Nationalism Triumphs Germany, Italy and the Dual Monarchy

Transcription

1 Nationalism Triumphs Germany, Italy and the Dual Monarchy

2 Steps Toward German Unity Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon made important territorial changes in German- speaking lands. Many Germans resented Napoleon and his changes. As people fought to free their lands from French rule, they began to demand a unified state: sparked nationalism In the 1830s, Prussia created an economic union called the Zollverein. Revolutionary feelings were mounting. In 1848, liberals again demanded German political unity. They offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia, but he refused an offer from the gutter (the people). Same year a failed revolution.

3 Prussia Begins to Industrialize The wealthy junker class dominates parliament and passes government support of industry. They become the newly emerging industrial capitalists of Prussia. Industry added to Prussian wealth. The Ruhr Valley in Germany controlled by Prussia rich in coal and iron ore: key to success! In the 1850s and 1860s, Germans had founded large companies and built many railroads.

4 How Did Bismarck Unify Germany? In 1862, Otto von Bismarck was made chancellor, or prime minister, of Prussia. By William I ( ). Within a decade, Bismarck had united the German states under Prussia. Bismarck was a master of Realpolitik, or realistic politics based on the needs of the state. He valued power over principles. Bismarck strengthened the army in preparation for pursuing an aggressive foreign policy. Germany does not look to Prussia s liberalism, but to her power The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions-that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and iron! ---Otto Von Bismarck

5 The Iron Chancellor Foreign policy goals: Bismarck wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria. Later, Bismarck competed with Britain for colonies to expand Germany s overseas empire. Massive military build-up up Domestic goals: Bismarck sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state. He targeted the Catholic Church and the socialists, both of which he saw as a threat to the new German state. Anti-Semitic propaganda increases Rapid Industrialization Called the Iron Chancellor, Bismarck applied ruthless methods to achieve his goals.

6 In 1864, Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria. Together, they seized the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark and divided up the spoils. In 1866, Bismarck attacked and defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, and then annexed, or took control of, several north German states. Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation and created a new confederation dominated by Prussia. In 1870, Bismarck provoked France into the Franco-Prussian War and quickly claimed victory.

7 Unification of Germany, Over a six year period, Bismarck created a united Germany. Which areas were added to Germany in 1871? What long-time enemy was made as a result?

8 The German Industrial Giant By the late 1800s, German chemical and electrical industries were setting the standard worldwide. German shipping was second only to Britain s among the European powers. Germany possessed several characteristics that made industrialization possible: Ample iron and coal resources Disciplined and educated work force Rapidly growing population German industrialists were the first to see the value of applied science in developing new products such as synthetic chemicals and dyes.

9 For the state, in contrast to the individual, self-preservation is the supreme law. The state must survive at any price; it cannot go into the poorhouse, it cannot beg, it cannot commit suicide; in short, it must take wherever it can find the essentials of life. --Otto von Bismarck

10 The Second Reich: 1871 Wilhelm I of Prussia was given the title kaiser, or emperor. In 1871, German nationalists proclaimed the birth of the Second Reich, or empire. The Holy Roman Empire was the First Reich (German word for empire). Bismarck drafted a constitution with a two-house legislature: The Bundesrat,, or upper house, was appointed by the rulers of the German states. The Reichstag, or lower house, was elected by universal male suffrage. Because the Bundesrat could veto any decision of the Reichstag, real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor. Wilhelm I of Prussia

11 Kaiser Wilhelm II When Wilhelm II came to power, he wanted to put his own stamp on Germany. During his reign, he asked Bismarck to resign, believing that his right to rule came from God. Most Germans were not happy about his decision. resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms. expanded social welfare programs started by Bismarck and his grandfather: medical care, inexpensive transportation, and electricity. spent heavily on the German military machine. launched an ambitious campaign to expand the German navy and win an overseas empire. There is only one master in the Reich, that is I. Kaiser Wilhelm II

12 Building A Unified Germany What early changes promoted German unity? How did Bismarck unify Germany? What was the basic political organization of the new German empire? What marked Germany as an industrial giant? Why was Bismarck called the Iron Chancellor? What policies did Kaiser William II follow?

