Index. anti-government vote, 47, 57 78, 212, 242. See also antigovernment; support; vote against the. government

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1 Index A about Europe, 7 9, 24, 172 3, 181, 185 7, 224 5, 240, 242, 246. See also vote against Europe accession, 61, 105 7, 109, , 115, , 126. See also EU enlargement accountability, 10, 203, 217. See also legitimacy; representation; responsibility AfD. See Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) agenda, 7 8, 41 3, 98, 104, 113, 118, 166 agenda control, 2 Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), See also Germany anti-establishment party, 46, 226, 228, See also anti-immigrant party; eurosceptic party; extreme party; populism anti-government vote, 47, 57 78, 212, 242. See also antigovernment; government support; vote against the government anti-immigrant, 44 5, 51, 53, 68, 72, 95, 172, 179, 244. See also anti-establishment party anti-immigrant party, 53, 72 anti-immigration, 40 1, 44 6, 48, 50, 53, 65, 72, 74, 77, 140, 141. See also anti-immigrant anti-multiculturalist, 40. See also euroscepticism approval, 71, 108 9, 117, 205 6, , , 217. See also EU support; government approval attitude/attitudes, 9 14, 40 54, 57, 68, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 105 7, 109, 118, , 134, 143, 144, 149, 150, , 168n3, Note: Page numbers followed by n denote endnotes The Author(s) 2017 J. Hassing Nielsen, M.N. Franklin (eds.), The Eurosceptic 2014 European Parliament Elections, DOI /

2 256 INDEX 171 5, 178, 180, 182, 183, 185 7, 189, 190, 192, 241, 251n1 austerity, , 240 2, See also economic retrenchment austerity package, austerity policy, 11, 96, , 203, 205, 214, 216, 250 B bailout, 11 13, 40, 66, 119 bailout country, 12, 14, , 241, 245, See also Cyprus; Greece; Ireland; Portugal; Spain bailout lenders, 202 bailout package, 66, 198 banking crisis, 3 bank recapitalization, 198 Belgium, 12, 13, , 207, 210, 229, 240 bipolarity, 33 Brexit, 77. See also Cameron, David; Farage, Nigel; Great Britain; UK Independence Party (UKIP) Bulgaria, 68, 106, 109, , 114, 118 C Cameron, David, 64, 67, 77, 247. See also UK campaign, 6, 9, 21 2, 24 5, 28, 29, 31, 34n7, 34n12, 38, 43, 44, 59, 60, 65 72, 76 7, 84 6, 90, 92 7, 99, , 126, , 143 4, 150 3, 175, 179, 203, 251, 252n3 candidate, 5 6, 35n12, 42 3, 53, 66 7, 70, 72, 74, 95, 212, 242 CEE. See Central and East European (CEE) Central and East European (CEE), 13, , 237n6, 240. See also Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Hungary; Latvia; Poland; Post-Communist; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Visegrád coalition, 20 1, 27, 29 30, 32, 47 8, 59, 65, 76, 93, 96, 113, 144, 220n13, 228, 242, 251. See also coalition partners coalition government, 251. See also coalition coalition partners, 32, 48. See also coalition Commission, 5 6, See also European Commission Commission President, 5, 6, See also European Commission common currency, 12, 13, 40 2, 48, 50, 53, 97. See also EMU communist, 19, 21 4, 29 32, 85, 106. See also Communist Party communist party, 21, 24, 85, 115 competence, 46, 107, 187 consensus, 23, 66, 86 91, 94, 104 5, 109, , 150 1, 153, 172, 175 consequences, 2, 8, 14, 14n4, 107, 144, 153, 165, 172, 179, 186 7, 198 9, 202 3, 212, , 224, 226, 233, 240, 242 3, See also consequences of 2014 EP election consequences of 2014 EP election, 13, 165, 198 9, 216, 224, 226, 240, 242 4, See also consequences Conservative, 19, 22, 46, 58 9, 60, 61, 63 9, 72, 76 7, 150, 176, 251

