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1 Teaching supplements for Summary: This ITS documentary shows the legacy of the Berlin Wall and how citizens and historians react to its presence in their past and in their present. One of the filmmakers main arguments is that although the Wall may be disappearing from Berlin s landscape, the deeper divides between Germany s two halves remain. The film asks us to consider if a more direct confrontation with the physical remains of the wall would help Germans confront their divisions more directly. Before viewing the film review and consider the following: Why was Germany divided? The legacy of the National Socialist Regime and World War II Cold War Divisions Objectives: Before viewing the film, acquaint your students with the history of Germany that led to its division in the Cold War period. Emphasize the radical nature of National Socialist ideology and foreign policy, the total nature of the war, as well as the growing divisions between the United States and the Soviet Union that would lead, after the war, to a new Cold War that had Germany at the forefront. Historical overview: Hitler s radical foreign policy and attempt to dominate Europe united a powerful alliance against him, including former ideological enemies such as the United States and Russia. Germany s unconditional surrender in May of 1945 meant that Germany ceased to exist as a political entity, and all power was held by Allied occupation forces. Each of the four occupying powers (Great Britain, France, the United State, and the Soviet Union) had control over their own zones of occupation, and Berlin, which was deep within the Soviet zone, was further divided among the four powers (France under de Gaulle was quickly excluded from deliberations between what came to be known as the Big Three; the Western zones joined ). While the powers were in general agreement as to their main goals of demilitarization, denazification, decartelization, and democratization, they differed greatly in the methods employed to achieve those goals, and the increasing antagonism between the United States and the USSR greatly shaped their policies towards their respective zones. In regards to denazification, policies in the Soviet zone were directed at placing old elites by new personnel while the western zones tended to emphasize rehabilitation, rather than transformation. As regards to the economic transformation of Germany, the Western powers quickly moved from a punitive approach based on notions of collective guilt to one of rehabilitation; the so-called Marshall Plan announced in June of 1947 sought to assist Germany s recovery while promoting a market-based economy (rather than a state-controlled or centrally-directed one); this plan was rejected by the Soviets. By the middle of 1949, it became clear (especially at the various conferences between the powers) that the Allies were

2 no longer on the same side, and were carrying out very different types of reforms in their respective zones. The end result was an establishment of two separate states, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the East. Berlin, despite Soviet attempts to cut it off from the Western zones between June 1948 and May 1949, remained under control of the Four Powers. 1. Have students represent the occupying forces and try to determine Germany s fate given their various systems, policies, and goals. 2. Consider the possibility of a Third Way (a united, un-armed Germany between the blocks that sought a middle path between communism and capitalism). Could Germany have actually developed in this manner? 3. Ask students to role play defeated Germans within the new developing systems in the East and the West. Why would anti-fascist fighters chose to live under the communists? What sort of system would former Nazi leaders favor, and why? 4. Complete the exercises at the British National Archives site related to the Berlin Blockade (below). Lectures, Outlines, and Overviews: Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College The Berlin Airlift. From the Truman Library, with primary source materials _airlift.htm The Cold War. A 24-part series by CNN with historical footage British National Archives teaching site with six documents on the Berlin Blockade Primary Documents: The Yalta Conference, February Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agree to the dismemberment of Germany The Potsdam Conference, August The Marshall Plan,

3 How did the two Germanies develop and why did the East German State build the Wall? The consolidation of two separate states Diverging societies and systems Objectives: Before viewing the film, acquaint your students with the history of the two Germanies. Emphasize the different political cultures in both states, the expression of dissent, views towards the National Socialist past, and economic and social policies. Historical overview: Under the respective tutelage of their Cold War sponsors, the East and West German states sought in widely different manners to fulfill the promises of the Weimar republic and repudiate the horrors committed under the Nazi regime. In the West liberal democracy was established as the founding principle of the political system, with respect for the constitution, federalism, and representation through a spectrum of political parties as the norm (with the two main parties, the Christian Democrats or CDU and the Socialists or SPD in power in parliament through alliances with smaller parties). In the East, democratic centralism based on Marxist-Leninist theory established the primacy of the SED or Socialist Unity Party. The FDR sought reintegration into the West via remilitarization under Adenauer and membership in NATO, while the GDR in turn joined the Warsaw pact. While political culture in the West was characterized by debate and a dissent (with the radical left outside of normal politics), in the East the success of the regime was based largely on repression, so that despite socialist rhetoric about re-building society, covert and more overt means of repression were employed to ensure the compliance of the East German populace. There remained a way for East Germans to express their dissent: they could travel to East Berlin, move across the zone borders into West Berlin, and from there leave for West Germany. Thereby voting with their feet, up to three and a half million people left the GDR for the West until In 1961, Ulbricht put a stop to this flow by building the Berlin Wall. Despite propaganda that sought to explain the Wall as a way of protecting the East from Western aggression, the Wall was a visible sign that East Germans were in effect under house arrest, but it also created stable conditions for people to come to terms with life in that country. 1. Have students construct a timeline of developments in both East and West Germany and how they relate to each other and to their respective sponsor states. 2. Ask your students to examine official East German propaganda about the Wall and to consider its efficacy and relationship to ideology. 3. Have students role-play the expression of dissent in East and West Germany. For West Germany, visit the Terrorism in Germany site. 4. Trace the building of the Wall at websites and review materials about living in its shadow (below). Lectures, Outlines, Overviews Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College Building the Wall, from the Bonn Museum Haus der Geschichte

