Community Engagement in Spatial Planning in India Voluntary Vs. Institutionalization

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1 Community Engagement in Spatial Planning in India Voluntary Vs. Institutionalization Dr. Abdul Razak Mohamed Professor, Department of Planning School of Architecture and Planning Anna University, Chennai, India &

2 Planners Challenge Community engagement in planning is no more voluntary but politically demanded Developing instruments and to increase the level of participation Invited and interest group participation to voluntary and democratic engagement in various levels of planning processes Community Participation to Community Partnership Community Involvement and ownership

3 Structure 1. Background 2. Community Participation 3. Decentralization and Local Governments 4. Lesson from Different Levels 5. Conclusions and Way Forward

4 The Argument is Historically people s participation took place out of governmental decision and support : Community- Centered Participation At present after the wake of th Constitutional Amendment, it is Government decision and support: Government-Centered Community Participation

5 Questions Raised 1. What extent CP is considered in spatial planning practice in India? 2. What caused the shift from public to government-centered participation and its spatial planning?

6 Background The ancient town planning in India is evident from 4 th century B.C. Mohanjo Daro and Harappa The evolution of modern town planning started during 1898 when the Bombay Improvement Trust was started Town planning as sectoral development and subdivision of land

7 Background Contd. During 1915 after Patric Geddes visit to India add to establish comprehensive surveys including social and economic surveys Master Plan for town and cities started during 1954 when Bombay Town Planning Act was formulated and put in to practice during 1957 Apart from surveys inviting objections and suggestions against draft development proposals also considered in town planning 2 nd Five Year Plan preparation of regional plans NGOs association as representatives in committees, commissioning research works to formulate policy

8 Background Contd. Conventional method Method Focus Objection and suggestion Professional demand Interest groups/ Affected parties Voluntary participation Notification in the gazette Display of land use plan planning office News paper messages Community participation

9 S U R V E Y O U T S I D E O P T I O N P U B L I C P A R T I C I P A T I O N IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS OPPORTUNITIES & CONSTRAINS IDENTIFICATION OF GOALS IDENTIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES DATA ANALYSIS (STATISTICAL METHODS) FORECASTING IDENTIFICATION OF AREA OF UNCERTAINITY PREPARATION OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS OF POLICIES SELECTION OF ONE PLAN OR GROUPS OF POLICIES IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING REVIEW

10 NOTIFICATION OF PLANNING BOUNDARY O/O THE CTP TO PREPARE DEVLOPMENT PLAN GOAL FORMULATION STUDY OF THE EXISTING SITUATION PRIMARY SURVEY SECONDARY SURVEY DRAFT PLAN 1 APPROVAL BY LOCAL BODY PUBLICITY OF DRAFT PLAN OBJECTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FROM PUBLIC

11 Hearing of Objections and Suggestions MODIFICATIONS IF ANY SUBMISSION TO THE GOVERNMENT VERIFICATION BY HIGH LEVEL 2 SANCTION OF DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROJECT FORMULATION BY VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS PROJECT IMPLEMANTATION BY VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS 3

12 Background Contd. After the th CA Method Focus Formulation of projects Political demand Elected representatives Induced participation Ward level meetings Mass media Organizational unit/cell Decentralization of power

13 The lesson is Shift in terms of Professional demand to political demand So the Participation is Institutionalized

14 The Community Development Dilemma The top-down planning specific purposes aimed at meeting people s immediate needs The bottom-up planning - To enable people to develop their own decision making ability

15 Examples-1990s 1. People s Planning Program (PPP) - Kerala 2. Bagidhari System (BS) - Delhi

16 PROCESS INVOLVED IN PEOPLES PLANNING PROGRAMME WARDS PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT SUGGESTIONS IDENTIFICATION DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR TASK FORCE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL MUNICIPAL LEVEL EXPERT COMMITEE FORMULATION DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITEE BENIFICIARY COMMITTEE FOR IMPLEMENTATION IMPLEMENTATION