3 INDEX 257 Constitution, 153. See also European Constitutional Treaty (ECT) constraining dissent, 86. See also Permissive Consensus corruption, 94, 105, 115, 118 Council of Ministers, 2, 8. See also European council Croatia, 109, 111, 114, See also Central and East European (CEE) cyclically-adjusted structural balance, 200, cyclical variation, 226 Cyprus, 11 14, 198 9, 219n10, 241. See also bailout country Czech Republic, 109, 111, , 205. See also Central and East European (CEE) D Danish People s Party (DPP), 38, 58, 137, 176. See also Denmark defection, , 250. See also approval; mainstream party democratic deficit, 92, 98, 130, See also democratic dissatisfaction; institution democratic dissatisfaction, 48, 50, 176. See also democratic deficit democratic euroscepticism, 131, 135 6, See also euroscepticism Denmark, 3, 12, 58, See also Nordic model de-politicization, 33, 112, 179, 187 diffuse political support, 48 disaffection, 84 dissatisfaction, 6, 7, 46 53, 72, 74, 86, 113, 175 6, 181 2, 185 6, 199, 203. See also defection; protest vote distrust, 29, 87, 90, 94, 98, 105, 174 5, 181. See also political trust; trust domestic politics, 8, 10, 59 60, 85, 95, See also national politics DPP. See Danish People s Party (DPP) E ECB. See European Central Bank (ECB) economic euroscepticism, 130, 134, , 143. See also euroscepticism economic integration, 86, 141. See also trade economic retrenchment, 3, 13, 14, economic stringency, 179. See also austerity; economic retrenchment; Eurozone crisis; fiscal tightening; retrenchment economic voting, 201 2, 244 economy, 70 2, 89, 93, 115, 134, 137 9, 202, See also austerity; economic stringency; stimulus; structural balancing ECT. See European Constitutional Treaty (ECT) election, 1 14, 17 34, 37 48, 50 4, 57 64, 66 7, 70 7, 83 99, 103, 104, , , , 145n1, 145n5, 146n14, , 160, 165 7, 171 3, 175 8, , , , 219n7, 220n13, , See also European Parliament (EP) election; national elections electoral cycle, 120, 227, 230 1, 234 electoral dynamic, 29

4 258 INDEX electoral rule, 23, 27 29, 31. See also France EMU, 95. See also common currency EP election. See European Parliament (EP) election; parliamentary election EP voting system, 28. See also majority voting system established voter, Estonia, 3, 12, 107, 109, 111, 114, 117, 206. See also Central and East European (CEE) EU approval, 71, 108 9, 117, EU enlargement, 89, 106, 114. See also accession EU expansion, 32, 205. See also expansion EU funding programme, 28, 118, 202 EU institutions, 3, 45, 54n1, 99, 117, 174, 175, 181, 240, See also new EU institutions EU issue, 21, 23, 33, 42 3, 46, 60, 64 6, 76 7, 93, 95 6, 128, 173, 175, EU issue voting, 42, 60, 173, 175, 180, EU membership, 38, 44, 50, 62, 70, 76, 87 8, 104, 107 9, 112, , 136, 141 2, 144, 151 2, 172, 175, 199, 247, 250 EU referendum, 14n4, 23, 68. See also referendum Euromanifesto, 18 20, 22, 24 5, 33n2. See also party programme European Central Bank (ECB), 87, 198, European Commission, 5, 8, 42, 52, 66, 72, 88, 96, 109, 111, 215. See also Commission; Commission President European Constitutional Treaty (ECT), 22 European Council, 2, 5, 8, 66, 176. See also Council of Ministers European democracy, 200 European Economic Community (EEC), 19, 61, 63 4, 86 European electorate, 14n4 European integration, 10, 11, 17 18, 23 4, 30 3, 40, 42 3, 46, 48, 50, 53, 61, 64 5, 69 70, 84, 86, 95, 104 6, 112, 114, 120, 144, 150, 153 5, 173 5, 177, 180, 186 7, 199, 210, 214 Europeanization, 31, 85. See also European integration European Parliament (EP), 37 8, 58, 67, 70, 84, 104, 107, 141 2, 156, 165 6, 198 European Parliament (EP) election, 1 14, 17 34, 37 9, 41 3, 45 8, 52 4, 58 63, 66, 71 7, 83 99, 104, , , , 143 5, 150 5, 172 3, 175, 177 8, 181 7, , , European Parliament Election of 2014, 7 9, 24 31, 38 9, 58 60, 71 6, , 126 7, 151, 175 8, 183 4, 208, , See also European Parliament (EP) election Europhilia, 106. See also pro-european eurosceptic attitudes, 14, 50, 105, 107, 241. See also euroscepticism; eurosceptic vote euroscepticism, 9 14, 18 25, 29, 31, 33, 37 54, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 76, 77, 83 99, , 125 8, , 145n1, 145n2, 145n4, , 165, 173, 175 7, 179, 180, 182, 184, 186, 187, 212, See also eurosceptic party; eurosceptic vote; public opinion

