Liberalism & Nationalism in Germany. Bismarck s Shining Day

Transcription

1 Liberalism & Nationalism in Germany Bismarck s Shining Day

2 The Causes of the German Revolutions

3 Cholera epidemic swept Europe Marx s Communist Manifesto published 20 years spread across Europe Became basis of political system of half of the world! Why revolutions in the same year?

4 Karl Marx

5 Economic & Social Problems

6 Resulted in part: Social crisis Economic crisis BUT nature of crisis & effects on classes debated

7 Increasing Population Doubling in century to 1848! Declining death rate, NOT increased birth rate Result cannot sustain growth! Further result urbanization! Or emigration! 250k left Germany, most for USA

8 Problems in the Countryside Vast majority still worked the land Well, this was hard...why?? Eastern Prussia land belonged to Junkers Worked by landless peasants Event tenant farmers had it tough! Vast majority: poverty stricken, owned little land

9 The Impact of Urbanization Population hit a massive boom: Berlin: 172k people in 1800, by 1848 had 400k+ Most towns insufficient jobs & housing to meet new needs Wages were low Living & working conditions awful Inadequate sanitation typhoid & cholera Relied on charity &/or crime

10 The Impact of Urbanization cont d Strikes multiplied, 1830s-1840s Towns enabled what?? 1848 revolutions were OVERWHELMINGLY urban

11 The Impact of Industrialization Slow industrialization High costs Shortage of capital Not an ample supply of cheap labor Aware that people couldn t compete w/ machines

12 The Economic Crisis of : corn harvests disastrous Potato blight! = starvation Food riots Poor harvests + larger population = unfavorable conditions for growth Urban workers suffered Potato revolution Looting, stormed the palace

13 The Economic Crisis of Rise in prices less consumer spending Craft & industry suffered Workers fired! Rapid increase in unemployment Wages cut Standard of living fell further (how is that even possible???) Workers & peasants demand for improvement in living standards

14 Class Consciousness Historians divided whether it was developing Key issue for Marxist historians Believed change grew out of class conflict As industrialization developed class consciousness alongside Proletariat opposed to bourgeoisie Argued: 1848 revolutions caused by industrialization

15 Class Consciousness cont d Often workers who fought & died in streets Simplification: Not only workers in revolutions peasants & liberal middle class Real proletariat = scarcely existed outside of Marx s head Radical urban workers were apprentices Differences in interests, status, income among urban workers

16 The Intellectual Challenge

17 Economic crisis shook prestige & confidence of regimes Lacked financial & bureaucratic resources to intervene Monarchs & ministers unpopular among educated middle-class 1848: power in nobility land owners, govt. jobs, army officials Middle class jealousy over privileges Middle class critical of systems that excluded them Why??? Middle-class creation of German nation-state, popular assembly

18 Conservative Strength

19 Not all Germans sympathized! Authority not majority urban middle classes as a threat! Why??? Liberals & radicals at odds with masses Attacks on bourgeoisie won support from artisans & peasants Conservatives denounced nationalism Violation of legitimate, sovereign rights

20 The Situation in Early 1848

21 Few expected revolution Widespread loyalty to dynasties Economic situation improving! BUT distress in major cities revolution Urban & rural poor didn t have clear aims, often untouched by ideologies of middle classes 24 Feb. 1848: Louis Philippe overthrown French Republic Revolution huge impact on Europe Several revolutions in Germany

22 Events in Baden

23 Grand Duke of Baden

24 27 February, Mannheim, Baden Demanded freedom of press, assembly, trial by jury, militia, & German parliament 1 March Grand Duke of Baden Vasts crowd, some of whom were armed Initially refused to negotiate, turned down an offer military assistance from Prussia Form a new new ministry, which included liberal leaders

25 Radical republicans tried to lead a peasant and worker rising in Baden Freiburg w/ 6,000 armed supporters Federal troops had little difficulty in crushing the ill-organised rebellion Liberals and some radicals denounced the rebels no democratic legitimacy

26 The Frankfurt Parliament

27 The Fifty Articles Parliament could not create a united Germany Fifty Articles of fundamental rights of German citizens approved became law! Articles: Equality under law Freedom of worship, press, arrest w/o warrant End to class discrimination (who would have liked this??)

28 The Problem of Germany

29 Other problem of parliament = Germany Confederation had no definition of Germany Parts of Prussia AND Austrian Empire included Contained Czechs & Poles Excluded provinces w/ German speaking populations Austrian Empire multiple nationalities Germans were minority This was a major problem!

30 Grossdeutschland vs. Kleindeutschland Grossdeutschland: leadership of Germany by Austria Kleindeutschland: Protestant Prussia dominant state October 1848 voted for which?? Incorporate ONLY Austria s German lands Austria refused declared indivisibility

31 Relations of people of Central Europe going sour! Conflicts between: Hungarians, Czechs, Croats, Poles, Italians, Germans Parliament held little sympathy for non-germans in Germany Opposed claims by Czechs, Poles, Danes for territory as part of Germany...which territories in particular?? Which of those territories was most important!!!

32 Weaknesses of the Frankfurt Parliament

33 Lacked legal legitimacy Major European powers did not recognize Parliament Who in particular?? Very important!! Unable to collect taxes = no financial power Did not have an army Only capable army at this time belonged to?? von Peucker minister of war...condition of acceptance?? Attempted to persuade Bavaria & Austria to create national German army

34 Lack of Popular Support Not in the favor of the working class Artisan assemblies in Hamburg & Frankfurt 1848 Industrial Code, Artisan Congress in Frankfurt Regulated house of work, rates of pay, retain restrictive practices of guild system Members of Parliament mainly liberal Political freedom & economic freedom = inseparable Rejected industrial code

35 Divisions within Frankfurt Parliament SERIOUS division! Radical minority: no more princes republic conflict w/ liberal members Liberal members: moderate settlement rights of individual states & central govt., minimal social change Conservative group: individual states rights Parliament nor govt. w/ too much control

36 Divisions within Frankfurt Parliament Loose associations Divisions between Protestants & Catholics What were the two solutions that these two were in favor of??

