10.3 Unification of Italy

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1 10.3 Unification of Italy a politician who worked to unify Italy a nationalist military leader who worked with Cavour to create an unified Italy person who wants to abolish all government movement away from one s homeland How did influential leaders help to create a unified Italy? had not experienced political unity since Roman times. That changed in the 1800s, however, when leaders such as Giuseppe Mazzini and Count Camillo Cavour worked to build a Napoleon s invasions stirred Italian in the early 1800s, but there were many obstacles to unity. Despite a common, people identified mainly with their local regions due to frequent foreign rule. At the, Italy was partitioned by Austria, the monarchs, and others. Nationalist revolts were continually crushed by. Giuseppe Mazzini, a nationalist leader, founded in the 1830s. It was a secret society whose goal was to establish a united Italy. Mazzini helped set up a in Rome in 1849, but French forces soon toppled it. Still, the ideas of nationalists such as Mazzini soon spread. Victor Emmanuel II, the monarch of, wanted to join other states to his own and increase his power. He made Count his prime minister in Cavour was a skilled who reformed Sardinia s economy His ultimate goal was to drive out of Italy and annex more provinces. Sardinia helped Britain and France fight Russia in the. In the aftermath, Cavour got France to agree to help Sardinia if it ever went to war with. Cavour then provoked that war and defeated with help. With Sardinia in control of northern Italy, Cavour next turned his attention. In southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a volunteer force of 1,000 Garibaldi was a and ally of Mazzini. Using weapons and ships supplied by Cavour, the won control of Sicily and marched toward Naples.

2 Cavour feared Garibaldi would set up his own in the southern part of Italy. However, when Victor Emmanuel sent Sardinian forces to confront Garibaldi, he turned over Naples and Sicily. Victor Emmanuel II was crowned of Italy in Italy won the province of during the Austro-Prussian War and won during the Franco-Prussian War. It was finally a united land. Italy became a unified state between Italy faced many problems once it was unified. and differences made it hard to solve problems. The was rich and had a tradition of business and culture, whereas the was rural and poor. resented seizure of the Papal States and urged Italian Catholics not to cooperate with the new government. Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy became a. Italy had a. The lower house was but only a small number of had the right to vote. The appointed members to the, which could veto laws passed by the lower house. Turmoil broke out in the late 1800s as the left struggled against a conservative Italian government. Socialists organized strikes and turned to violence. In response, the government extended to more men, passed laws to improve social conditions, and set out to win an overseas empire in Africa. Italy developed economically, particularly after developed in northern regions and people moved to cities. Though a population explosion created tensions, many people chose to, which calmed things at home Nationalism in Ottoman and Hapsburg Empires Hapsburg emperor of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary a moderate Hungarian leader who helped work out the compromise that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary an agreement that made Austria and Hungary different states with their own constitutions and parliaments, but with shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs How did the desire for national independence among ethnic groups weaken and ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires?

3 The and ruled empires with diverse ethnic groups. As nationalist feelings grew among these groups, the power of the empires declined. Europe was a patchwork of different between 1800 and pushed for self-rule, which brought about the decline of the Austrian and Ottoman empires. During the early 1800s, the rulers of Austria tried to prevent change and ignored liberal demands. They even tried to prevent, fearing that it would change the empire s traditional way of life. Nevertheless, factories sprung up by the 1840s in Hapsburg lands and caused changes, including the growth of cities. Austria was an empire of very people with rival goals. Nationalist feelings grew during the mid-1800s. Nationalists made demands of the Hapsburg rulers. They wanted. A nationalist revolt broke out in 1848, and the government crushed it. The Hungarians wanted the right to. During the 1848 uprising, 18-year-old inherited the Hapsburg throne. He would rule until The new emperor made some reforms including the. This did not satisfy the Hungarians, however, because the body was led by German-speaking Austrians. After Austria s defeat in its war with Prussia, Hungarians pressured the Hapsburgs for a compromise. A moderate Hungarian leader named helped to work out a solution. The of Austria-Hungary was formed in The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Separate.. Shared Francis Joseph ruled both, as of Austria and of Hungary. They shared ministries of Despite the compromise, nationalist unrest continued to increase in the empire. were happy, but others were not. people still lacked a voice in government. Nationalist leaders called on them to unite. Unrest among nationalists paralyzed governments in the early 1900s.