5 INDEX 259 eurosceptic party, 2 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 38 40, 53, 58, 75, 84, 92 3, 95 6, 105 6, 109, , 126 8, 130 2, 137, , , 182, 185 7, , 216, , 240 4, 246, See also euroscepticism eurosceptic vote, 5, 8, 14, 30, 94, 129, 135, 136, 172, 175, 179, 181, , 228, 231 2, 234 5, 246. See also eurosceptic attitudes Eurozone Countries, 12, 198, 250. See also EMU Eurozone Crisis, 3, 5, 11 13, 118, 216, 241 2, 251. See also global financial crisis; growth crisis; institutional change EU support, 23, 39, 92, 155 EU treaties, 33n1, 94, 96 executive power, 6, 120, expansion, 3, 23, 32, 205. See also EU expansion extreme party, 112, 228. See also anti-establishment party; populism F Farage, Nigel, 43, 68 9, 94. See also Great Britain; UK Independence Party (UKIP) financial crisis, , 126, 198 9, 203 financial institutions, 119, 202 financial market, 199 findings, Finland, 12, 126, 128, 130 1, 134 6, 141 4, 206, 246. See also Nordic model Finns Party (FP), See also Finland first order election, 6 7, 95, 198 9, 224 5, 242 3, 248. See also national elections; second order elections first-time voters, 228, 237n7. See also new voters; young voters fiscal austerity, 202, 241 fiscal tightening, 198 9, 203, 205 6, 211, 217, 240 Flemish separatism, 176. See also Belgium; nationalism FN. See Front Nationale (FN) Forza Italia, 86, 93. See also Italy; Northern League FP. See Finns Party (FP) fractionalization, 247 8, 251 France, 3, 12 13, 18 28, 30, 32 3, 34n6, 58, 235, 247 free movement of people, 45 Front Nationale (FN), 19, 38, 43, 58, 93, 118. See also France G Germany, 3, 11 13, 38 9, 40 2, 44 6, 48, 51, 53 4, 91, 202 global financial crisis, 10, See also financial crisis government, 2, 3, 5 8, 28, 37, 40, 43, 45 53, 57, 59 61, 65, 68, 71 8, 84 6, 90, 91, 96, 97, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119, 128, 129, 132, 133, 136, 140, 143, 144, 152, 153, 155, 171, 174, 175, 180, 181, 185, 187, 192, 193n4, , 223, 224, 235, 236, 240 9, 251, 251n1 government approval, 71, 205 6, , , , 217. See also approval government bonds, 198 government defection, See also government approval

