CHALLENGES FOR THE WEST COAST SHELLFISH INDUSTRY WITH INCREASING LOCAL AND GLOBAL OCEAN ACIDIFICATION CHRIS LANGDON

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1 CHALLENGES FOR THE WEST COAST SHELLFISH INDUSTRY WITH INCREASING LOCAL AND GLOBAL OCEAN ACIDIFICATION CHRIS LANGDON Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University

2 ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE WEST COAST SHELLFISH INDUSTRY ANNUAL DOCKSIDE VALUE OF ALL SHELLFISH ANNUAL DOCKSIDE VALUE OF OYSTER HARVESTS WHOLESALE SALES + SERVICES + SUPPLIES $111 MILLION $83 MILLION $278 MILLION EMPLOYMENT 3000 SOURCE: PACIFIC COAST SHELLFISH GROWERS ASSOC.

3 IMPACTED SOURCES OF OYSTER SEED TAYLOR HATCHERY WILLAPA BAY ( WILD SET ) WHISKEY CREEK HATCHERY MOLLUSCAN BROODSTOCK PROGRAM HATFIELD MARINE SCIENCE CENTER

4 NO NATURAL SET OF PACIFIC OYSTERS IN WILLAPA BAY, WA, IN LAST 5 YEARS FIRST HATCHERIES and 2009 DATA OF WASHINGTON DEPT. FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

5 RESPONSES TO PACIFIC OYSTER SEED SUPPLY CRISIS 2005 First larval rearing problems observed at the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) Seawater treatment systems developed and installed POOR LARVAL SURVIVAL AND GROWTH HIGH SPAT MORTALITIES IN THE NURSERY NO OBVIOUS CAUSE NUMEROUS LARVAL BIOASSAYS MOLLUSCAN BROODSTOCK PROGRAM (MBP) DESIGNED AND BUILT A SEAWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

6 MBP SEAWATER TREATMENT PROCESS 24 HR STORAGE TANK SAND FILTERS CARTRIDGE FILTERS TO 1 MICRON UV BIOLOGICAL FOAM 90K µws/cm 2 FILTER FRACTIONATOR MECHANICAL FILTRATION STERILIZATION REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED RECOLONIZE ORGANICS WITH BACTERIA

7 RESPONSES TO PACIFIC OYSTER SEED SUPPLY CRISIS 2007 Very high concentrations of Vibrio tubiashii (Vt) associated with larval mortalities at the Whiskey Creek Hatchery (WCH) reported by Elston

8 Vibrio tubiashii (Tubiash et al., 1965) One of the most serious diseases of shellfish larvae caused by a marine Vibrio species Rapid reduction in larval motility and necrotic soft tissue, leading to high mortality rates Extracellular toxins Metalloproteases Haemolysins Cilaristatins Invasive - leading to tissue necrosis Facultative anaerobe INFECTED LARVAE NORMAL LARVAE

9 NEW MOLECULAR TOOLS FOR DETECTION OF V. TUBIASHII ALIGNMENT OF THE SEQUENCE FOR METALLOPROTEASE FROM VIBRIO TUBIASHII WITH THOSE OF OTHER VIBRIO SPECIES (HASAGAWA ET AL. 2008)

10 RESPONSES TO PACIFIC OYSTER SEED SUPPLY CRISIS 2008 WCH installs SW treatment system Problems with larval survival at both WCH and Taylor s hatchery, Dabob Bay, WA

11 SEAWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED ON MBP S SYSTEM WAS INSTALLED IN THE WHISKEY CREEK HATCHERY IN EARLY 2008 FOAM FRACTIONATOR BIOLOGICAL FILTER UV

12 WHISKEY CREEK HATCHERY FEB JUNE UV EFFECTIVE IN KILLING V. TUBIASHII IN INCOMING SEAWATER OYSTER LARVAL PERFORMANCE WATER TREAMENT IMPROVED LARVAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL MID-JULY MID-SEPT. VERY POOR PRODUCTION WATER TREATMENT DID NOT HELP

13 WHISKEY CREEK HATCHERY FEB JUNE OYSTER LARVAL PERFORMANCE ph 8.3 ph MID-JULY MID-SEPT. RAISING ph SOMETIMES IMPROVED LARVAL PERFORMANCE SOURCE: BARTON, WHISKEY CREEK HATCHERY ph 8.3 ph

14 SOURCES OF OYSTER SEED TAYLOR HATCHERY

15 TAYLOR HATCHERY LOW PH AND LOW OXYGEN WATER ALSO FOUND IN DABOB BAY, SOURCE OF SEAWATER AUGUST THERMOCLINE MIXING OF SURFACE AND DEEP WATER IN FALL

