Fronde

12 Fronde From Frondeur--French slingshots that would be used by common or poor people & children against rich people in carriages The Fronde became a revolution against Mazarin/Louis taxes which lasted for years.

13 Divine Right of Kings Louis XIV obsesses over his own mythology--using religion, Versailles, and legend to build his reputation as leader Rules from , which enhances his ideas. He is cited as the peak of absolute monarchy--he is the state

14 other developments of Louis Further romanticizing and conquest of French language (even in other cultures) Shift of power from nobility to monarchy via bourgeois (middle class) Consolidation of power (no Richelieu or Mazarin) Used spies, police, intendants, and avoided Estates General

15 Louis economics Real economic advisor/architect is Jean-Baptiste Colbert Colbert shapes early French mercantilism. (steering all economics towards benefits for the state) Focuses on goal of self-sufficiency Organizes guilds (pre-unions) Uses subsidies for French goods Improves infrastructure and Canals (Canal de Deux Mers) Also focuses on Canadian/American expansion including Louisiana Tried to get away from the dominant nature of agriculture

16 Louis & Religion Eventually revokes Edict of Nantes in popularly destroying Huguenot towns, churches and schools. Huguenots flee France for Holland, England, America, Prussia...

17 Louis and War Louis was constantly embroiled in wars expanding territories Modernized army--professional and permanent From 25,000 soldiers to 250,000 New technologies (musketry) No longer lived off public Used impressment (dragooning), conscription, and lottery (draft) to keep up numbers What about the forks and knives?

18 Louis Wars

19 War of Spanish Succession From , Louis XIV and his grandson Philip will take main stage Charles II of Spain dies, and Philip is granted Spain and Spanish territories--effectively linking Louis XIV to the world English, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians form Grand Alliance in 1701 against Louis. Finally at Peace of Utrecht in 1713, Philip is acknowledged, but France and Spain are not allowed to be combined. Utrecht marks beginning of international cooperation Utrecht also grants massive expansion to British Empire in the new world (Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, parts of Africa, etc.)

20 Spain: A failing state Despite & because of their involvement in world expansion and over-reliance on gold/silver--spain s economy is in flux/decline Poor leadership almost a century (Philip III, Philip IV, Charles II) Lost colonies at a time when they were most needed. Victim of own singular Catholic mission No national trades, businesses

21 The Literature of Spain Miguel Cervantes wrote Don Quixote in the early 17th century Tells of giants, dreams, windmills and failed attempts at glory--it is the story of Spain Also the source of the word--quixotic and the phrase tilting at windmills Lost in La Mancha

22 Picasso s Don Quixote

23 England s quest for Constitutional Monarchy Henry VIII and Elizabeth I (both of the house of Tudor) represent the end of a strong Monarchy who manipulate Parliament effectively After Elizabeth I dies without an heir in 1603, her cousin will start England s move towards a new governmental system of balance

24 James I--ruler First Stuart King From Scotland--born Catholic, then Presbyterian, and finally Anglican (church of England) Already a King when he became King of England Believed in divine right of kings, and immediately angered parliament by saying that he was superior James I needed parliament--they controlled money, taxes, etc. Court was lavish, he had favorites, male lovers but also oversaw the King James Version of bible and height of English language

25 Gunpowder Plot On November 5th, 1605 it is a failed attempt to assassinate James I and replace him with a young, impressionable Catholic Although coordinated by many, including Robert Catesby, Fawkes is the scapegoat--eventually

26

27 Parliament--the target of the Gunpowder Plot

28 Charles I -- ruler Son of James I, had even more difficulty with Parliament than his father Unable to corral parliament--they issue the Petition of Rights (taxes, law, miranda, quarter troops) Fed up, Charles dissolves parliament and tried to rule without it from However, in 1637 Charles convenes parliament to ask for more money which they deny (Short Parliament) In 1640, Parliament is re-convened (Long Parliament) and unable to come to terms, the English Civil War begins

29 English Civil War Conflict between Parliament & Monarchy Royalists (support king) vs. Roundheads (support parliament) Parliament is represented by Oliver Cromwell who is their military leader After military victories against Charles I where he is captured, tried for treason, and beheaded in leaving Cromwell in charge

30 Cromwell Ruled as military dictator Formed a commonwealth and a republic (though not fully realized) While heavy handed (no theatre, no sports, censorship, etc.)--emphasis on mercantilism and the rising middle class allowed English superiority After his death in 1658, England returns to Monarchical ideals

31 Charles II -- rules Charles II (Stuart) is re-instated (son of Charles I Parliament & Charles II work haltingly together, but money is still an issue Sets up secret agreement with Louis XIV for $

32 James II -- ruled After his brother s death, Catholic James II ascends the throne James II appoints Catholics into positions of authority, scaring Parliament into thinking a Catholic state is established Parliament asks William & Mary (James II s Protestant daughter) to take control Called Glorious Revolution -- because it was relatively bloodless--james II flees to France

33 Final English Constitutional System Bill of Rights -- King can t levy taxes, have an army w/o parliamentary agreement, make laws and it also guaranteed basic civil liberties (speech, habeas corpus, punishment) Constitutional Monarchy fully realized. Leader must be Anglican