13 Obstacles to Italian Unity For centuries, Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign and local princes. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led people to identify with local regions. The Congress of Vienna divided Italy up among Austrian rulers, Hapsburg monarchs, and a French Bourbon king. Nationalist attempts to expel Austrian forces from northern Italy were repeatedly crushed. 19 th Century Italian City

14 Risorgimento Young Italy Movement Founded by Giuseppe Mazzini; a secret organization, formed in the late Really begins to grow in the 1830s. Goal to achieve nationalistic ideals: self-government. But the movement is toppled by French forces in However, it does not die even though Garibaldi and other leaders are in exile. Giuseppe Garibaldi one of Mazzini s students is forced out of Italy in 1849 but not before his wife Anita a companion at arms dies in his arms during a retreat. Ideas grown quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs. --Mazzini

15 The Struggle for Italy Prime minister who believed in Realpolitik = real political gains for the state. Worked as a political operative to help the unification. Coming from the noble class, he had connections and education. Led Sardinia to provoke a war with Austria. With help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy. Wins support of Napoleon III. First Italian Premier CAVOUR GARIBALDI Long-time nationalist leader who wanted to create an Italian republic. While in exile after the defeat of 1849, he fought in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. He would return to Italy in the mid 1850s and raise an army called the Red Shirts. He would continue to fight for unification. Great Guerrilla Fighter!

16 Unification of Italy, Garibaldi's Red Shirts in 1860 fighting to unite Italy! Mission accomplished in 1870! A gifted leader and a man of the people.

17 A Unified Italy, 1870! It has been said that Cavour was the head of the Italian unification movement, while Mazzini was the heart and Garibaldi was the sword!

18 What Challenges Faced the New Nation of Italy? Italy had no tradition of unity. Strong regional ties left Italy unable to solve critical national issues. An enormous gap existed between the north, which was richer and had more cities, and the south, which was poor and rural. Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church further divided the nation. In the late 1800s, unrest increased as radicals on the left struggled against a conservative right.

19 Unifying Italy What were the key obstacles to Italian unity? What roles did Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi play in the struggle for Italy? What challenges faced the new nation of Italy?

20 Decline of the Austrian Empire Hapsburgs oldest ruling family in Europe. Austrian rulers upheld conservative goals against liberal forces. It was against the law to use the word constitution in the newspapers! After Austria was defeated by France and Sardinia in 1859, Emperor Francis Joseph made some limited reforms. The reforms failed to satisfy the many nationalist groups that wanted self-rule. Austria s defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought renewed pressure for change from Hungarians within the empire. This pressure led to the creation of a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Clemens Metternich Foreign Minister that set the conservative tone of Austria in the early 1800s He created the Congress of Vienna plans.

21 Dual Monarchy Under the Dual Monarchy: Austria and Hungary were separate states. Francis Joseph ruled both, as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. Franz Joseph Ruled 68 years! The two states shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas. The emperor/king presided over a multinational empire: Germans, Magyars, Czechs, Slovaks Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croatians, Slovenes, and Romanians. Yet the monarchy continued to ignore the urgent demands of nationalists.

22 My people are strangers to one another. And yet it is for the best. They never have the same ills at the same time Each is suspicious of the other, and because they cannot understand one another, it is easier to keep the peace. --Franz Joseph, Emperor and King

23 What do 200 noble families owned these facts tell you? half the land Over a million peasants existed on seven acres or less per person Government was controlled by the aristocrats (nobles) Austria-Hungary gave universal male suffrage in 1907 Both Austrians and Magyars (Hungarians) were minorities in their own land.

24 A complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans. Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. However, there were still many Serbs and Greeks living in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. Balkan Nationalism vs. Ottoman Empire The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. During the 1800s, various subject people staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman lands, ignoring the nationalist goals of various Balkan peoples. Created a powder keg ready to explode! explode! The Balkans

25 Can you see why there were desires for selfrule? What about today?

26 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires How did nationalism contribute to the decline of the Austrian empire? What were the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy? How did the growth of nationalism affect the Balkans?

27 3 What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World? By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline. In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across the Muslim world. Most stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior. The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism.

28 3 The Ottoman Empire By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges. Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power. As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by foreign cultures. A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.

29 3 The Modernization of Egypt Called the father of modern Egypt, Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power. During his reign, Muhammad Ali: improved tax collection reorganized the landholding system backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade brought in western military experts to modernize the army conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

30 European Challenges to the 3 Muslim World What were sources of stress in the Muslim world? What problems did the Ottoman empire face? How did Egypt seek to modernize?