Superpower Rivalry in the Middle East. Introduction to Middle East Politics: Change, Continuity, Conflict, and Cooperation

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1 Superpower Rivalry in the Middle East Introduction to Middle East Politics: Change, Continuity, Conflict, and Cooperation

2 Overview WWII and a New International Relations of the Middle East The Middle East during WWII, the Roots of Colonial Collapse in the Middle East and North Africa, European and American Military Involvement in the Middle East and North Africa, and transitions from Colonial to Ideological Influence The Establishment of Israel The Jewish Revolt and the End of the Palestine Mandate, the War of Independence/al-nakhba, and the Geography of Independent Israel The Cold War in the Middle East Global Bipolarity and the Dawn of the Cold War in the Middle East The Myth of Superpower Control? An Arab Cold War: Egypt and Saudi Arabia The Internationalisation of Local Tensions: the Lebanese Civil War The Iran-Iraq War and US Machinations

3 The Dawn of European Colonialism in the Middle East Supplanting the Sick Man : the Imposition of European control over the Middle East France in the Maghreb Total Colonisation in Algeria and Custodianship in Tunisia and Morocco Britain in Egypt and the Gulf Cultural and Political Dominance The Emergence of Liberal and Islamist Opposition Economic-Motivated Domination in the Gulf

4 Source: Public Domain

5 WWII and a New International Relations of the Middle East The Middle East during WWII The Roots of Colonial Collapse in the Middle East and North Africa European and American Military Involvement in the Middle East and North Africa From Colonial to Ideological Influence

6 The Palestine Mandate and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Year Arabs (,000 s) Jews (,000 s) Total (,000 s) % Jewish Pop % % , % , , % ,172 1,203 2, % Source: McCarthy, Justin The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate (New York: Columbia University, Press, 1990)

7 Source: Public Domain

8 The Status of Jerusalem: Source: Embassy of the State of Palestine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

9 Palestinian Refugees Source: Jewish Virtual Library

10 The Cold War in the Middle East Global Bipolarity and the Dawn of the Cold War in the Middle East The Truman Doctrine and Soviet Containment At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. President Truman, Joint Session of Congress, 12 March, 1947

11 The Cold War in the Middle East Global Bipolarity and the Dawn of the Cold War in the Middle East Cold War Alliances in the Middle East Republics and Monarchies The Myth of Superpower Control? Case Study: Egypt, the Free Officers, and the Suez Crisis From British and French to US and Soviet dominance of the Middle East

12 Regimes Types in the Middle East a3er WWII State Independence Regime Type Algeria 1962 Republic (since 1962) Bahrain 1971 Monarchy (since 1971) Egypt 1922 Monarchy ( ) Republic (since 1952) Iran No colonial rule* Monarchy ( ) Islamic Republic (since 1979) Iraq 1932 Monarchy ( ) Republic (since 1958) Israel 1948 Republic (since 1948) Jordan 1946 Monarchy (since 1946) Kuwait 1961 Monarchy (since 1961) Lebanon 1943 Republic (since 1943) Libya 1951 Monarchy ( ) Republic (since 1969) Morocco 1956 Monarchy (since 1666**) Oman No colonial rule Monarchy (since 751) PalesOnian Territories N/A Status to be determined Qatar 1971 Monarchy (since 1971) Saudi Arabia 1932 Monarchy (since 1932) Sudan Republic (since 1956***) Syria 1946 Republic (since 1946) Tunisia 1956 Republic (since 1956) Turkey 1923 Republic (since 1923) United Arab Emirates 1971 Monarchy (since 1971) United Arab Republic Republic**** Yemen (North) Monarchy ( ) Republic ( ) Yemen (South) Communist Republic ( ) Yemen 1990 (unificaoon) Republic (since 1990) * Iran was occupied by the BriOsh and Soviet Union from 1941 to 1946 ** The Alaouite dynasty have ruled Morocco under O\oman and French authority since 1666 *** The southern regions of Sudan seceded via referendum in July 2011 **** The United Arab Republic was a union between Egypt and Syria

13 The Cold War in the Middle East An Arab Cold War: Egypt and Saudi Arabia A Proxy War²: the Yemen Civil War The Internationalisation of Local Tensions: the Lebanese Civil War Lebanon and Confessionalism Lebanon and the Palestinian Question Syria, Israel, Iran, and Lebanon The Iran-Iraq War and US Machinations The Iran-Contra Scandal