The Collapse of the Soviet Union

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1 The Collapse of the Soviet Union

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3 Historical Problems in Russia Non-Russian ethnic groups resisted assimilation Economic planning failed to meet the needs of the State (arms race with US) Communism never took root and lost influence

4 Underlying Causes Years of Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic development economic growth stalled Failed attempts at reform general feeling of discontent, especially in the Baltic republics and Eastern Europe

5 Mikhail Gorbachev March 11, 1985 Inherited many problems; recognized need for change (the economy needed fundamental reforms) Introduced two-tiered policy of reform to meet the needs of the Russian state

6 Policy #1: Glasnost openness a policy allowing freer discussion of social problems emphasizing candor with regard to shortcomings. Freedom of speech and free elections 1989 elections - reformist politicians swept into power unwittingly unleashed emotions and political feelings that had been pent up for decades

7 Policy #2: Perestroika Restructuring: a policy intended to increase labor efficiency which reconstructed the Soviet economy beginning in the mid 1980s. did not have the immediate results Gorbachev had hoped for and had publicly predicted Unsuccessful bureaucratic corruption People used free speech to criticize Gorbachev

8 Uh Oh Gorbachev's efforts to streamline the Communist system offered promise, but ultimately proved uncontrollable and resulted in a cascade of events that eventually concluded with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Initially intended as tools to bolster the Soviet economy, the policies of perestroika and glasnost soon led to unintended consequences.

9 This laid the groundwork for a wave of political upheavals in Eastern Europe, which swept communist governments aside and brought to power leaders with anti-russian, pro-western orientations. The new approach resulted in the celebrated unification of East and West Germany (1990) and had major ramifications for the Soviet Union and the global political environment.

10 Berlin Wall In the years between 1949 and 1961, about 2.5 million East Germans had fled from East to West Berlin, including skilled workers. Their loss threatened to destroy the economic viability of the East German state. In response, East Germany built The Berlin Wall to close off East Germans access to West Berlin (and hence West Germany on August 13, The original wall, built of barbed wire and cinder blocks, was subsequently replaced by a series of concrete walls (up to 15 feet) that were topped with barbed wire and guarded with watchtowers, gun emplacements, and mines. By the 1980s this system of walls, electrified fences, and fortifications extended 28 miles through Berlin, dividing the two parts of the city, and extended a further 75 miles around West Berlin, separating it from the rest of East Germany.

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13 Berlin Wall June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev: General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! November 9 th, 1989 wall comes down!

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16 Response in the West victory for freedom triumph of democracy over totalitarianism, superiority of capitalism over socialism Rejoicing - formidable enemy was brought to its knees Relief end of Cold War which had hovered over the two superpowers

17 transformed the entire world political situation reformulation of political, economic and military alliances America sole military and world power End of Cold War and MAD threat Results of the Fall

18 Disintegration began on the peripheries Baltic nationalist movements; demanded autonomy challenge to glasnost Non-Russian minority groups wanted independence during this period Fall of the USSR

19 Gorbachev s Response decision to not use military force to put down revolutions in Eastern Europe allowing revolutions to run their course would spell disaster for the Soviet Union Ultimately lost the power of the Soviet Union during 1989 and 1990.

20 Gorbachev was unable to reestablish real control after a coup in August, 1991 negotiated the transition of power made inevitable by the will of the people. December 1, 1991 all non- Russian republics declared independence (population wanted democracy) August 1991

21 The presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus met on December 8th, founding the Commonwealth of Independent States and declared the the end of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev then reluctantly agreed with Yeltsin, on December 17th, to dissolve the Soviet Union. Gorbachev resigned December 25th and the Soviet Union was formally dissolved the next day. Two days later, December 27th, Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's old office.

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