International Environmental Law and Governance

Transcription

1 International Environmental Law and Governance Joyeeta Gupta Institute for Environmental Studies Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 1

2 Structure of lecture Introduction to International Environmental Law - principles Climate change law and politics Water law and politics vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 2

3 Learning Objectives: What is the role of law in environmental governance? What are principles? Focus on water and climate change vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 3

4 Tendencies in governance Negotiate at highest level: Political efficiency Negotiate with private actors: Cost-efficiency Negotiate at lowest level: Environmental effectiveness vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 4

5 Law Rights: Protection Engineer manager Policymaker housewife Student politician Principles Responsibilities: Enforcement vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 5

6 International Law What are the key differences between the international system and the domestic system? What are the key differences between the international legal system and domestic legal systems? vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 6

7 Sovereignty Each country is sovereign; A sovereign country decides itself how, and the conditions under which it participates in the international decisionmaking process. vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 7

8 Sources of International Law Custom Convention Principle Judicial Decision Codification Declarations Arbitral Awards Publications vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 8

9 Elements of a Treaty Preamble Objective Definitions Principles Rights and Responsibilities Executing Organisations Monitoring, Enforcement, Compliance Dispute Resolution Procedural issues: Signature, Ratification, Entry into Force vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 9

10 Law of treaties Governs treaty negotiations Only authorised persons can negotiate New treaties supercede old treaties Interpretation: ordinary meaning or by preparatory documents Only limited opportunities for declaring a treaty invalid vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 10

11 The Rio Declaration Humans at centre 2. sovereignty & responsibility 3. sustainable development 4. integration of environment 5. remove poverty 6. priority to vulnerable countries 7. common but differentiated responsibilities 8. consumption & demographic patterns 9. capacity building and tech. transfer 10. subsidiarity 11. effective environmental legislation 12. open international economic system 13. liability and compensation 14. prevent relocation 15. precautionary approach 16. polluter pays principle 17. E.I.A. 18. disaster notification 19. planned measures 20. women 21. youth 22. indigenous 23. oppressed people 24. protect environment during wat 25. peace, development & environment 26. dispute resolution 27. cooperation in good faith vrije Universiteit amsterdam

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13 Ex. 1. Long Term Target Define dangerous? Impacts different in different regions; perceived differently by different people. But, without a universal definition, it is not possible to know if we are on track and whether we are really preventing serious impacts. vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 13

14 Ex. 2 Complexity - Simplicity Emissions separated from impacts Climate change as a technological and economic process Why? Regime theory states in a powerpolitics world, there may be some space to deal with single issues Emissions Impacts vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 14

15 Ex. 3 Institutional innovation challenges legitimacy final formal negotiations Preparatory meetings Legal analysis Presidium meetings Bilateral meetings Late night Working parties Out alternatives Hotel room Lobbying meetings Corridor work Coalition building Information gathering adapted from Boyer 2000 vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 15

16 Ex. 4. Emissions Trading South Assess total permissible emissions No long term target, so not assessed. Divide between countries Either per capita Not politically possible Or grandfathering Not politically possible, except through a smart negotiating strategy Countries can trade Efficient solution Per capita N North Grandfathering S North S vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 16

17 The new currency? vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 17

18 1e. Principles. Towards Ad hocism Five principles Title disputed Some principles missing No harm PPP Cost-effectiveness Implicit acceptance of grandfathering principles Principles Actions vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 18

19 Kofi Annan At the international level, all states strong and weak, big and small need a framework of fair rules,. Those who seek to bestow legitimacy must themselves embody it; and those who invoke international law must themselves submit to it... vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 19

20 Litigation Export credit CO 2 is pollutant Violation of human and environmental Rights Violation of WTO Notice to companies vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 20

21 Case study water vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 21

22 Principles on ownership Sovereignty Absolute territorial sovereignty Absolute integrity of state territory Permanent sovereignty over natural resources Limited territorial sovereignty Community of interests in water vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 22

23 Principles on resource use Minimum flow Prior appropriation Priority of use Maximum sustainable yield vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 23

24 Status of UN Watercourses Convention vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 24

25 Watercourses Convention vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 25

26 Equity and reasonable utilisation Equitably and reasonably, for optimal and sustainable use consistent with protection; Equity: Geo, hydrographic, hydrological, climatic and ecological; Social and economic needs Population dependent on the water Effects of the uses Existing and potential uses Conservation etc and costs Alternatives Weights vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 26

27 Priority of Use No priority of use But special regard to human needs vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 27

28 Possible points to ponder: What is a principle and why are principles important in international law? Explain the individual principles? Is there potential for addressing global environmental problems through the use of principles? How do principle balance the impact of politics? vrije Universiteit amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) 28