6 260 INDEX government formation, 2, , 236, 247 government parties, 8, 48, 96, 143 4, , 203 7, , 214, , 242 government support, 216. See also anti-government vote; vote against the government Great Britain, 2 3, 12 13, 67 9, 77, 87, 140, 225, 235, 246 7, 250. See also UK Great recession, 87, 198, 249. See also global financial crisis Greece, 3, 11 14, 58, 91, 166, 198 9, 205, 219n10, 241 Green parties, 225 Grillo, Beppe, 94. See also Italy growth crisis, 3 H habitual support, 235 hard euroscepticism, 9, 24, 85, 87, 93, 106, 126, 136, 140, 142 3, 145n1, 177, 180, 184. See also soft euroscepticism high-austerity country, 199, 210 honeymoon election, 198. See also second order election Hungary, 109, 111, 114, 116, 166, 219n7. See also Central and East European (CEE) I Iceland, 203 ideal point, 201 identity, 8, 10, 22, 31, 33, 85, 105 6, 120, 130 1, 153, , 172, 174, 180, 182, 184, 186, 226 ideological voting, 202, 240 ideology, 3, 21, 25, 31, 38, 50, 53, 85, 91, 104 5, 115, 118, 120, 154, , , 206, 208, 216, 240. See also Ideological voting IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF) indirect effects, 18, 31 individual level process, 165, 178, 201 institution, 3, 7, 11, 23, 28, 42, 45, 48, 53, 54n1, 84, 94, 99, 104 7, 109, 111, 117, 119, 131, 142, 154, 172 7, 180 2, 202, 216, 240 1, institutional change, 28, 248. See also Eurozone Crisis; institution instrumental, 53, 85, 95, 106, 114, , 200, 212, 227. See also instrumental votes instrumental votes, 245. See also instrumental interest rate, 198 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 198, 205, Ireland, 11 14, 61, 77, 129, , 203, 205, 229 issue, 18 23, 25, 31 3, 34n3, 41 6, 54, 60, 64 71, 76 7, 84, 90, 93 6, 98, 104 5, , , 128 9, 137 8, 150 2, 166, 173, 175, 177, , 184 7, 199, 201 3, 210, 212, 224, 240, 243 4, 246 Italy, 11 13, 38, 84 95, 97 8, 229 L Labour party, 58 9, 61, 64 6, 69, 76. See also UK Latvia, 12, 109, , 114, 117, 220n13. See also Central and East European (CEE)

7 INDEX 261 Law and Justice Party, 114. See also PiS; Poland lead candidates, 66 7, 242. See also Spitzencandidaten leader, 3, 5, 6, 18, 20 2, 29 30, 32, 40 1, 43, 45 6, 53, 58, 64, 66 9, 94 7, 109, 111, 115, 117, 155, 165, 176, 240 2, 247, See also party leader left-right ideology, 5, 22, 49 51, 70, 71, 74, 91, 140, , 199, 201, 203 6, 209, , , 219n12, 240 legitimacy, 23, 30 2, 54n1, 94, 106 7, 130. See also accountability Le Pen, Marine, 30, 34n10, 43. See also France Liberal Democrat, 58 9, 60, 65 6, 67 9, 72, 76 7, 162, 220n13, 251. See also Liberal Democratic Party; UK Liberal Democratic Party, 220n13. See also Liberal Democrat Lisbon Treaty, 66, 86, 114 Lithuania, 12, 107, 109, 111, , 117, 214, 220n13 low-austerity country, 210, 217 low-skilled worker, 70 M Maastricht Treaty, 10, 18 21, 61, 64, 86, 104 5, 126, 153. See also Treaty of European Union (TEU) mainstream party, 2, 8, 43, 46, 77, 105, 107, , 120, 129, 153, 187, 228 9, 231, 242 3, mainstream party support, 129, 228 9, 231. See also mainstream party majority voting system, 28 major party(ies), 6, 8, 24, 44, 48, 173, 229, 247. See also mainstream party Malta, 3, 12, 214 media coverage, 30 Member of the European Parliament (MEP), 3, 5, 20 1, 23, 25, 27 9, 32, 34n2, 64, 92, 94, 96, 98, , 126, 137 9, 141 MEP. See Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Merkel, Angela, 40, 43. See also Germany minor party, 6, 8, 224, 226 7, See also eurosceptic party misleading results of EP elections, 240, 248 mobilization, 2, 24, 85, 114 modernization, 104, 106 7, 115, 118 motivation, 2, 6, 40, 50, 72, 128, , 187, 226 7, 235, 243 N national consequences, 8 national context, 31 2 national elections, 5, 6, 8 9, 13, 23, 32, 34n3, 42, 47, 60, 77, 97, 114, 116, 128, 166, 203, 208, 217, 224 7, , 242 3, 246 7, 252n2, 252n3. See also first order election; parliamentary election National Front, 19, 38, 43, 58, 93, 118. See also Front Nationale (FN) national government, 2, 5 8, 46 7, 86, 97, 111, 174, 185, , 240, 242, 244 5, national identity, 31, 106, 120, 131, 153, 172, 174