37 Heinrich von Gagern Bad choice for leader Liberal politician Sincere No backbone

38 Schleswig-Holstein Absorbed by Denmark protest from Frankfurt Looked to Prussia for military support Prussia occupied Schleswig-Holstein Frederick William: aware of European opposition (from who??) Agreed to Treaty of Malmo Frankfurt deputies: betrayal! But, forced to accept it

39 The Radical Challenge

40 Radicals demanded political & social reform 200 delegates met in Frankfurt Agreed to form NATIONAL democratic & republican movement Gained support from urban workers 18 Sept. mob stormed St. Paul s church Defended Austrian, Prussian, Hessian troops Frankfurt placed under martial law

41 Violence discredited radicals Moderate liberals & conservatives joined to combat radicals Why is this significant??? Second Democratic Congress, Oct Frankfurt Parliament = illegitimate Counter-revolution!!! Radicals divided into rival factions

42 German Rights

43 Dec. 1848: Parliament declared basic rights of German people Freedom of movement Equal treatment of all Germans Abolition of class-based privileges & feudal burdens Freedom of religion & conscience Abolition of capital punishment Freedom of assembly Freedom of press & independence of judges

44 German Constitution

45 28 March 1849: agreed to Paulskirche constitution: Two houses: lower house elected by secret ballot, upper house reigning monarchs & princes of Confederation Two houses have control of legislation & finance Emperor w/ considerable power, BUT could only hold legislation for limited time Germany was to be little not greater Germany

46 Failure of Frankfurt Parliament

47 28 March 1849: Prussian King Frederick William as Emperor of Germany Refused the title..why?? Not prepared to be Emperor b/c did not want to be put himself & Prussia under Frankfurt Parliament s control King by grace of G-d

48 Prussia s rejection signal to other princes political scales against liberals All kingdoms rejected constitution Members of Parliament went home Radical democrats made final attempt to recover situation Called for election of German Parliament: Reichstag

49 Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail? Harshly treated Engels, assembly of old women What does this mean/symbolize?? BUT unfair to condemn Parliament Members did not want to be violent revolutionaries Members were impractical idealists Failed to grasp opportunity to fill power vacuum What created this vacuum?

50 Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail? cont d Attitudes of Austria & Prussia = crucial Constitutional govt. & national unity = only on their terms! Austria: no wish for united or democratic Germany Only chance of Frankfurt liberals agreement w/ Prussia Chaos in Austria, 1848, Prussia s opportunity to be dominant role in German affairs.did not take it Frederick William unwilling to see Prussia

51 Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail? cont d Ruling princes would lose many powers Revolutions in their territories Prepared to support Parliament to avoid losing throne In practice: princes had no wish to see powers limited by constitutions Franz Joseph gained back territory final breaking point for FP Opposed all revolutionary change No other ruler seen taking lead of establishing German Empire

52 The Situation in Prussia

53 King Frederick William IV

54 Complex character Declared insane Divine right of kings Mystical kingship Seemed like a reforming monarch restrictive Friend & ally of which IMPORTANT Austrian general?

55 Liberal Ministry & Prussian Parliament

56 Appointed liberal ministry & election of assembly New constitution for Prussia! Ministry was hardly revolutionary Loyal to crown Determined to oppose revolution Riots brought under control by army Declared war on Denmark Supervised elections

57 New Parliament met in May Third of members were??? No agreement on constitution Constitution Main achievement: abolish feudal privileges of Junkers King was wishy-washy As Parliament solidified position control over judiciary & police, abolition of aristocratic titles, & king s right to rule

58 Conservative Reaction

59 Landowners & nobles formed local associations Aug. 1848: League for the Protection of Landed Property Junker Parliament work for abolition of Prussian Parliament Dismissal of liberal ministry Potsdam: Frederick William & conservative advisers Urged to win power Conservatives = not total reactionaries Modernize Prussia, but from king

60 August: King resumed power of foreign policy Ceasefire w/ Danes Worker riots in Berlin Result of worker riots?? Habsburg success in Vienna end Prussian Parliament, dismiss liberal ministries

61 Nov Otto von Manteuffel appointed minister of interior Citizens Militia dissolved Martial law proclaimed Political clubs closed Demonstrations forbidden Prussian Parliament dissolved Dec. 5 constitution of F. William Why significant??

62

63 Prussian Constitution

64 Mixture of liberalism & absolutism Freedom of religion, assembly, association Independent judiciary Representative assembly two houses Upper house: property owners Lower one: male suffrage Voters in 3 classes by taxes paid

65 Liberalism & absolutism cont d King could suspend civil rights & collect taxes w/o Parliament (why significant??) Ministers appointed & dismissed by king King alter constitution at any time Retained control of army

66 Confirmed divine right limited freedom to act Genuine parliament created BUT would not accept subjects limiting power Limit his own powers Prussia accepted Better model than Frankfurt Parliament

67 Prussian Action 1849

68 Uprisings: Saxony, Rhenish Palatinate Support of Paulskirche Baden govt. formed revolutionary govt. Prussian troops crushed revolutions Leaders & participants = executed or imprisoned Prussia s increased standing in politics

69 The Position of Austria After 1848

70 1849 constitution revoked 1851 Franz Joseph absolute monarch Martial law enforced infected with liberalism

71

72 The Prussian Union Plan

73 William IV attracted to heading united Germany 1849: Radowitz Prussian Union Plan Kleindeutschland Prussian leadership German Federal Reich Exclude Austria Strong central govt. Based on const. of Frankfurt Parliament King of Prussia as emperor Permanent union w/ Habsburg Empire

74

75 Plan: meant as compromise Unacceptable to Austria Schwarzenberg: scheme to reduce Austrian influence Not able to mount immediate opposition Why?? Prussia could carry on! Three King s Alliance Three kingdoms were??

76

77 Radowitz: meeting of representatives, Erfurt, March 1850 New Reich 28: creation of Prussian dominated Erfurt Union Several important states: suspicious! Fearful! (of what? And of who??)

78 Austrian Opposition Schwarzenberg asserting Austria in Germany Grossdeutschland: jointly by Austrian, Prussian & delegates of larger German states Some deserted Prussia for Austria Bundesrat: met Frankfurt, May 1850 Able to announce Bundesrat & Confederation were alive & well Two assemblies to speak: Erfurt Parliament & Frankfurt Bundesrat Each controlled by who??

