APPROACHES AND EXPERIENCES OF INTEGRATED LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: REGIONAL SYNTHESIS PAPER. Prachanda Pradhan Tokyo, April 27, 2000

Transcription

1 APPROACHES AND EXPERIENCES OF INTEGRATED LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: REGIONAL SYNTHESIS PAPER Prachanda Pradhan Tokyo, April 27, 2000

2 Introduction The experiences of community development in Asian Productivity Organization (APO) members countries are rich. Different approaches and strategies are followed in these countries to address the problem of poverty alleviation and empowerment of the local community to let them take responsibility to manage their affairs.

3 Reflecting the diversities in the region, the selection of the projects by the national experts for survey are also varied.

4 Table shows the types of ILCD selected for survey among these different countries. Type of ILCD Countries 1. Rural Infrastructure Projects for ILCD 2. Income Generating Projects, Micro-credit programs 3. Rural Enterprises through Cooperatives 4. Social Development Projects China, Indonesia, Korea Nepal, Vietnam India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand Iran and Japan Philippines, Pakistan

5 Hanoi workshop: broad agreement on framework for ILCD survey in participating countries

6 Objectives & Scope of survey The objectives of the survey of ILCD conducted by the national experts in respective APO countries are; Identify key factors for the success of community development. Analyze the inter-linkages between a participatory planning process and capacity building of the community.

7 Methodology used for the preparation of syntheses paper

8 General characteristics of the participating countries

9

10 Population 1000 India ( in million ) 130 Bangladesh China 209 Indonesia 68 Iran 127 Japan 47 Korea 23 Malaysia 2.5 Mongolia 23 Nepal 138 Pakistan 76 Philippines 19 Sri Lanka 63 Thailand 80 Vietnam

11 Per Capita Income $30,340 Japan $289 Bangladesh $12,040 China $436 India $460 Indonesia $2,500 Iran $6,810 Korea $3,092 Malaysia $396 Mongolia $225 Nepal $492 Pakistan $907 Philippines $827 Sri Lanka $1,850 Thailand $310 Vietnam

12 Urban Population Iran 61% Indonesia 38% India 28% China 58% Japan 79% Bangladesh 20% 21% Vietnam 36% Thailand Korea 84% 23% Sri Lanka Malaysia 56% 62% Mongolia 14% Nepal 35% Pakistan 57% Philippines

13 Rural Population Pakistan 65% Sri Lanka 77% Philippines 43% Thailand 64% Vietnam 79% 80% Bangladesh Nepal 86% 42% China Mongolia 38% Malaysia 44% Korea 16% 21% Japan 72% India 62% Indonesia 39% Iran

14 Literacy Level Bangladesh 38% Vietnam 92% Thailand 94% China 84.4% India 52% 84% Indonesia 68% Iran Sri Lanka 90% 100% Japan Philippines 94% Pakistan 37% 27% Nepal 95% Mongolia 94% Malaysia 97% Korea

15 Population Growth Sri Lanka 1.2% Thailand 1.5% Vietnam 2.3% Philippines 2.3% Bangladesh 2.2% 1.0% China 1.9% India 1.6% Indonesia Pakistan 2.6% Nepal 2.3% 1.7% Mongolia 2.4% Malaysia 3.4% Iran 0.3% Japan 0.9% Korea

16 Life Expectancy 58 Bangladesh 75 China India 65 Indonesia 70 Iran 80 Japan 72 Korea 72 Malaysia 65 Mongolia 57 Nepal 63 Pakistan 67 Philippines 73 Sri Lanka 69 Thailand 68 Vietnam

17 Table: Political Characteristics of the surveyed countries Country Structure System of Government Head of the Government Head of the State Bangladesh Unitary Parliamentary Prime Minister President China Unitary Presidential President President India Federal Parliamentary Prime Minister President

18 Indonesia Federal Presidential President President Iran Unitary Presidential President President Japan Unitary Parliamentary Prime Minister King Korea Unitary Presidential President President Malaysia Federal Parliamentary Prime Minister King Mongolia Unitary Presidential President President

19 Nepal Unitary Parliamentary Prime Minister King Pakistan Federal Parliamentary Prime Minister President Philippines Federal Presidential President President Sri Lanka Unitary Presidential President President Thailand Unitary Parliamentary Prime Minister King Vietnam Unitary Parliamentary Prime Minister President

20 PERCEPTION OF APO COUNTRIES ON ILCD, POVERTY, PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY

21 Integrated Local Community Development Among survey programs from 15 countries, the perception on ILCD are different. The important components of ILCD are; social, economic and cultural development projects at the village level;

22 decentralization giving authority to local agencies and people's associations for planning and resource allocation based on local community need. assistance to locally initiated development plans with finance and facilities and such development plans are based on self-help approach. involvement of the local community in the centrally planned program.

