Governance of Decentralized Sanitation Introduction to Governance of Decentralized Sanitation

Transcription

1 Governance of Decentralized Sanitation Introduction to Governance of Decentralized Sanitation Name of the Lecturer: Maria Rusca Organization: UNESCO-IHE Country: Netherlands

2 Learning Objectives At the end of the lecture you will be able to: Explain why governance of sanitation matters Define components of (sanitation) governance Analyse governance as a dynamic process

3 Access to sanitation in the international development Agenda

4 Access to sanitation in the international development Agenda The Millennium Development Goal 7 (MDG7) Target 10 is to halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management.

5 Why does governance matter? Spatial organization of the city Colonial legacy: Colonial sanitary interventions and post-colonial development programmes in urban sanitation were largely based on the construction and operation of large-scale, supply-driven and centralized networked systems to be operated in parallel with water supply infrastructures (Letema, 2012; Lüthi, McConville, & Kvarnström, 2010; Allen, Davila, & Hofmann, 2006). Colonial governments exclusively targeted wealthy minorities of colonial and local elites (Kooy & Bakker, 2008; McFarlane, 2008). Sewerage system Septic tanks Latrines Households Wastewater treatment plant Higher income areas Low-income areas

6 Why does governance matter? Spatial organization of the city Producing inequalities: spatial organization of the population in the city contributes to inequitable coverage and inadequate services in lower-income areas. Higher income areas Low-income areas Sewerage system Septic tanks Latrines Households Wastewater treatment plant Lilongwe, Malawi Water Supply Network

7 Why does governance matter? Spatial organization of the city Slums are often placed in in spaces vulnerable to floods and other disasters such as landslides. In flood prone areas fecal material collected in latrines will mix with the floodwaters and cause widespread contamination. Flooded slum in Manila, Philippines, 2011 Jason Gutierrez Flooded slum in Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2007 Save the Children

8 Why does governance matter? Uneven access Sanitation services in cities in the global South are characterized by diverse and separated infrastructural configurations and service modalities. While high-income residents are usually served by a sewerage system or septic tanks, slum dwellers access different types and qualities of latrines or are forced to opt for other informal disposal methods (WSP, 2013, JMP, 2014). Inadequate service Often facilities are constructed without properly planning the entire sanitation chain (i.e. collection, disposal and re-use). In many cases latrines are not properly aligned or are difficult to access to allow safe and proper emptying and various unhygienic manual methods need to be used for the emptying. Unimproved latrine in Lilongwe, Malawi

9 Summary: Why does governance matter? Governance is at the core of so-called technical processes of sanitation service delivery. It determines: - How cities are planned - How and for whom the sanitation network is developed - Who gets what type of sanitation facilities and services - How prices are set, by whom, for whom - Uneven access: who wins and who loses from a given service configuration; how risks of poor sanitation are distributed across urban spaces and urban dwellers.

10 Defining (sanitation) governance Governance of sanitation can be defined as the way in which society organizes to develop and manage sanitation services in a given area and at a given scale. Values and guiding principles of political, economic, cultural, religious nature that influence how a society organizes Institutions are the formal and informal rules of the game that shape actors behaviour Actors: Social, political, economic organizations, and individuals, their role and relationship with other organizations Guiding principles, Ideologies/values, Beliefs Actors Institutions (state and non (policies, state, regulations, organizations, laws) stakeholders and individuals etc.)