79 Prussia v. Confederation Revolution in Hesse-Cassel needed help from Bundesrat! Erfurt: claimed right to decide dispute Separated main of Prussia from Rhineland communication! Prussia mobilized Austria issued ultimatium Only troops of old Confederation could intervene Frederick William dismissed Radowitz Manteuffel: also wanted to avoid war

80 The Capitulation of Olmutz

81 Manteuffel & Schwarzenberg: Olmutz, 29 Nov Abandon Prussian Union Plan Conference of states in Dresden, 1851 future of Germany Huge Prussian humiliation Austrian revival not as it was wished Not acceptable to smaller states Strong pressure for situation pre-1848

82 May 1851: German Confederation re-established Alliance between Austria & Prussia return to close co-operation BUT Prussians blamed Austrians for Olmutz Most totally opposed to Austria s ambitions Determined Prussia should one day dominate Germany

83 Austrian Political, Economic, & Financial Problems

84 Efforts to centralize the state control from Vienna by Germans All govt. related jobs had to speak German Unrest among non-germans 1855 concordat w/ Catholic Church Catholicism as state religion in Austria Alienated German Protestants & anti-clerical liberals

85 1849, Zollunion Extended customs union Between Austria & Zollverein Failed Isolated from Prussian-dominated coalition of German states Booming industrial expansion & exports Peasants free from feudal dues Finances were serious problem

86 Expenditure not sufficient to reduce huge deficit Didn t join Crimean War still damaged!

87 Position of Prussia After 1848

88 Power within Germany grew Politically: reactionary & repressive Socially: reforming & economically prosperous

89 Prussian Economic Success

90 Industrial production DOUBLED! Zollverein did not: provide protection for industry, did not create unified German economy More important factors of success: Good education system Plentiful supply of natural resources Good communication & transportation systems Specialized industries Krupp: work for thousands of Prussians, weapons!

91 State investment: finance pilot projects & technical schools Some say hindered: Did not follow clear policy Held back private investment Economic & financial power advantage over Austria

92 The Political Situation

93 Constitution w/ universal suffrage Divided by taxes, means it s not what?? Upperhouse: preserve aristocracy King still held veto & rule by decree

94 Growth of Liberalism Supported by self-confident middle class Who made up this class?? Coherent & influential force Elected assembly? Majority! Three class electoral power to middle class

95 Growth of Liberalism cont d Political apathy in Prussia Few people voted despite new franchise Politics concern of small elit Right-wing liberal politicians suspicious of full democracy Less concerned w/ Parliament strength than ending aristocracy & army instead of govt. Left-wing: universal suffrage National unity absolute priority!

96 Conservative Reform Strict censorship! Restrict freedom of political parties...how?? Duty to govern well in interest of all people Reduce chance of revolution?

97 Reform in the Countryside Help peasantry, why?? Peasants were freed from feudal obligations Low-interest govt. loans buy their land! Financial help to move to less populated areas!

98 Reform in the Towns General improvement for urban living Efforts to improve factory workers conditions: Standard minimum wage Inspectors appointed Under 12? No factories! Industrial courts settlement of disputes

99 International Situation

100 Second-rate player Avoided conflict w/ Austria No role in Crimean War Good terms w/ other powers Austria remained neutral! Little respect gained Committed fully to Britain & France 1856: lost friendship of Russia w/o Britain & France

101 Potential profit in North Italian War had supported Piedmont & France Popular feeling anti-french Tried to benefit offering Austria help concede Prussia s primacy

102 King William I

103 Frederick William declared insane, 1858 Brother William regent successor to throne William I reigned 27yrs Soldier Conservative Total contrast to Frederick William Only Bismarck can change his mind! Only answerable to G-d

104 Dismissed Manteuffel replaced by liberal & conservative ministry New era 1858 elections: moderate liberals held small majority Hoped to play significant role William had no intention of this!

105 Reform of the Army

106 Strengthening army main concern Key to greatness! Little done to reform or increase size since 1815 Mobilization was disaster War was over before organized readiness von Roon s army reform bill: Double regular army s size Increase service time Reduce role of Landwehr Re-equip troops

107

108 Sensitive points for liberal majority Feared army used against the people Civilian Landwehr popular w/ liberals citizens army Others concerns: 3 year service At stake: Army matters = beyond parliamentary control Liberals believed: Parliament financial control

109 Constitutional Crisis

110 Army bill constitutional crisis Parliament only approve increased budget for a year Not agree: terms of service June 1861: radical liberals formed Progressive Party Popular vs. royal army Dec = largest party Not pass money bill, William would not accept 2yrs of service

111 William s reaction? Replaced liberal ministers w/ conservatives May 1862 elections disaster for king Sept.: refused again to pass bill Conservatives: royal coup, overthrow of constitution Feared civil war possible abdication 22 Sept. appointed (the greatest man of history) Otto von Bismarck

112 THE MAN OF THE HOUR!!!!!!!!!!!!

113 The Constitutional Crisis Solved Seen as bigoted reactionary No ministerial experience Not expected to last long (HA, LITTLE DID THEY KNOW) Blood & Iron speech Meant to say: Prussia leading Germany Could not do this w/o army Aimed for liberal support misfired

114 The Constitutional Crisis Solved cont d Solved the problem Withdrew bill Parliament s support unnecessary! Financed by taxes refused to pay taxes 200k soldiers to persuade them Parliament actions illegal!! Taxes collected & reorganized Object? Dismissed! Directed w/o constitutionally approved budgets

115 Bismarck s Political Career

116 Prussian United Diet Berlin riots 1848: Counter-revolutionary plots Anti-liberal Dec. 1850: defended surrender at Olmutz Surrender by who to who?? Opposed war for Hesse-Casse

117 Prussian envoy revived Bundestag Here until 1859 Concern to oppose Austria Convinced war was unavoidable Eventually lead to divided Germany Prussia should seek nationalist support Kleindeutschland under Prussian control Bundestag Prussian ambassador

118 Early 1860s: tough, ambitious, ruthless Conservative reactionary actual monarchy supporter Unpredictable! But a realist

119 Bismarck s Aims

120 Main aim: domination of N. Germany > full national unity Prussian patriot Loyalty to Prussian king, NOT Germans Liberal nationalist: anti-liberal reactionary instead of unifier 1850s change! Realized the power of nationalism manipulated for Prussia s power

121 Prussian leadership power! End Austrian primacy Diplomacy preferred Realpolitik! Massively disliked idealism & idealists Conservative regime could not operate w/o support Achieve conservative ends by non-conservative means

122 Methods in conflict w/ William I & Prussian military & political elites While unliked, highly respected Made unification easy

123 Austro-Prussian Conflict

124 Dec. 1862: warned Austria recognize Prussia as equal 1863: still at odds over Germany s future Defeating Austria w/ Prussian domination seemed unlikely Liberals disliked Bismarck Austria: larger army & population

125 The Polish Revolt

126 Poland was divided Poles blamed for : Russian Poland revolted against Russian rule Of Bismarck s concern why??? Tsar ordered it suppressed France, Britain, Austria protested! Mediation! Opportunity to gain Russian friendship w/ military Tsar said no! But Prussians hand over Polish rebels

