Confederation and Forward

Transcription

1 Confederation and Forward

2 Review Charlottetown Conference (Sept. 1864) = agree to possible union Quebec Conference (Oct. 1864) = Federal System (two levels of government - A British/American hybrid...a federal system without a president) The Fenian Raids and the end of Reciprocity - both adding to the sense in BNA of a need to unite together. Takes us to 1866

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4 Confederation! London Conference (winter ) = delegates meet in Britain (add intercontinental railway ) then Queen Victoria signed the British North America Act (BNA Act). July 1st, 1867 Canada = Officially a country Semi-autonomous - Still a British colony, still British citizens, international defense was still controlled by Britain, and the Queen was (IS) still the Head of State. Note without opposition - Lead by Joseph Howe, many Nova Scotians were anti-confederates. Died! Last night at twelve o clock, the free and enlightened Province of Nova Scotia. From a Halifax newspaper on July 1, 1867

5 Macdonald Era - From Sea to Sea March 1867 USA purchased Alaska from Russia - the race was on. Canada purchased Rupert s Land from HBC. WHO was already there? The Métis were already established in the Red River area (present day Winnipeg) Population of 12,000 (not all Métis) Louis Riel and Métis were openly opposed to HBC selling this land. American annexationists were calling Métis to reject Canada and join them, thus threatening Macdonald s ideal of creating a nation from coast to coast. Thomas Scott was arrested and killed by the Métis at For Garry (for planning a counter rebellion)

6 Louis Riel and the Métis Cause Macdonald understood the need to appease the Métis demands - as the official purchase of Rupert s Land went through, the province of Manitoba was created in They were not officially recognized, though, which would lead to the North-West Rebellion of Riel returned (was in US) and set up a provisional government. Battle of Duck Lake - Dumont vs. North-West Mounted Police - rebels won. Métis and Cree attacks - separate uprisings though. Via the Canadian Pacific Railway troops arrived Ironically - the rebellions helped facilitate the completion of the railway.

7 BC and PEI In BC annexationists were urging them to join the US too - due to strong British ties, they chose instead to join Canada in This facilitated the need for a connection between Manitoba and BC. The steps towards making Canada from sea to sea. After a failed railroad attempt, PEI accepted Macdonald s proposition of having their debt assumed by Canada if they would join Confederation. They joined in 1873.

8 John A. is OUT John A. Macdonald was caught in an election scandal. Hugh Allan - money to the campaign in return for the railway charter. Although denied by John A., a telegram was discovered where he was begging for more money - he had no choice but to resign. Alexander Mackenzie took over. Secret ballot, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Office of the Auditor General. No transcontinental railway - angered BC.

9 He is BACK - National Policy John A. Macdonald made his way back in with this protectionist system. Protective tariffs Transcontinental railway Increased immigration and western settlement Shamelessly playing the anti-american, anti-free trade card. (CHFD, p. 241) Immigrants in < Immigrants out Strengthened internal industry, but drove up living costs Railway was made - costed money (on the brink of bankruptcy multiple times) and costed lives (mostly of the Chinese workers).

10 Mackenzie thought Provincial Governments would decline in importance... Oliver Mowat (premier of Ontario) argued to Macdonald that the Provinces were equal partners with the federal government in confederation - not its subordinates. Honoré Mercier (Quebec premier) supported Mowat s interpretation. Called a conference amongst the provinces in PEI and BC denied. Macdonald denied. Marks the start of Federal-Provincial power struggle/tensions in Canada.

11 The end of the Macdonald Era John A. Macdonald would run again in 1891 The Old Flag. The Old Policy. The Old Leader. However; running his last campaign at the age of 76 ran him down. John A. Macdonald died on June 6, 1891.

12 Historical significance options Quebec Conference Pemican Wars Rebellions of 1837 The Durham Report Rupert s Land Act Louis Riel National Policy CPR

13 Students will demonstrate an understanding of: colonial history as it contributed to the concept of Canada as the product of two founding nations sectarian divisions within colonial society and how they shaped the political and cultural issues of the period the relationship between Canada and the United States and analyse how conflicts and compromises between the two nations have helped to shape Canadian identity the strategies that French Canada has used to preserve francophone culture the causes and implications of Canadian regional differences leading to Confederation the workings of the Canadian Federal system of government and the policies of Canadian western expansion the causes and consequences of the National Policy the tension between the Federal and Provincial Governments and their rights and powers which developed during this era technology and its affects in Canada, in both rural and urban settings Questions: Explain how American conflicts influenced Canadian confederation. How did western conflicts shape the political and cultural issues of the period? Analyse the causes and consequences of the National Policy. Compare and contrast technology and its effect in Canada, in both rural and urban settings.