16 LARVAL SHELL GROWTH TAYLOR HATCHERY ADJUSTING ph OF SEAWATER SOMETIMES IMPROVED LARVAL PERFORMANCE Shallow water ph 8.1 Deep water + Na 2 CO 3 ph 8.1 Deep water ph 7.5

17 EFFECT OF ph ON SW CARBONATE CHEMISTRY DECREASE IN ph REDUCES CARBONATE (CO 3-2 ) CONCENTRATIONS AND INCREASES CO 2 CONCENTRATIONS

18 PRODISSOCONCH II LARVA OF EASTERN OYSTER PRODISSOCONCH I VALVE PRODISSOCONCH II VALVE 50 MICRONS SOURCE: CARRIKER Chapter 3 in The Eastern Oyster

19 CALCITE K SP = ARAGONITE K SP = AMORPH. CaCO 3 K SP =

20 REPORTED EFFECTS OF ph and pco 2 ON MARINE MOLLUSCS SOURCE: FABRY ET AL., ICES J. MAR. SCI. 65:

21 RESPONSES TO PACIFIC OYSTER SEED SUPPLY CRISIS 2009 Larval problems at Taylor s hatchery sometimes associated with Vibrio tubiashii. WCH observed larval performance correlated with upwelling events -

22 UPWELLING ON THE WEST COAST DEEP COLD NUTRIENT-RICH WATER BROUGHT TO THE SURFACE BY WINDS FROM THE NORTH

23 2010 UPWELLING INDEX (NEAR NETARTS BAY) (CUBIC METERS UPWELLED PER SEC PER 100 METER COASTLINE Source: Pacific Fisheries Environmental Laboratory and NOAA Coastwatch

24 UPWELLED DEEP WATER CAN BE ACIDIC AND CORROSIVE FOR ARAGONITE VERTICAL SECTION OFF ST. GEORGE, CA. SUMMER 2007 FEELY ET AL SCIENCE 320:

25 UPWELLED DEEP WATER CAN BE ACIDIC AND SUPERSATURATED WITH CO 2 VERTICAL SECTION OFF ST. GEORGE, CA. SUMMER 2007 FEELY ET AL SCIENCE 320:

26 HYPOXIC WATER ON INNER SHELF OFF OREGON AND WASHINGTON COASTS (DEAD ZONES) SOURCE: PISCO, OSU SOURCE: CHAN ET AL SCIENCE 319: 920

27 EFFECT OF UPWELLING ON LARVAL PRODUCTION AT WHISKEY CREEK HATCHERY 2009 Down Up Down Up -welling (source: Alan Barton and Burke Hales, OSU)

28 RESPONSES TO PACIFIC OYSTER SEED SUPPLY CRISIS 2010 Continuous pco 2 and water quality monitoring installed at WCH and Taylor s hatchery. WCH fills tanks according to pco 2 measurements Up to present, good larval production at Taylor s

29 WCH 2010 Continuous water quality monitoring Temp and Salinity April 18 - May 5 ph Jan 21 April 21 SOURCE: JOHNSON AND HALES

30 WCH 2010 Continuous pco 2 monitoring April 18 - May May 3 June June SOURCE: JOHNSON AND HALES

31 POSSIBLE REMEDIES FOR HATCHERIES (assuming high pco2 is the major adverse factor in upwelled seawater) INSTALL WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS CULTURE OYSTER LARVAE DURING PERIODS WITHOUT UPWELLING PUMP SW INTO HATCHERY DURING PERIODS WITH LOW pco 2 INSTALL WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS TO REMOVE HIGH pco 2 DEVELOP STRAINS OF OYSTERS THAT ARE TOLERANT OF HIGH pco 2

32 YIELDS OF SPAT FROM MBP FAMILIES RAISED DURING A PERIOD OF STRONG UPWELLING

33 SOME OF WHAT WE DON T KNOW WHAT CHARACTERISTICS OF UPWELLED WATER ARE HARMFUL? e.g. ph, pco2, DIC, DOM, reduced compounds or a combination of these factors DOES UPWELLED WATER FROM HYPOXIC ZONES WORSEN THE EFFECTS? HOW DOES UPWELLING AFFECT VIBRIO TUBIASHII? HOW CAN HATCHERIES BEST ADDRESS THE LONG-TERM PROBLEMS CO 2 CONC. ppm SW SURFACE ph SAT. STATE Ω calcite aragonite SOURCE: COOLEY AND DONEY ENVIRON. RESEARCH LETT. 4: DOI

34 IS THE PACIFIC OYSTER THE CANARY IN THE MINESHAFT? Miners would try to alert themselves to dangerous levels of carbon dioxide in a mine shaft by bringing a caged canary with them as they worked. The canary would inevitably die before CO 2 reached levels toxic to people. SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA Serinus canaria domestica

35 THANKS