17 NATURE OF THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF PEOPLES PLANNING PROGRAMME WARDS PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT SUGGESTIONS DIRECT PARTICIPATION DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR TASK FORCE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL MUNICIPAL LEVEL EXPERT COMMITEE INDIRECT PARTICIPATION DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITEE BENIFICIARY COMMITTEE FOR IMPLEMENTATION DIRECT PARTICIPATION

18 PPP Kerala Visible moves of poor and oppressed from marginalization Development through distribution Common public ward level People participation more of individual benefit rather than community and city

19 BS - Delhi Visible moves of rich and middle class enhance their quality of life Government - public partnership Civil society movement residence welfare ssociations People participation is more of community benefits rather than individual and city

20 The Issue Decentralization vs. Devolution Decentralization is an issue in developing countries due to the situation Lack of political integration Scarcity of resources Manpower

21 Community-Engaged Planning Delhi Experience Urban Rich and Middle Income Social Infrastructure Building Economic Benefits

22 SOCIAL WELFARE ECONOMIC GROWTH INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES STRENGTHENING SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS NEEDS INCREASING THE STANDARD OF LIVING IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE

23 PRIVATE PROPERTY COMMON PROPERTY HOME PAVEMENTS, PARKS,ROADS, PAVEMENT ROAD, STREET PLAYGROUNDS BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL FAMILY DECISION PAVEMENTS, PARKS,ROADS, PLAYGROUNDS WORSHIP PLACE MIDDLE INCOME COMMUNITY DECISION GATES,WALLS CHECKPOST HIGH INCOME INDIVIDUAL FAMILY WELFARE COMMUNITY WELFARE

24 PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES COMMUNITY FACILITIES WATER SUPPLY ROADS SEWERAGE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PARKS,PLAYGROUNDS SCHOOLS,HEALTH CENTRES, COMMUNITY HALL,SHOPPING AREAS LOCAL GOVT PUBLIC PRIVATE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY RELIGIONS COMMUNITY FINANCING

25 SOCIAL REALITY AND CHANGING PHYSICAL FORM HIGH INCOME MIDDLE INCOME NEW FRIENDS COLONY AREA INDEPENDENT BANGALOWS COLONIES WITH OUT PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES FACILITIES AND SERVICES PROVIDED AS PER THE NORMS LACK OF SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE PATPARGANJ RESIDENTIAL AREA COLONIES WITH BOUNDARY WALLS FLATS INDIVIDUAL SECURITY SYSTEM COMMUNITY CENTERED PARTICIPATION COMMUNITY SECURITY SYSTEM INSTALLATION OF WALLS, GATES STREETS ROADS SERVICE LANES C O M M U N I T Y AWARENESS ACCEPTANCE FOR CERATION FORMULATION OF PLAN IMPLEMENTATION S P E C I A L G R O U P CREATION OF WORSHIP PLACES FOOTPATH INSIDE COLONY MANAGEMENT SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT

26 Experiences 2010 Integrated District Development Plan Model of Kollam, Kerela Redevelopment Plan for T.Nagar, Chennai,Tamil Nadu

27 UPTO 8 TH FIVE YEAR 9 TH PLAN PERIOD 10 TH PLAN PERIOD 11 TH PLAN PERIOD TOP DOWN APPROACH PLANNING AT ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL PEOPLE S CAMPAIGN PROGRAMME PUBLIC PARTICIPATORY APPROACH -PEOPLE S CAMPAIGN PROGRAMME PUBLIC PARTICIPATORY APPROACH WATERSHED BASED MASTERPLAN DEPARMENT- WISE DETAILS OF DISTRICT PLAN DEVELOPME NT REPORT DEVELOPME NT REPORT LDP&IDDP (Pilot) STATE PERSPECTIVE PLAN LDP &IDDP DISTRICT PLAN