23 it also refers the improvement of productivity and quality of life in the local community. undertaking responsibility of local development through self-help mechanism. active participation of the local people for development along with their initiative for implementation. promotion of group as a community which will be organized as cooperative in order to undertake welfare components effecting to all members of the community.

24 Poverty Poverty is defined in term of deprivation of opportunities, inability to meet even the minimum basic need prescribed by the government, inaccessibility of resources and extremely limited opportunities to make choice.

25 Participation The components of participation are; collective effort by the people people's involvement in problem analysis, project design, research,testing and implementation. sharing work and benefit

26 self-help tradition is an other form of participation at the community level making choice by the local residents in the broad framework prepared by the central government labor or resource contribution to the centrally proposed project at the local level is considered as participation

27 participation creates opportunity to take initiative for involvement resulting into community empowerment sharing of benefits by the members of the community through their active involvement in decision-making and implementation

28 Capability/Capacity Capability is defined in different ways. They include: the accessibility of information, new technology, resources (financial and material), skill and knowledge development and strengthening the sustainability of the institution and organizations.

29 Types of ILCD Projects surveyed in APO countries These ILCD projects can be broadly categorized as Rural infrastructure projects Income generating projects Rural Enterprises through Cooperatives Social Development Projects.

30 Focus of many of these ILCD projects has been poverty alleviation, empowerment of poor people, formation of self-help groups, family income generation, social awareness creation.

31 These ILCD projects have incorporated multiple components like income generation, rural infrastructure improvement, technical skill development, environment improvement, and social and cultural development.

32 It is interesting to note that the implementing agencies for ILCD are different. Government agency like Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Construction, etc. NGO implemented projects like in Pakistan & Iran. Consultant implemented projects like in Indonesia.

33 Some of the projects are of the national coverage and other projects are confined to the village level. Hence, the size, area and population coverage are also different.

34 National Level Approach on ILCD The national level approach on ILCD also differs from country to country. In some country, rural poverty alleviation is equated with ILCD program. In other country, social awareness generation among the rural population is considered the ILCD.

35 In other countries the rural infrastructure development is considered as the ILCD. In most of those countries surveyed, rural development is in the agenda of the government.

36 Relation between Central Agency and Local Agency Broad framework of Rural Development is provided by the national agency. Along with the broad framework of the ILCD program, national budget is also allocated to the program. The national agency makes effort to mobilize the internal as well as external resources.

37 However, ILCD is not only the responsibility of the national agency alone. It has now contributions from the local agency, people's organization and nongovernmental organizations. In some case, the NGO has been active for the implementation of the program.

38 In other place, the consultant took the responsibility of project implementation. It is necessary to strike a good balance among the contributions of the national agency, local agency and NGOs.

39 Local Institutions and its contributions Majority of the survey reports have shown the important role played by local agencies, in the form of people's organization, locally elected agency or local NGOs and CBOs.

40 Wherever the responsibilities of the local agencies are clear in relation to ILCD implementation, the implementation of ILCD programs have become effective. The impact was visible.

41 Description of the Surveyed Projects Effort is made to look at the survey projects from four important components. They are general description of the project, project impact as reported in the survey report, integration among agencies and policies and reasons for success and failure.

42 Social Mobilization Process for ILCD In the community development program, it is assumed that the community members have to play active role. In many cases, bottom up approach, decentralization, participation make it necessary that the community members become the center of ILCD activities.

43 In order to mobilize the effective role of the people, two strategies are followed. They are; group formation like users group, selfhelp group, community groups, women group. to employ the catalyst/ social mobilizer for the group formation and make them active.

44 Among the survey reports, it is noticed that in many ILCD survey, group formation was taken as strategy for the implementation of ILCD activities. Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka are the examples.

45 Social Mobilizers / Catalysts Two types of social mobilizers are identified. One type of social mobilizer was employed by the government department for people's mobilization.

46 The other type of social mobilizer is employed by NGO and consulting agency. Such employed social mobilizer seems to be effective and active as compared to the government employed one.