127 P & G liberals protested these actions Isolated! Claim: convention did not exist...why??? Tsar was MAD Final suppression, 1864 Prussia came out better than Bismarck expected Tsar was offended by Austria & France neutrality from Russia

128 Problem of Schleswig & Holstein

129 Nov. 1863: King of Denmark died Schleswig & Holstein were Danish ruled Schleswig: mixed Danish & German Holstein: almost entirely German Holsteiners: fight the Danes! Prussia marched in Russians marched them back out

130 Treaty by Great Powers in 1852: Frederick succeeded as ruler of Denmark Duchies Christian of Glucksburg Protested! No female! New claimant: Prince of Augustenburg

131 Nov. 1863, Christian as King of Denmark Holstein refused allegiance Prince of Augustenburg not rightfully yours! Who supported this?? BUT King Christian was wrong! Violated Treaty of London (1852)..how??? Dec. 1863, declared tyrannical army into Holstein

132

133 Bismarck s Aims Not influenced by public opinion Crisis beneficial! Hoped to annex duchies...which would do what for him?? No wish to see Duke in control BUT also didn t care about rights of Germans in duchies

134 Austrian-Prussian Co-operation First won Austrian help But different aims!! Austria: Supporting Augustenburg claim, suspicious of nationalism! Wanted to prevent Bismarck allying Pursued co-operation Secret agenda!!

135 Austrian-Prussian Co-operation cont d Joint ultimatum to Denmark Occupy Schleswig unless it withdrew new constitution Refused! Jan. 1864: Advanced through Holstein to Schleswig April: stormed Duppel Admiration of German nationalists

136 Austrian-Prussian Co-operation cont d Agreed: resolved by Euro. conference London Conference: Failed to reach agreement Denmark refused to make concessions..why?? What happened next?? Surrendered July 1864

137 Results of the Danish War

138 Treaty of Vienna, 1864 Gave up rights over Schleswig & Holstein Jointly administered by Austria & Prussia Long-term fate of duchies now questioned Severe tension between 2 German powers...which two?? Public opinion: Augustenberg become duke Bismarck proposed: only on conditions under Prussian power

139 Unacceptable to Austria & duke! Austria Bundesrat Called for recognition of duke passed! Prussia: nothing done Summer 1865 still not settled on their future Relations also fell...why??? Important!!!

140 The Convention of Gastein No one wanted war Why??? Bismarck: William I reluctant to fight Not convinced army was ready Vacation disrupted by envoy for negotiations Agreed 1865, Convention of Gastein Holstein administered by who?? Schleswig administered by who?? Joint sovereignty

141 Bismarck s Motives Used duchies as Maneuvering Austria into fighting!? OR no policy except to allow things to happen?? EXPLOITED the duchies! Diplomatic skill

142 The Meeting of Biarritz Duchies solved, rivalry remained! Did necessarily want war, but saw the possibility Result: strengthen Prussia internationally Fear?? Oct. 1865: met Biarritz Nothing specific agreed..why?? Napoleon III: remain neutral mediator Reward in the process

143 War with Austria

144 EVERY excuse to blame Austria for violating terms (of what??) War was inevitable! Policy of confrontation Bad idea of confrontation: No allies Bankruptcy Holstein between Prussian territories

145 Feb. 1866, Prussian Crown Council War with Austria was imminent Not just for duchies who controlled Germany! Groundwork for war Alliances made 1866: Italy would support Prussia in war Italy would then gain Venetia

146 Alliance confirmed? Start the fire! Tension over Holstein & proposals to reform the Confederation Knew proposals would be unacceptable Mobilized, April 1866 GB, RUS, FRA congress to discuss Compelled to do so...why??? Austria refused!

147 Broke off talks w/ Prussia Referred duchies to Bundestag army to Holstein, June 9 Did not immediately to war Presented to Bundestag: proposals for reform of federal const.: Austria excluded National Parliament elected by universal suffrage Troops in N. Germany under Prussian control

148 Bundestag please reject Prussia s proposals & mobilize Prussia withdrew Declared it dissolved German states ally against Austria What ended up happening?? Ultimatum to 3 northern states (which ones??) Or else what?? Rejected! Invaded no resistance

149 The Seven Weeks War

150 Future w/ Prussian army Reforms successful Army under General Moltke Planning & prep. Railways moving troops & communication Mobilization was more efficient! Better trained, disciplined, equipped

151 Prussian Ascendancy

152 Promoted to major general Wore civilian clothes at war cabinet mtgs. Wore ONLY full uniform in public

153 Aftermath of Victory

154 Austria at Prussia s mercy Advance on Vienna & takeover! Proposed by who?? Why significant?? War cabinet meeting 23 July Rage against Bismarck of not annexing Bismarck won War was quick, peace quickly reached What did Austria lose? And reparations!

155 Treaty of Prague

156 Armistice signed in July Treaty of Prague in August Terms: remodeling Germany Annexed territory German states north of River Main = N. German Confederation under Prussia

157 Bismarck opposed full unification, 1866 Fear: Absorbed too much too soon too much trouble Four Catholic states still independent But secret alliance Terms of this alliance??

158 Treaty of Prague was a milestone! Destruction v. unity Post 1866: three units N. German Confederation Four S. German states Austrian Empire (which dynasty??)

159

160 North Germany

161 Little leniency to N. Germans Four northern states annexed King of Hanover States not annexed some independence Aim: advantageous membership of Prussian-controlled federation could be No advantage to Prussia to annex all

162 The North German Confederation End of 1866: constitution of NGC drafted Accepted April 1867 Confederation lasted 4 years Const. lasted as const. of German Empire Fit Prussian power & Bismarck s political position

163 The North German Confederation cont d Insistence on universal male suffrage surprising Loyalties of peasants preserve conservative order! Why would Bismarck want conservative order?? Did not intend for Reichstag to play a large role in public life Destroy parliamentarianism by parliamentarianism Weak Reichstag discredit parliament! Democratic elections did nothing Ministers were not a part of it, nor responsible to it

164 Popular Support for Bismarck

165 Elections in Prussia War fever led to what?? ; liberals: After victory changed attitudes about Bismarck Need for govt. & parliamentary cooperation to build new Germany Grant immunity for actions in previous years w/o Parliament permission

166 Conservatives: happy he did not apologize! Liberals: saw it as an apology, acknowledgement for ignoring Parliament He had united Germany (not fully, remember)! Call for national unity under UMS! Liberal Party pledge support to Bismarck Also, maintain liberal const. principles

167 Progressive Liberals: still suspicious PJ Party opposed Bismarck traitor!!! Chipping at royal loyalty Losing Prussia s identity But what was the biggest issue? Moderates Free Conservatives Support Bismarck needed

168 The First Reichstag

169 Elected Feb National Liberals, largest party Balance of power between conservatives & opponents National Liberals: Concessions from Bismarck Right to pass annual budget, BUT limited..how?? Compromise Out of Reichstag control until 1872 Amount fixed by law, passed by Reichstag

170 Bismarck & Germany

171 Treaty of Prague = HUGE gains! Biggest one? Two thirds of all Germans part of Prussian dominated NGC Many liberal-nationalists Prussian policy & Kleindeutschland Unification by force ends justified the means 1866: pressure to complete unification! Southern states strength against who??