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29 District Planning Committee LDP processing committee Chairman-Dist Collector Convener -Dist. Town Planner Members-DPO, ADC(General), DD Pyt, RJD,Pyt /Mlty Secretaries Co-ordination committee LDP & IDDP Chairman-DPC Chairman Co-chairman-Mayor Corp. Vice Chairman Dist Collector Convener -Dist. Town Planner Members-Pyt/Mly Chairpersons IDDP integration committee Chairman-DPC Chairman Vice Chairman Dist Collector Co vice chairman-chairman SPSG of Spl TAG Convener- -Dist. Town Planner Members - 3 members of DPC, 3 Non official members of Special TAG,DPO,DD- Dept of economics & statistics IDDP specialtag Panchayat/Municipality Chairman- District Collector Convener- District Town Planner Members- All other members of TAC Working groups /Spatial integration committee District T&CP Office Spatial planning sub groups(spsg) SPL TAG sub groups -- PREPARATION OF LDP -- PREPARATION OF IDDP

30 IDDP2030-Palakkad, Kerela Joint effort of Dept. of Planning, Anna University, Chennai. Department of Town Planning, Government of Kerela and District Planning Committee-Palakkad. Planning Sector Restructure Sectors - Dept. Vs. Planning Sector Workshops-data/analysis Dept. Staff status no consistency Community Participation - added

31 Workshop-Sectors

32 Community Meeting

33 Planning Project Work From July to November 2010 July- Appraisal of District Planning approaches, methods and plans Evolve adjusted method August- Field Visit- Interactive data finding and gaps fillings this is the current stage September - analysis/identify problem/potentials October development projects identification- field visit consultation sector groups and public November Development projects finalization/draft Report

34 Redevelopment Plan-Chennai T.Nagar

35 Redevelopment Plan Chennai Corporation Initiative TNUDF Awarded the Project JLLM, Chennai Office Consultant Social Development Expert my involvement Interim Report Stage Completion by October 2010

36 D E L I V E R A B L E TO C L I E N T D E L I V E R A B L E TO C L I E N T Stage 1 Inception Stage 2 Interim Stage 3 Final Site Inspection & Workshop Stakeholder Consultation Data & Site Analysis Finalization of Master Plan Data Collection Target Oriented Consultation Primary Survey Area Management Plan Data Review SWOT Analysis Benchmarking Case studies Project Vision Road Show Real Estate Study & Analysis Traffic Study & Traffic Planning Master Plan Alternatives & Conceptual Proposals Formulation of Draft Conceptual Master Plan Land use Survey Land use Analysis Environment Study Redevelopment Options Revenue Model Guidelines Stakeholder Consultation Inception Report 36 Interim Report Final Report

37 Community Engagement Consultative meetings conducted (1) both in English and Tamil (2) in the following manner: 1. Workshops, 2. Interactive discussions, and 3. Street and road side exhibits Three levels of consultative meeting planned as follows: (1) Collective Consultation with all stake-holders to understand the problems and potentials at the beginning after the Inception report (2) Target Oriented Consultation with specific target groups to debate issues, alternative solution and get consensus during the process of study (3) Collective Consultation with all stake-holders to debate and conform the prospective solutions- at the end before the submission of the draft final report 3

38 consultation Collective Consultation (CC) - open consultative meeting to identify the problems and seek their concerns and corrective measures for reducing or solving the problems in general. Ice Breaking Meeting with all stake-holders to build awareness and discuss about the broad issues and possible solutions. Also to set the momentum and will be of useful to share the relevant information for preparation of the redevelopment plan Target oriented Consultation (TOC) Aiming at specific groups to address the problems and discuss suitable and alternative solutions and seek consensus Government Departments Representatives of CMDA, Corporation of Chennai, TWARD Board, TNEB, Tourism Department, Police Department, Transport Corporation One day workshop focus on sector wise problems and solutions Political Groups there are two meetings as (I) Ruling party political representatives and (ii) other political parties Interactive discussions Half Day Local Residents, Social Organizations religious, youth groups, school children, women associations, disable people and NGOs - Interactive discussions and Exhibits To present the existing situation and also address the likely solutions to have a sustainable redevelopment scenario Half Day 3