8 262 INDEX nationalism, 19, 115. See also xenophobically nationalist party national party system, 33, 91, 105, 235 6, 248 national political party, 6 national politics, 8, 10, 14n4, 32, 42 3, 131, 225 NATO, 112. See also security negative affection, 130, 154, 160, 164, 168n3. See also euroscepticism Netherlands, 12, 13, 43, 130, , 200 new EU institutions, 32, 241 new voters, 226, , 247. See also young voters NL. See Northern League (NL) non-voting, 226, 232. See also voter turnout Nordic model, 142. See also Denmark; Finland; Sweden Northern League (NL), 84. See also Grillo, Beppe; Italy O opinion, 9 10, 67, 87, 129, 132, 134, 144, 145n4, 155, 165, 174, 187, 244. See also public opinion opposition party, 7, 47, 51, 93, 96, 144, 201, 203 5, 207, P parliamentary election, 6 8, 204, 225, 243, 251. See also European Parliament (EP) election; national elections Partito Democratico (PD), 92 3, 99. See also Italy party, 1 10, 13, 18 33, 33n1, 34n2, 34n3, 34n9, 37 9, 40 54, 54n1, 54n3, 57 61, 63 78, 83 5, 91 3, 95 7, 99, 103 7, , , , 150, 151, 153, 156, 162 4, 166, 171 7, , 184 7, 192, 193n4, , 219n5, 219n10, 220n13, , , 251 2n2, 252n3. See also party system party-based opposition, 18 19, 23 Party for Freedom, 43. See also Netherlands; PVV; Wilders, Geert party group, 6, 52, 217 party leader, 6, 22, 32, 41, 43, 53, 64, 69, 176, 247. See also leader party manifesto, 25, 95 party preference, 201, 252n2 party programme, 18, 40 1, 105, 120 party support, 13, 77, 132, 199, , 243, 249 party system, 150, 229, 235 6, 247 8, 251. See also fractionalization PD. See Partito Democratico (PD) performance, 46 8, See also government support performance voting, 212, 214, 240 permissive consensus, 23, 66, 86 91, 150, 172. See also constraining dissent Pirate Party, Germany, 43, 46, 51 2, 54n3 PiS, 114. See also Poland Podemos, 38, 92. See also Spain Poland, 106, 109, , 198, 205, 219n3. See also Central and East European (CEE) polarization, 203 policy, 1 3, 5 9, 11, 14, 14n4, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44 6, 48, 51, 53, 54n1, 68, 70, 72 6, 78, 92 4, 96, 99, 106, 107, 115, 117, 125, , 133, 135, 138, 139, 142 4, 154, 155, 175 7, ,

9 INDEX , 190, , 209, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 224, 225, 239, 240, policy consequence, 2, 8, 14n4, 203 political elite, 40, 46, 48, 53, 86, 98, 104, 107, 150, 165 political trust, 11, See also distrust; trust populism, 84. See also antiestablishment party; extreme party Portugal, 11 14, 131, , 203, 205, 241. See also bailout positional voting, 203 post-communist country, 212, 236n2. See also Central and East European (CEE); Visegrád pro-european, 8, 19, 22, 89, 95, 105 6, 129, 144, 150 2, 161, 164, 166, 173, 175. See also europhilia protest vote, 6, 54, 172, 174 5, 185. See also disaffection; dissatisfaction proximity model, 201 public opinion, 62, 76, 84, 89 91, 98, 104, 107, 126, 130, 139, 150 2, 165 6, 186, 248. See also euroscepticism; opinion pump mechanism, 227, 234 5, 237n6. See also virtual pump PVV, 150, 153, R referendum, 14n4, 19, 22 4, 31 2, 61, 64, 67, 68, 70, 77, 86, 92 6, 99, 117, 126, 140, 152 3, 201, 217, 247 8, 251, 252n3. See also EU referendum refugee, 166, 179, 245, Renzi, Matteo, 92 3, 99. See also Italy; Partito Democratico (PD) representation, 2, 4, 27, 58, 74, , , 187, 217, 224, 244, 248. See also accountability; responsibility; voice of the people responsibility, 96, 244 5, 250, 251n1. See also accountability retentive power, 202 retrenchment, 3, 13, 205 6, 246 7, 249. See also austerity; economic stringency; stringency Romania, 3, 68 9, 106, 109, , 114, 118, 198, 205. See also Central and East European (CEE) S Sarkozy, Nicholas, 20, 35n11. See also France Schengen, 96, 179. See also Free Movement of People Schulz, Martin, 42, 67. See also European Parliament; Germany SD. See Sweden Democrats (SD) second order, 1 14, 19, 25, 33, 41 2, 45, 47, 53 4, 60, 72, 76, 77, 85 6, 95, 115, , 128 9, 131, 156, 172, 186 7, 198, 200 1, 214, 224 5, 236n2, 240 4, 246 8, 251. See also second order elections; second order process second order elections, 1 14, 19, 33, 41, 42, 45, 53 4, 77, 115, 172, 198, 200 1, See also honeymoon election; second order process second order process, 14, 224, 240 4, 246 second rate, 2 3, 5, 7 8, 14, 244 7, 251 second rate election, 2, 8, 244 7