172 1866: favor for union w/ North Parties of south worked for unity 1867: four S. states incorporated into Zollparlament Encourage cooperation between N. & S. But local loyalties reemerged Southern Catholics 1868: majority of delegates opposed union w/ N. National Liberals disappointed Fall like fruit

173 Factors Helping Bismarck

174 The Prussian Army

175 Unification the result of three wars: Army s ability drastically improved! Due to von Roon & Moltke Roon: Prussian forces increased, well trained, well armed Moltke compared to who?? Military chiefs saw potential of railways & telegraph

176

177 Prussian Economic Success

178 Produced more coal & steel than France OR Austria Extensive railways too! 15k steam engines v. Austria 3.4k Economic & financial strength military resources! B/c war is what???

179 Economic Unity & Zollverein

180 Railway financial & communication network Germany into economic unity! Zollverein also did this! Zollverein included almost every German state Except??? Prussia considerable influence! But not political domination

181 German Nationalism

182 Sept. 1859: German National Association Stimulated by Italian successes Prussia should lead Germany More liberal! New fact of life: nothing could be accomplished without what?? Only Prussia had this Peak: 25k members

183 Included influential men, close links w/ other organizations Especially w/ who?? Nationalism strong in middle-class Germans Growing in power! Lead public opinion Books & newspapers supported unity & fears of French expansion Popular nationalism

184 Weakness of Austria

185 Austria in decline! Largely agricultural, industry confined to west Minority nationalism...what does this mean?? Financial problems Crimean war Defeat in North Italian War Lacked political & diplomatic skill

186 International Situation

187 Second-rate power? Helped! Did not arouse hostility of neighbors because Britain: nothing to fear! Protestant Prussia; useful against France or Russia Russia: little interest in central Europe; sympathies in Prussia; had not forgiven Austria for policy during Crimean War

188 Franco-Prussian Relations

189 International situation was good! Britain welcomed dominant Prussia in CE Russia was happy! Partner against Austria Austria: distracted by subject nationalities Only threat: France German state threatened French security

190 Napoleon III

191

192 Seems like: wanted to restore France to position of influence via peaceful means Policy of undoing Vienna 1815, sympathy for nationalism in Italy & Poland Sympathy didn t extend to Germany Indecisive, wasn t ruthless (like who??), didn t carry through to conclusion Disadvantage when dealing w/ Bismarck

193 Relations Between Bismarck & Napoleon III First met, Paris 1855 Successful on personal level, meaning they were friendly! Met again: Biarritz, Oct No records of meeting Possibility: agreeing on rewards for neutrality in AP War More likely: possibility for French expansion No commitment from either man

194 Situation in 1866 Neutral in AP War Hope: advantage via mediation, threaten to join to persuade peace on his terms Reality: Prussia won quickly! Offered Mediation at Sadowa declined! Prussian ambassador to Napoleon: expansion in only north Germany Division = reward for neutrality Remaining fears?

195 Threat of German Unity Napoleon = concerned Prussia controlled more than ⅔ of Germany Unlikely remaining ⅓ remain independent Treaty of Prague: Zollverein to include four SG states Zollparlament Concerned w/ only economic affairs Step to German unity

196 South German States Four states not on a united front Distrusted each other Distrusted Napoleon Believed Napoleon designed plan for their territory as French reward July 1866: detailed plans to Bismarck for part of the Rhineland Belonging to who?

197 South German States cont d Rejected by Bismarck Did not want to give away German territory ALSO didn t want to alienate Napoleon Suggestion: expansion, but further north in Belgium & Luxemburg

198 The Luxemburg Crisis

199 Necessary diplomatic & territorial success = greatest power Luxemburg Persuade King of the Netherlands relinquish duchy! Agreed BUT Prussia held rights in Luxemburg Rights dated to Vienna settlement of 1815

200 End of 1866: no need to be friendly anymore! Napoleon stirring demonstrations in Luxemburg Bismarck: Luxemburg is German Surrender to France would then be humiliating! Anti-French feelings grew in Germany Unlikely Bismarck wanted war just now though Needed recovery time NGC fragile

201 Napoleon vs. Bismarck March, 1867: texts of secret military alliances with SG states NGC & SG states not as independent of each other as they thought Met head on in diplomatic battles Napoleon: negotiations w/ King of the Netherlands Played on kings fears! Offered protection

202 Napoleon vs. Bismarck cont d Napoleon: King ruined it! He agreed to sell Luxemburg approval by King of Prussia Bismarck used patriotic fervour to threaten king Bismarck appealed to Great Powers to settle agreement: Prussian garrison withdrawn Independence & neutrality guaranteed by Great Powers Compromise? Nope! No territory!

203 Results of the Luxemburg Crisis Damaged Franco-German relations BUT pretty peaceful Keen to avert war Concerned Napoleon may find allies Franz Joseph met Napoleon twice...why??? Came to nothing no basis for agreement German Austrians opposed pro-aust., anti-prus Nationalist feelings stirred up weapon against France

204 Bismarck s Intentions Presented: man of peace Comfort Britain's fears, avoid GB/FRA alliance Presented policies in favorable light Difficult to judge true intentions: he did not always believe what he said, or say what he believed After 1866: unite SG states w/ Germany No hurry No master plan Be cautious!

205 Bismarck s Intentions cont d N & S German opinions to not be neglected! Played the waiting game Seize opportunity! But aware war w/ France faster unification Likely to be popular if France was the aggressor

206 The Road to War

207 1870: Hohenzollern candidature Ems telegram

208 The Hohenzollern Candidature

209 1868: Queen of Spain driven out Needed a new monarch! Feb. 1870: offer to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern Referred to William I head of family! On his own would have refused! Provoking hositlity Encircle France

210 Persuaded to change his mind by Bismarck Gave consent on what condition?? Leopold did not want the throne! BUT Bismarck had other plans Bribes & pressure on Hohenzollern family Leopold accepted

211 The Crisis

212 Planned: letter of acceptance would immediately be presented to Cortes upon arrival Ratification then announced BUT message in Prussian embassy in Madrid had a mix-up Cortes was not in session Secret leaked!

