SMALL ANO MINI HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS Resource Assessment and Project Feasibility

Transcription

1 SMALL ANO MINI HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS Resource Assessment and Project Feasibility Jack J. Fritz McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Hamburg Johannesburg London Madrid Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama Paris Sào Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

2 Contents Contributors xi Preface xiii Notes on Notation xv l. lntroduction Jack J. Fritz, Jean François Henry 1.1 The Promise of Small Hydropower 1.2 Definition of Small, Mini, and Micro Hydro Projects I.3 Historical Perspective 1.4 World Hydropower Resources 1.5 Domestic Programs in the United States 1.6 Selected Developing Country Hydropower Profiles 1.7 Small Hydropower and Other Sources of Electricity I.8 Planning a Small/Mini Hydrop<lwer Project l.9 References 2. Hydrologic Analysis John S. Gladwe/l, Leroy F. Heitz, Calvin C. Warnick 2.1 Overview of Analysis Techniques 2.2 Obtaining and Evaluating Data v

3 l'i CONTENTS 2.3 Indirect Estimation of Flows at a Site Other Hydrologic and Hydraulic Considerations Processing Site Flow Data Presentation of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Data References Hydrologic Computations at a Small Hydro Site Norman H. Crawford lntroduction Hydrologic Processes Estimating Peak Flow at a Site Estimating tbe Flow-Duration Curve at a Site Reference Site Development and Hydraulic Analysis John J. Cassidy Site Configuration Topographic Surveys Required Geologie Investigations Hydraulic Design and Analysis Turbine Setting Powerhouses Capitai Costs of Site Development References Dams and Reservoirs John J. Cassidy Types of Dams Earth Dam Design Rockfill Dams Concrete Dams Masonry Dams Spillway Design Diversion During Construction References Hydraulic Turbines Roger E. A. Arndt, Cesar Farei/, Joseph M. Wetzel Introduction Historical Perspective 6.2

4 CONTENTS vii 6.3 Background Materia! Turbine Technology Hydraulic Structures and Operational Considerations Examples Summary References Generation and Electrical Equipment William L. Hughes, R. G. Ramakumar, Dan Lingelbach l Generai Considerations 7.l 7.2 Review of Basic Electricity and the Nature of Alternators and Generators Selection of Electrical Generation Equipment Load Characteristics 7.5 Determination of Demand 7.6 Operating Requirements Safety Considerations Bibliography Emironmental Impact Willis E. Jacobsen Stream Impoundments Spillways and Reservoir Outlets Powerhouses and Electrical Systems Construction or Maintenance Req!J.ired Permits Cost Implications of Environmental Contro! Technology Checklist of Environmental Information Environmental Assessment Techniques References The Systems of Regulation of Hydroelectric Power in tbe United States Peter W. Brown Hydropower-A Diverse and Dispersed Resource The Legai, Regulatory, and Institutional Context for Hydropower Development Policies and Trends in American Water Policy and Energy Development References 9.25

5 viii CONTENTS 10. Institutional and Policy Environment in Developing Countries Robert F. lchord Jr., Jack J. Fritz 10.1 IO. l Energy for Rural Development: A New Policy Arena Growing Tnterest in Mini Hydropower 10.2 l 0.3 Eli te Competition and Government Decision Making l Demand for Electricity and the Role of Mini Hydropower Organization and Management Type and Origin of Equipment Pricing and Credit Policies Determining Rural Demand Structure l Comparative Case Experiences Conclusions References l l. Economie and Financial Feasibility Jack J. Fritz, Jerry W. Knapp, Hersche/ Jones 11.1 Background 11.2 Project Ana1ysis 11.3 Basic Tools of Economie Ana1ysis 11.4 Economie Ana1ysis Techniques 11.5 Financial or Cash Flow Analysis 11.6 Determining Benefits l l. l Determining Costs U.S. Financing Some Case Study Examples Summary References System Design and Case Studies Jack J. Fritz Planning a Small Hydropower Project Reconnaissance Studies Feasibility Studies Streamlining the Studies Process in a Developing Country Case Studies C1osure References 12.75

6 CONTENTS ix Appendix A.l Conversion Factors A. l Present Worth Factors A.2 lndex follows Appendix 1.1