4 ges/diemauer/index.html (in German) Terrorism in Germany Primary Documents: A Collection of Primary Documents from The Two Germanies from the German Historical Institute Walter Ulbricht, Our Five Year Plan for Peaceful Reconstruction, GDR posters: solidarity with Latin America John F. Kennedy: Ich bin ein Berliner June East German Political Cartoons about the Wall The Berlin Wall: a private site by Heiko Burckhardt History of the wall, the Deutsches Historisches Museum and the Caen Memorial Newseum website about the wall with a quiz for students Chronology of the Wall by the Center for Contemporary Studies, Potsdam Why did the Wall fall and how did Germany re-unite? Revolution in the East Opening the floodgates and revolution deferred Objectives: Understand events leading up to the fall of the Wall and the manner in which calls for national unity superceded efforts to reform the existing GDR state. Historical overview: Events in East Germany cannot be understood without reference to the series of revolutions that shook Eastern Europe in Starting in Poland and Hungary, these revolts spread to the GDR and Czechoslovakia. What seemed to be a stable division, the Iron Curtain, fell in an amazingly short span of time. The GDR had been relatively stable right up until 1989, largely as a result of the cohesiveness of the ruling party, the diffusion or suppression of dissent, and the general lack of material discontent. In the 1980s, the Church became a major force for and voice of dissatisfaction and dissent, and the expectations surrounding Gorbachev s proposed reforms resulted in a crisis of authority within East Germany. Demonstrations surrounding Gorbachev s visit to the GDR in October of 1989 revealed widespread desire for change, which was met by adjustments within the East German government. Demonstrations continued and people poured out of the East via Czechoslovakia to the West, an average of 9,000 a day. On November 9, 1989, it became obvious to the populace that the Wall no longer served a purpose and that night Berlin celebrated a celebration of reunification. Reform efforts quickly became overshadowed by

5 nationalist desires to reunite (the phrase Wir sind das Volk, or we are the people, meaning that we possess power and not the state, was quickly replaced by Wir sind ein Volk, or we are one people, i.e. we are all Germans). 1. Have students review the information at CNN s Cold War site and ask them to complete the assignments there Students can re-enact re-unification and debate the views of ordinary Germans via this case study: Lectures, Outlines, Overviews: Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College The Road to Unification, Santa Rosa College Haus der Geschichte, Reunification, in German Unification, overview by the German embassy in the US The Fall of the Wall, from the Bonn Museum Haus der Geschichte (in German) Primary Documents: The Two plus Four Treaty On Germany (Sept 1990) Berlin is Free! Bill Clinton, July The Situation Today The persistence of divisions The problem with memory and commemoration Objectives: Make clear to students how the divisions between East and West can continue up into the present. Introduce the idea of commemoration and ask students to consider how best the Wall should be remembered. Overview: On September 13, 2004, Bundespresident Koehler urged West and East Germans to accept different standards of living, and warned that otherwise the financial burden of trying to raise Eastern standards would ruin the state finances. This recent remark reveals that the divisions between East and West remain real, and remain politically contested issues. In addition, Germans continue to grapple with how to come to terms with their contentious past,

6 both the horrific crimes of the Nazi regime as well as the history of a divided nation for 50 years. Lectures, Outlines, Overviews: Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College, Berlin Primary Sources: Deutsche Welle After viewing the film review and consider the following: How should we commemorate the Wall? Choosing what to remember Choosing how to remember Objectives: 1. Have students role-play the various people interviewed in the film and debate each other about the most appropriate way to remember the Wall and what it stood for. 2. Have a design competition among students for a Wall memorial. Ask them to consider location, access, the form of the memorial, and its larger meaning. What is left of the Wall, Deutsches Historisches Museum and the Caen Memorial How to remember the wall: the Documentation Center at the Bernauer Strasse aims to educate and commemorate Berlin Wall, supplemental materials for The German Way by Hyde Flippo

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