213 July 3, 1870: leaked in Paris Foreign Minister Antoine Gramont unacceptable! Wanted to strengthen Napoleon w/ a victory over Prussia Telegram to Berlin: did you know of Leopold s candidacy? France in peril Instructed to go to Ems French case of danger to France & balance of power Stop Leopold to avoid war

214

215 Assured ambassador we want friendship! 12 July: withdrew son s candidacy Settled w/ diplomatic honors to France Bismarck: humiliation & resignation Saved from his threat by Gramont & Napoleon III

216 French emperor went too far! Leopold s renunciation announced via telegram from father to SPN govt. France now wanted official renunciation William found mtg. with French ambassador deeply insulting Refused assurance! Notify Bismarck communicate to the press

217 Ems Telegram

218 Moltke & Roon telegram from Ems Why significant? What did they do to it?? Shortening: king s message as uncompromising to French demands Gave the impression to French insulted Count Benedetti Prussians/Germans Benedetti insulted William Amended text published in Berlin papers Embassies: copies of texts Communicate to foreign govt.

219

220 Outbreak of War

221 Amended telegram eruptions in France What was at stake?? French declared war on Prussia 19 July Bismarck had prepared for war! Only if it was defensive against French aggression Bring S. German states in Needed what?? Hohenzollern was perfect!

222 Little evidence of being set on war happening Or even preparation in 1870 Series of diplomatic blunders for French Ready to fight before Ems telegram too Largely of France s own fault Aggressor Called on S. German states for support Why did they not support??

223 The Franco-Prussian War

224 Dominated by Prussian expertise Organized German war effort Outnumbered all other troops First German war All states fought All Germans proud of triumph! 1871: blind hatred of France, govt. propaganda pushed this And Bismarck s what?

225 Diplomatic Situation in 1870

226 Austria: longed for vengeance! But had internal troubles Russia: promised to fight alongside Prussia if Austria joined France Denmark: maybe join France? Did nothing Italy: outrageous French demands for support, France said nah Britain: unwilling to support France especially after threat to invade Belgium Bismarck s doing!!!

227 Early German Success

228 Most expected French victory: Population was 38mil. Successful in Crimean War & North Italian War Prussian army: quickly mobilized, well planned, moved to Alsace Six railway lines vs. Frances two Moltke in charge! French were slower Metz for supreme command

229 Moltke s strategy: At first, failed! French had machine guns Germans had better machine guns! What did they have?? Victorious at Spicheren & Worth

230 Metz

231 Napoleon & Bazaine went to defensive! Withdrew into fortress of Metz 14 Aug. crossed Moselle river Terms of surrender: 86,739 prisoners & one emperor Napoleon as prisoner until 1872 exiled! News of defeat & capture Second Empire abolished Third French Republic 4 September

232 The End of War

233 War should have been finished French govt. wanted peace but not surrender territory! Bismarck thought unacceptable Planned to annex Alsace & Lorraine 20 Sept.: encircled Paris Metz: surrendered in October Newly raised French armies to relieve Paris Jan. 1871: bombarded by German guns Jan. 28, 1871: agreed to armistice

234 Results of the War

235 Determined: King William I to be Emperor of Germany Was not easy...why?? William was reluctant to accept German title...why???

236 The South German States

237 Helped by German patriotism Germans supported the war German success! Permanent union grew Permanent union = strengthened negotiations w/ S. German rulers New Reich: Const. similar to NGC const. South rulers: looser w/ more rights retained

238 Diplomatic skill to get his way Threatened them! With what?? Symbolic concessions (like??) King Ludwig II bribery! Pension! Nov. 1870: treaties w/ four S. states German Empire Reich = federal state Retained monarchies Power over internal matters Real power emperor

239 German Empire

240 Ludwig II asking William to accept emperor persuaded other princes 18 Jan. 1871: King William I Kaiser at Versailles Difficulty over precise title (b/c the Germans make everything difficult) Duke of Baden settled it! Versailles added to French humiliation

241 Treaty of Frankfurt

242 France & Germany at Frankfurt, May 1871: Troops remain in N. & E. France until 200mil. pound fine paid Alsace & E. Lorraine annexed Long lasting hatred between the two Why such harsh conditions? Alsace was largely German-speaking (& Lorraine!) Rich in iron ore Strategic reasons Weakened France To be punished!

243

244 The German Empire in 1871

245 Second German Empire, 18 Jan Crowned in Versailles Bismarck as imperial chancellor

246 German Constitution

247 Incorporated main pieces of const. of NGC circa 1867: Federal state Powers & functions divided: central govt. & state govt. States preserved constitutions, rulers, parliaments, admin. Systems Complex political system Institutions keeping checks & balances Major tension: monarchy v. parliament; federal v. state power

248 Prussia s influence: German emperor (Prussia king): imperial executive & civil service head; supreme warlord 60% of pop. & ⅔ of territory; 235 of 397 in Reichstag 17 seats in Bundesrat block any amendments Imperial chancellor = prime minister Minister of war imperial minister of war

249 Prussia s influence cont d: House of peers: three-class system aristocracy, rich, military, conservative civil service Dominant position by aristocracy..where?? But old Prussia was diluted No longer governed w/o German interests Concessions to states Non-Prussians in govt.

250 Bismarck as Imperial Chancellor

251 1871: Prussian PM & FM & IC Used most powers given to the crown Exploited power held over William I Ministers were simple, senior clerks No imperial cabinet Dominated secretaries of state Relied on Herbert

252 Practical & theoretical limits to power: Federal state reduced influence Reichstag! Long absences & health reduced control Vindictiveness, intolerance to criticism, & bullying

253 Weakness of Reichstag

254 Power in traditional hands (meaning whose???) Const. little opportunity for democracy Reichstag could censor chancellor, but not dismiss Reichstag could be dismissed at any time Bismarck would only work w/ Reichstag on what condition?? Use all means to swing opinion & secure passing of legislation

255 Balance to the monarchy Most respectful to authority No widespread belief that power should be w/ party Left-wing: did not expect Reichstag to use power Rather influence

256 (Potential) Strength of Reichstag

257 Fig-leaf of despotism More power than expected: New laws no law without passing by Reichstag Money? Reichstag Open debate parliamentary immunity Focus of national attention No parliament elected on broader franchise UMS political parties Bismarck could not ignore the need for their support

258 Not all powerful, also not flexible Popular legitimacy...what does this mean?? Focal point for enemies of the state

259 Role of the Army

260 Essentially Prussian Largest of 4 armies Three others under emperor s command in war Loyalty to king/emperor Conscription: 2-3 years Post 1871: taken for granted! Military budget: not subject to annual approval independent of?? Enemy within vs. beyond borders Disperse, break, crush

261 German Disunity

262 NOT united: State traditions; power over: edu., justice, ag., religion, local govt. 60% Protestant, Catholicism in W & SW 10% non-german minorities Economic & social divisions: Rich & poor Industrializing N. & W. vs. rural S. & E.