11 Guiding principles, ideologies Collaborative - The water and sanitation crisis will only be solved by collaborative action. Our engagement with other organizations, communities, staff and supporters underpins our success. We value their diversity. Guiding principles, Ideologies/values. Beliefs Marketization of sanitation services Public-private partnerships Decentralization Bakker, 2007

12 Actors Public Sector Network/Experts Private sector Actors (state and non state, organizations, stakeholders and individuals etc.) Civil society

13 Actors State/public sector Part of a given socio-economic system that is controlled by national, provincial, and local governments. This part of usually encompasses critical services such us regulation, national defense and security, including military and police forces, urban planning, taxation, and delivery of basic services such as sanitation. Private sector Part of a given socio-economic system that is run by individuals or groups not owned or managed by national, provincial and local governments. It encompasses for-profit businesses, including companies, corporations, and individual entrepreneurs. Private sector also operates at different scales i.e. global, national, local. Civil Society Non-state, not-for-profit organizations (CSOs) or movements, voluntarily formed by people to achieve a given goal (e.g. gender equality, universal access to sanitation services). Network of experts Experts are individuals, consultancy firms, academic institutions, education institutes or other organizations that have a extensive experience through research, practice and education in a particular field (i.e. delivery of decentralized sanitation services in urban areas).

14 From government to governance Increasing emphasis on governance highlights the emergence, proliferation and active encouragement [...] of institutional arrangements of governing, which give a much greater role [ ] to private economic actors on the one hand and to parts of civil society in the other in self-managing what until recently was provided or organized by the national or local state (Swyngedouw, 2005:1992)

15 Institutions Institutions are NOT synonymous of organizations Rules of the game that shape behavior Formal Policies, Laws, Regulation Customs: Informal regularized patterns of behavior Mediators of People and infrastructure relations People and organizations People and people Diverse and working at multiple scales Institutions (policies, regulations, laws)

16 Sanitation Governance Guiding principles, Ideologies/values, Beliefs Institutions (policies, regulations, laws) Actors (state and non state, organizations, stakeholders and individuals etc.) Values and guiding principles marketization of sanitation, human right to sanitation, participation in the delivery of sanitation services: empowerment or efficiency?, small-scale private sector participation. Beliefs: fear of elfs. Institutions: sanitation policies, municipal by-laws on individual responsibility of on-site sanitation, open defecation during night time (or flying toilets). Actors: National government, municipalities, small-scale private sector, NGOs, users etc.

17 Governance as a dynamic process Global National Local Adapted from Kemerink et al., 2012 Interests between and within each sectors are diverse and heterogeneous. Continuous complex and messy interaction between the three sectors dependent on global forces as well as contextual specificity. Power asymmetries between actors and within actors

18 Governance as a dynamic process Global National Local Adapted from Kemerink et al., 2012 Sanitation service delivery is political in nature, it deals with relationships involving power: Ability to influence behaviours of users, providers of sanitation services Ability to steer decision-making processes on sanitation strategies

19 Governance as a dynamic process Up to date late 90s Congested Web The Hollow state Establishment of newly independent states The web is further expanded with reappraisal of SSIPs and other hybrid arrangements Complex web of partnerships and actors involved in service provision with accountability concerns Involvement of large private sector and civil society organizations in service provision The post colonial state Colonial Era Colonial governments 1900

20 Summary: Governance as a dynamic process Ideologies/ Beliefs Global National Actors Institutions Local Adapted from Kemerink et al., 2012 Decisions on sanitation infrastructure and service delivery are negotiated, established, reaffirmed, contested etc. Governance processes occur at multiple scales Change in values, dominant actors, institutions and decisions take place continuously and over time These changes are not linear

21 Some References On governance Bakker, K., (2007) The Commons Versus the Commodity : Alter-globalization, Anti-privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South, Antipode Volume 39, Issue 3, pages Swyngedouw, E. (2005) Governance Innovation and the Citizen: The Janus Face of Governance-beyond-the-State, Urban Stud On decentralized sanitation Joshi, D., Fawcett, B., & Fouzia, M. (2011). Health, hygine and appropriate sanitation: experiences and perceptions of the urban poor. Environment and Urbanization, 23(1), doi: / McFarlane, C. (2008). Governing the Contaminated City: Infrastructure and Sanitation in Colonial and Post-Colonial Bombay. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(2), doi: /j Trémolet, S. (2012). Sanitation Markets Pathfinder Paper (p. 66). Retrieved from Dec_2012.pdf

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