4 The faced the same problem as the Austrian empire. The Ottomans ruled a multinational empire that stretched from to North Africa and the Many revolts broke out against the Ottomans in the 1800s as nationalist groups sought selfrule. The Ottoman empire faced challenges from other European powers in the mid-1800s. European powers viewed the Ottoman empire as the Russia pushed south toward Austria-Hungary took control of. Britain and France eyed Ottoman lands in the. Rivalries contributed to conflicts in the Balkans. Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans. Other powers also took sides. Subject people revolted and then fought among themselves. This Balkan powder keg would explode into World War I. a giant 10.5 Reform and Reaction in Russia ruler of Russia who came to the throne in 1855; responsible for some reforms in Russia, but was eventually assassinated by radicals a war that broke out when Russia invaded Ottoman lands along the Danube; ended in Russian defeat the act of freeing someone, usually from slavery or serfdom an elected assembly in Russia that was responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture at a local level a violent mob attack on Jewish people people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere an elected national legislature in Russia prime minister appointed by Tsar Nicholas to restore order through arrests, pogroms, and execution; attempted reforms but was ultimately assassinated Why did industrialization and reform come more slowly to than to Western Europe? Efforts to modernize Russia had little success because critics. As the twentieth century dawned, Russia was a hotbed of.

5 Russia was a major world power by, but it was also. Russia was a the largest and most populous nation in Europe and had abundant natural resources. However, it had a very. Russian rulers resisted reforms that would lead to modernization, fearing they would be a threat to absolute rule. One obstacle to progress was Russia s very rigid. at the top resisted change and reforms. The was weak and small. Most people were, bound to the land. Many Russians knew serfdom was inefficient, but landowners had no interest in developing industry. Tsars ruled Russia with. Whenever the tsars made liberal reforms, they eventually canceled them to maintain the support of the nobles. While the governments of other European nations changed, Russia remained an. Alexander II inherited the throne during the in The war began when Russia tried to seize, and ended in Russian. The war showed how backward Russia was. People demanded change. In response to pressure, Alexander agreed to the of the serfs. Though peasants remained poor, emancipation was a turning point that led to the drive for more reform. The Reforms of Alexander II of the serfs Establishment of local government in the form of or elected assemblies Legal reforms such as Reduction in The reforms did not satisfy the Russians, who wanted a or more revolutionary changes. tried to convince peasants to rebel, which didn t work. became angry and assassinated Alexander II. took the throne and embarked on a crackdown. He increased the power of the

6 Persecution of also increased under Alexander III. He forced them to live in against the Jewish communities became common. Many Jews left Russia and became. A large number to the United States. Groups such as Poles, Ukrainians, Armenians, Finns, and Muslims also faced persecution. Russia finally during the late 1800s., son of Alexander III, focused on economic development. His government encouraged the building of. Despite progress, political and social problems worsened as workers faced poor conditions in factories and urban slums. Russia entered a war with Japan in 1904 and suffered. Losses abroad fed discontent at home. poured into the streets and workers went on. On a Sunday in 1905, a priest organized a peaceful march in St. Petersburg. The tsar s soldiers fired on the crowd, killing or wounding hundreds, in an incident known as was a turning point for Russians, who felt they could no longer trust the tsar. Discontent grew, strikes increased, and rural peasants demanded land. Nicholas announced major reforms, including a pledge to summon a However, the tsar the Duma in The pattern of reform and reaction continued. Nicholas appointed as prime minister in worked to restore order with arrests and executions. He recognized the need for change and introduced several very limited reforms. It wasn t enough, and Russia still roiled with unrest. was assassinated in 1911.