263 How to unite Germany in fact & theory? Pre-1871: nationalism as progressive to sweep away old regime Post-1871: conservative Identified w/ new Reich Criticized the Reich unpatriotic

264 German Economic Development

265 FP war German economy grew Alsace-Lorraine: iron ore! Indemnity payments boom! Boom German banks railways & industries! 1871: 5% in urban areas 1900: 20%! Proletariat & socialism

266 German Society

267 Divided on class lines Mobility within class vs. between classes Higher levels of civil service & army nobility! Direct threat: wealthy industrialists Most Germans agricultural or industrial Life was hard for farmers Industrial jobs seemed awesome!

268 Army Budget

269 1867: military budget at fixed level Out of Reichstag control until 1872 Extended to : army of over 400k = automatically financed by federal dollars! Threatened Reichstag powers! Eternal Law opposed by who?? Threatened new elections! Compromise reached: seven yrs. fixed!

270 Kulturkampf

271 Clash w/ Catholic Church Kulturkampf ⅔ were Protestant 1864: Syllabus of Errors 1870: doctrine of papal infallibility Alarm in major cities! Interfere w/ Reichstag affairs Support reactionary causes Battle w/ Catholic Church

272 Centre Party German Catholics to defend interests Joined forces w/ S. Germans Second largest party in Reichstag, 1871 Drew support from social circles Self-rule for component states Objected to state interference Where in particular????

273 Bismarck & Catholicism Viewed w/ suspicion Concern: domestic policy & consolidate Reich National minorities Catholic! No wish to be in Reich! S. Germans still identified as Rhinelanders too! Centre Party = dangerous! Encourage civil disobedience when policies conflicted

274 Bismarck & Catholicism cont d Kulturkampf widely understood as war against who?? Political ploy of Bismarck s Head of popular Protestant movement Worked closely w/ National Liberals

275 The Old Catholics Refused to accept papal infallibility broke w/ Church Excuse to attack! Prussian govt. committed to religious toleration Condemned actions in newspaper articles, 1872

276 Actions Against the Catholic Church Felt throughout Reich Legislation passed by Prussia, state govt., & Reichstag 1872: forbade Jesuit order Set up establishments in Germany & empowered state govt. May 1873, Falk & the May Laws Bring Church under state control: Priesthood secular university Appointments state approvals 1874: civil marriage

277 Actions Against the Catholic Church cont d 1875, Kulturkampf: Suspend subsidized in Church parishes & resisted legislation Religious orders dissolved (except??) Clergy: Fined, imprisoned, expelled if they did not comply Vigorously enforced in Prussia All but two in exile or house arrest Suspended from posts!

278 Results of Kulturkampf Not as hoped! Repression hit opposition Pope Pius IX: Counterattacked Threat of excommunication obeyers of May Laws Rallied Catholic communities together Destroying Centre Party backfired Protestant mission also failed Opposed some Kulturkampf legislation limited influence in education

279

280 End of Kulturkampf 1878: accepted failure Underestimated the enemy (why is this interesting??) Rift between Reich & Catholic subjects Wanted Centre Party on his side...against who?? Ended Kulturkampf Opportunity w/ death of Pope Pius IX

281 Leo XIII: Conciliatory Direct negotiations Falk dismissed in 1879 anti-catholic measures repealed But what remained?? Wanted to turn his failure into a blessing by fighting now w/ Centre Party against who??

282 Economic Protectionism

283 Rudolf von Delbruck Continued free trade of Zollverein Essential principle of National Liberals 1879: Bismarck ditched both! Conservative & Centre parties Supported tariffs...why??

284 Economic & Financial Factors Reasons for protective tariffs: Late 1870 s: ag. suffered from bad harvests, cheap wheat from USA & Russia Wheat price down farmers suffered Bismarck understood dangers of depression Also feared foreign reliance would weaken them in war (which it did eventually) German self-suffiency!!

285 Economic & Financial Factors cont d Slow in industrial growth post-1873 free trade confidence crisis Looked to govt. to protect interests & help their distress Tariffs of FRA, RUS, AUS follow suit! Govt. revenue inadequate to cover armaments & admin. Supplementary payments from individual states not in favor New tariffs extra source of income

286 Political Factors Advantages in abandoning free trade Landowners & industrialists pushing for protective tariffs! Protectionist policies from Bismarck would benefit him...why?? How??? NL not always friendly w/ Bismarck Refused to pass anti-socialist legislation & parliamentary rights BUT conservative parties could now outvote them Protectionist tariffs popular w/ Conservatives

287 1879 Tariff Act 1879: Protectionists held majority in Reichstag General tariff bill Passed July 1879 imposed on imports This firmly committed Bismarck to Conservatives (again) Those believing in free trade & parliamentary govt. united w/ Progressives = radical party in 1884 Liberal era at an end

288 1879 Tariff Act Debate on economic effects Consolidated work of unification (how??) Accelerated growth of internal market Protection higher bread prices, not lower living standards All excess revenue divided among states returned as state payments Frankenstein Clause...what was this?? Failed to secure financial independence

289 Bismarck & Socialism

290 1875: socialists formed Social Democratic Party (SPD) Aim: overthrow current order Legal means in struggle for economic & political freedom Nationalisation of banks, coal mines, industry, social equality

291 Socialist Threat Hostile to socialists! Dangerous revolutionaries! Overestimated this threat Not as strong or revolutionary as they appeared Threat to Bismarck s ideal society Preached class warfare & dictatorship of proletariat Industrialization larger proletariat socialist support grew

292 Assassination Attempts 1876: bill preventing publication of socialist propaganda Defeated May 1878: anarchist assassination attempt on William I No association w/ SPD But Bismarck drew no clear difference between the two Red conspiracy Bill against socialism defeated by NL members..why??

293 Second attempt on William I s life Seriously wounded Again: no direct SPD link Bismarck criticized NL for not passing anti-socialist bill Dissolved Reichstag Electorate blamed SPD & NL

294 Bismarck s Actions Against Socialism Anti-socialist bill supported by Conservatives & most NLs passed, Oct Socialist organizations banned Socialist meetings broken up Publications outlawed : socialists imprisoned But law backfired: rallied vs. eliminating!