10 264 INDEX security, 69, 137 8, 176. See also NATO sincere voting, 200, 205 single-issue party, 2, 20, 29 Slovakia, 12, , 116, 198, 200, 205. See also Central and East European (CEE) Slovenia, 3, 12, 109, , 114, , 200. See also Central and East European (CEE) social euroscepticism, 131, 135 9, 141 3, 145n2, 145n4. See also euroscepticism soft euroscepticism, 9, 43, 92 3, 126, 131, 137 8, 144, 180, 184, sovereign debt crisis, 3, 215. See also Eurozone Crisis sovereigntist-based euroscepticism, 19. See also euroscepticism sovereigntists, 22 7, 29, 31 Soviet Union, 23 Spain, 11 14, 38, 91, 166, 198 9, 205, , 229, 236n2. See also bailout specific political support, 10, 48 spillover, 8, 106, 252n3 Spitzencandidaten, 5 6, 70, 76. See also lead candidates Stability and Growth Pact, 202 stimulus, 198, stringency. See economic stringency structural balancing, 200, 205 6, , 215. See also economy support, 6, 7, 9 13, 21, 23, 28, 32, 38, 40 2, 44, 46 53, 58 61, 67 70, 72 4, 77, 88, 91, 92, 103, 107, 109, , , 132, 134, 136, 137, 141, 142, 145n4, 150 5, 163, 166, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179, 181, 185, 186, , 203, 205, 212, 223, 224, , 236n3, 237n6, 240 3, 245, 246, See also EU approval; government support Sweden, 12, , 206, 246. See also Nordic model Sweden Democrats (SD), 135, 140, See also Sweden Syriza, 38, 58. See also Greece T TEU. See Treaty of European Union (TEU) The Netherlands. See Netherlands trade, 134, 138, 140, 250. See also economic integration Treaty of European Union (TEU), 86 7 troika, 198 trust, 10, 11, 48, 84, 87 91, 98, 104, 107, 109, 111, 172, 174 5, 180 2, 184, 193n4. See also political trust turnout, 6, 8, 25, 34n4, 61, 63, 71, , 119, 128 9, 150, 172, 175, 226, See also voter turnout Tusk, Donald, 198. See also European Council; Poland U UK, 38, 43, 58 64, 67 76, 91, 93, 200, 219n7, 225, 243. See also Great Britain UK Independence Party (UKIP), 2, 58 9, 58 60, 65 76, 93 4, 115, 225, 243, See also UK UKIP. See UK Independence Party (UKIP)

11 INDEX 265 utilitarianism, 10, 85, 130, 173. See also utilitarian theory utilitarian theory, 173. See also utilitarianism V VB. See Vlaams Blok veto-points, 201 virtual pump, 224. See also pump mechanism Visegrád, See also Central and East European (CEE); postcommunist country Vlaams Blok, 177. See also Belgium voice of the people, 8. See also representation vote against Europe, 3, 9, 45, 172, 187, 243, 244, 247. See also eurosceptic vote vote against the government, 7, 175, 185. See also anti-government vote; approval; government support voter defections, 199, 212 voter proximity, , 204, 212, 214 voter turnout, 113. See also turnout vote with the heart, 242. See also second order election W welfare state, 41, 137 Western Europe, 45, 104, 109, 120, 182, Wilders, Geert, 43. See also Netherlands X xenophobically nationalist party, 225. See also national party system Y young voters, See also new voters

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