39 Consultation Traders Associations There are two separate meetings as (i) Interactive discussions with the formal traders and (ii) Interactive discussion with informal traders Interactive and Exhibits To present the existing situation and also address the likely solutions to have a sustainable redevelopment scenario One Day each Customers and Pedestrians Road and street side Exhibits and questionnaire and interactive discussions in strategic locations to give an opportunity to the people to share their views and opinion on the good and bad experiences towards coming, walking and shopping and return. There are aspects to cover their origin, mode of travel, parking, movement in the roads and streets, support services present, absent and needed, safety and security system present and needed etc. evenings between 4.00pm to 8.pm for one week Collective Consultation (CC) - open consultative meeting to discuss openly the problems and best corrective measures. Consensus Meeting with all stake-holders to discuss the broad possible alternative solutions. Also to set the common understanding not just the participants of the consultative meeting but as the partners of the redevelopment of T. Nagar before the submission of the Draft Final Report as Workshop 3

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45 Need for local initiatives for the people Spatial development is related to social action and physical planning Experience shows people participation City Corporate plan -ward level City Development Plans-City level Still lacks people participation at Planning Implementation Management

46 Cases 1990s Kerala - Kollam : Political bias people s plan vs. planner s plan individual benefits vs. community benefits Delhi - State Capital city (SCC) National Capital City (NCC) Rich 15-20% - physical boundaries parks Changing Needs Middle 40-45% - physical boundaries religious places Basic Needs Poor 40% - basic livelihood needs Livelihood Needs

47 Cases Integrated District Development Plan- Kerela Model-Kollam a. Sectors departmental vs. planning b. Integration of dept. data and analysis But lack of integration in implementation c. No concern of general public engagement d. No stress on monitoring and review

48 Cases Redevelopment of T.Nagar, Chennai a. Community Consultation-different types and levels b. Community engagement in planning and partnership in development c. True sense of democratic participation

49 Use of Community Participation as concept, method, strategy, policy, movement etc. people public community.

50 Way Forward 1. Understand decentralization there is need to analyze the political system and administrative structure of the national and local government system 2. To find out the type and practice of decentralization it is essential to analyze the historical and socio-cultural factors of the country 3. Understanding community participation as sociological entity and not as professional or political entity 4. Understanding community at the local level in terms of attitudes towards people and places

51 Way Forward contd. 5. Community and people s participation could be realized in terms of sociological perspective of politics, bureaucracy and primary groups. 6. Create an institutional space for the poor people for their active participation 7. Community participation in the spatial planning could be treated as a functional spatial area along with different social community areas.

52 Unorganized Community Development Activities [Source: F. Struart Chapin, Jr., A Plan for Citizen Participation in Community Development, Social Forces, XXV (March, 1947), ] Public works agency School agency Welfare agency Other public agency Parks agency Fraternal groups Women s groups Church groups Other citizen groups Industrial interests Construct ion interests Labour interests Philanthr opic interests Real estate interests Construction interests Other private interests

53 Co-ordinated Community Development Activities [Source: F. Struart Chapin, Jr., A Plan for Citizen Participation in Community Development, Social Forces, XXV (March, 1947), ] Public works agency Industr ial interest Other public agency PUBLIC AGENCY Parks agency Philant hropic interest PRIVATE INTERES TS Constru ction interest School agency Welfare agency Labour interest Fratern al groups Real estate interest Other citizen groups CITIZEN ORGANIS ATIONS Women s groups PRIVATE INTEREST S Church groups Other private interest Constru ction interest

54 Community Development Activities [53 years the PARTICIPATION IT IS THE GOVERNMENT MOVVING TO THE COMMUNITY AND SEEK PARTNERSHIP AND COLLOBRATION razak 2002 Public works agency School agency Welfare agency Other public agency Parks agency Fraternal groups Women s groups Church groups Other citizen groups Industrial interests Construct ion interests Labour interests Philanthr opic interests Real estate interests Construction interests Other private interests

55 Thank You