295 Bismarck s Actions Against Socialism cont d Law was differently implemented in dif. States Did not prevent SPD members: standing for elections & speaking freely in Reichstag & where?? No more successful an attack than that on the Church Revolutionary factions remained united

296 State Socialism

297 Wean working class from socialism using what?? Designed to help German workers! Aware of moral obligation to aid those in need Tradition, belief, moral objective of Prussia promotion of material well-being of citizens Sickness insurance act: medical treatment & sick pay

298 The Problem of the Balkans

299 Troublesome: Turkish govt. had very little authority Ethnicities & religions state of mutual animosity Slavs = nationalistic! Russia as champion of the Slavs Orthodox Church = moral obligation to Christian Slavs Profit from weakness by winning WHICH Straits?

300 Austria opposed this growing power Slav nationalism dangerous example for those in AH Empire This pushed them to support who?? Why?? No territorial ambitions in the Balkans BUT if Austria & Russia fought over Balkans Germany may have to choose One rejected may find an ally in France!

301 Bismarck s strong hand: Had MORE control of foreign affairs than domestic Greatest military power in Europe Friendship sought by Austria & Russia Unlikely Russia would seek alliance w/ France...why?? Britain was friendly!

302 Three Emperors League

303 Austria took initiative! 1872: Germany, Russia, Austria created Dreikaiserbund Socialism & republicanism as enemies Consult on matters of common interest

304 The 1875 War Scare

305 1871: France s effort to throw off effects of defeat Military reorganization Repayment of war indemnity All ensured military occupation by : provoked diplomatic crisis Prohibited export of horses to France Expected other powers to put pressure on France too! Miscalculated GB & RUS supported France!

306 Balkan Crisis

307 Bosnia & Herzegovina revolted! April 1876: spread to Bulgaria July: Montenegro & Serbia declared war on Turkey Russian volunteers joined Serbian army pro-slav fervour Pressure for Russian intervention But Austria would oppose Russian expansion Bismarck had to convince AUST & RUS of GER goodwill

308 Situation in 1876 Tsar Alexander II no wish for Crimean War pt. 2 Discussion vs. action! Andrassy & Gorchakov to limit effects of crisis 1876 Bulgaria changed the situation Effects in Britain & Russia: Britain: temporarily prevented from supporting Turkey Russia: Pan-Slavist sentiment pressure to intervene in Balkans

309 Situation in 1876 cont d Nov. 1876: just demands not agreed to, he was prepared to act on his own w/o support AUST & RUS turned to GER for support Tsar: assurance of neutrality! Bismarck was evasive Even refused Andrassy s offer

310

311 Russo-Turkish War Jan. 1877: bought Austrian neutrality in Russo-Turkish war AUST: receive Bosnia & Herzegovina; no large state set up in Balkans April 1877: declared war Turkish defense of Plevna: Slowed victory Won Brit. support Jan. 1878: threatened Constantinople

312 Treaty of San Stefano March 1878: improved Russia s position in Balkans Enlarged Bulgaria Serbia, Montenegro, Romania = independent of Turkey No mention of AUST & Bosnia-Herzegovina AUST & GB opposed enlarge Bulgaria Russian influence! AUST & GB mobilized International conference to resolve this Bismarck as honest broker Likely to be blamed if disappointed

313 Congress of Berlin

314 Germany s new power, Bismarck s prestige! Negotiation done before congress met Agreed to: Bulgaria divided into 3 Bulgaria proper total independence under Russian supervision Eastern Roumelia self-governing..under who?? Macedonia Turkish rule RUS: S. Bessarabia AUST: Bosnia-Herzegovina Britain: Cyprus

315 Congress mixed blessing! Kept peace! Russia = humiliating diplomatic defeat why??? Well, Russia blamed Bismarck Russo-German relations quickly deteriorated Protective tariffs did not help!! : Dreikaiserbund dead Why was this dangerous???

316 Dual Alliance

317 Hostility or alliance Alliance: risk friendship w/ AUST & peace w/ Britain Did not want to be isolated Fear: RUS, FRA, AUST would ally Oct. 1879: Andrassy & Bismarck Dual Alliance Resist Russian aggression War w/ 3rd power, other would be neutral unless Russia interfered

318 To last for 5 years Option to renew taken up! Lasted until 1918 Landmark agreement...why??? Encouraged similar treaties William regarded Russian relations as crucial reluctant Fear: increased Russia & France chances of allying Emperor was forced by Bismarck..what was the threat?

319 Why Did Bismarck Agree to the Dual Alliance? To deal w/ emergency! 1879: ally to stand w/ against Russia Why Austria? Easier to control Alliance w/ German power favorable in Germany Meant to preserve power in the Balkans Also friendlier attitude towards Austria & Germany Still believed what was Germany s best hope???

320 Three Emperors Alliance

321 Russia turned to Germany..why??? Austria opposed! Finally in 1881: secret treaty for 3 years to What was the point of this treaty??? Agreed to the following: War w/ another power? Remain neutral! Balkans: spheres of influence ; Russia in E. & Austria in W. Austria acknowledged Russian Bulgaria; Russia accepted rights to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina

322 Russia resented Dual Alliance pleased w/ new Dreikaiserbund Russia was happy! Why? Bismarck was happy!

323 Triple Alliance

324 Encouraged France to embark on colonial expansion! Who encouraged this?? Why is this significant?? France took Tunis Italy mad! 1881: Italy attempted to secure an alliance w/ Austria Austria saw its potential

325 Italy would secure Austria s south! Also keep France from gaining another ally 1882: Any signatories attacked by two or more powers assistance! France attacked Germany supported by Italy Italy attacked by France GER & AUST support

326 Bismarck & Colonies

327 1881: no colonial policy Might alienate GB suddenly acquired! Changed his mind b/c Colonialism was fashionable Economic prosperity & national greatness Concern of protectionist policies new markets & raw materials Lasting reconciliation w/ France by picking fights w/ who??

328 German Overseas Empire 1884: quarrels w/ Britain over colonial claims Sided w/ France in Egypt Franco-German entente: regulate affairs of central Africa GB: no wish to antagonize Germany Colonial matters = short lived Continental security

329 Bulgarian Crisis

330 Shattered Three Emperors Alliance AUST vs. RUS Bismarck refused to take sides Warned AUST. : would not help! Warned RUS.: would not abandon AUST. Fears of France revived 1886: Boulanger war for Alsace-Lorraine

331