C 215. Grow Master Basic for Nutrient Analyses. Instruction Manual. Manufacturers since 1978 MANC215R3 04/02

Transcription

1 Instruction Manual C 215 Grow Master Basic for Nutrient Analyses MANC215R3 04/02 W W W. H A N N A C A N. C O M Manufacturers since 1978 These Instruments are in Compliance with the CE Directives

2 Dear Customer, Thank you for choosing a Hanna product. Please read this instruction manual carefully before using the meter. This manual will provide you with the necessary information for the correct use of the instrument. If you need additional technical information, do not hesitate to us at techserv@hannacan.com. These instruments are in compliance with directives. TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION... 3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION... 3 SPECIFICATIONS... 4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION... 4 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION... 6 GUIDE TO DISPLAY CODES... 7 TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT PARAMETERS REFERENCE TABLE 12 OPERATIONAL GUIDE ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION SAMPLE PREPARATION AMMONIA LR AMMONIA MR AMMONIA HR NITRATE LR NITRATE MR NITRATE HR PHOSPHORUS LR PHOSPHORUS MR PHOSPHORUS HR POTASSIUM LR POTASSIUM MR POTASSIUM HR POTASSIUM UHR INTERFACE WITH PC STANDARD METHODS BATTERY REPLACEMENT ACCESSORIES WARRANTY CE DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY HANNA LITERATURE HANNA LITERATURE Hanna publishes a wide range of catalogs and handbooks for an equally wide range of applications. The reference literature currently covers areas such as: Water Treatment Process Swimming Pools Agriculture Food Laboratory Thermometry and many others. New reference material is constantly being added to the library. For these and other catalogs, handbooks and leaflets contact your dealer or the Hanna Customer Service Center nearest to you. To find the Hanna Office in your vicinity, check our home page at All rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the written consent of the copyright owner, Hanna Instruments Inc. 2 51

3 CE DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Remove the instrument from the packing material and examine it carefully to make sure that no damage has occurred during shipment. If there is any damage, notify your Dealer. Each C 215 Meter is supplied complete with: Four Sample Cuvets and Caps One Transport Cap 2x 9 V Battery 12 VDC Transformer (HI or HI ) Note: Save all packing material until you are sure that the instrument functions correctly. Any defective item must be returned in its original packing with the supplied accessories. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Recommendations for Users Before using these products, make sure that they are entirely suitable for the environment in which they are used. Operation of these instruments in residential area could cause unacceptable interferences to radio and TV equipments, requiring the operator to take all necessary steps to correct interferences. Any variation introduced by the user to the supplied equipment may degrade the instruments' EMC performance. To avoid damages or burns, do not perform any measurement in microwave ovens. C 99 & C 200 Series is a line of 15 different bench, microprocessorbased photometers that measure up to 46 parameters in water and wastewater. These multipurpose meters are manufactured to measure the most important parameters of the application they have been especially designed for: C 99 Laboratories, with COD C 200 Laboratories C 203 Aquaculture C 205 Boilers & Cooling Towers C 206 Environmental Testing C 207 Industrial Wastewater C 208 Water Conditioning C 209 Education C 210 Pulp & Paper Mills C 211 Chemical Manufacturers C 212 Power Plant Utilities C 213 Municipal Wastewater C 215 Nutrient Analyses C 216 Swimming Pool Applic. C 218 Environmental Applic. All meters use an exclusive positive-locking system to ensure that the cuvet is in the same position every time it is placed into the measurement cell. The reagents are in liquid or powder form and are supplied in bottles or in packets. The amount of reagent is precisely dosed to ensure the maximum repeatability. Display codes aid the user in routine operations. The meters have an auto-shut off feature, turning the unit off after 10 minutes of non-use. The C 99 & C 200 Series can be connected to a personal computer via the HI three wire RS 232 cable. The HI Hanna Windows Compatible Software aids the user to manage all test data. 50 3

4 Light Life Light Detector Environment SPECIFICATIONS Life of the instrument Silicon Photocell 0 to 50 C (32 to 122 F); max 95% RH non-condensing Power Supply 2x 9 V batteries / 12 to 20 VDC through voltage adapter Auto-Shut off After 10' of non-use Dimensions 230 x 165 x 70 mm (9.0 x 6.5 x 2.8") Weight 640 g (22.6 oz.) For specifications related to each single parameter (e.g. range, accuracy, etc.), refer to the related measurement section. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Absorption of Light is a typical phenomenon of interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter. When a light beam crosses a substance, some of the radiation may be absorbed by atoms, molecules or crystal lattices. If pure absorption occurs, the fraction of light absorbed depends both on the optical path length through the matter and on the physicochemical characteristics of substance according to the Lambert-Beer Law: -log I/I o = ε λ c d or A = ε λ c d WARRANTY All Hanna Instruments meters are warranted for two years against defects in workmanship and materials when used for their intended purpose and maintained according to instructions. This warranty is limited to repair or replacement free of charge. Damages due to accidents, misuse, tampering or lack of prescribed maintenance are not covered. If service is required, contact the dealer from whom you purchased the instrument. If under warranty, report the model number, date of purchase, serial number and the nature of the failure. If the repair is not covered by the warranty, you will be notified of the charges incurred. If the instrument is to be returned to Hanna Instruments, first obtain a Returned Goods Authorization Number from the Customer Service department and then send it with shipment costs prepaid. When shipping any instrument, make sure it is properly packaged for complete protection. To validate your warranty, fill out and return the enclosed warranty card within 14 days from the date of purchase. Hanna Instruments reserves the right to modify the design, construction and appearance of its products without advance notice. Where: -log I/I o = Absorbance (A) I o = intensity of incident light beam I = intensity of light beam after absorption ε λ = molar extinction coefficient at wavelength λ c = molar concentration of the substance d = optical path through the substance Therefore, the concentration "c" can be calculated from the absorbance of the substance as the other factors are known. Photometric chemical analysis is based on the possibility to develop an absorbing compound from a specific chemical reaction between sample and reagents. 4 49

5 ACCESSORIES REAGENT SETS HI Phosphorus tests HI Phosphorus tests HI Ammonia tests HI Ammonia tests HI Nitrate tests HI Nitrate tests HI Potassium tests Given that the absorption of a compound strictly depends on the wavelength of the incident light beam, a narrow spectral bandwidth should be selected as well as a proper central wavelength to optimize measurements. The optical system of Hanna's C 99 & C 200 multiparameter photometers is based on special subminiature tungsten lamps and narrow-band interference filters to guarantee both high performance and reliable results. Four measuring channels (at four different wavelengths) allow a wide range of tests. OTHER ACCESSORIES HI V battery (10 pcs) HI Tissue for wiping cuvets (4 pcs) HI Glass cuvets (4 pcs) HI N New cap for cuvet (4 pcs) HI Cap for 100 ml beaker (6 pcs) HI ml plastic beaker (6 pcs) HI Plastic refilling pipette (20 pcs) HI Windows Compatible Software HI PC connection cable HI Cuvets cleaning solution (230 ml) C ml plastic beaker C ml plastic beakers (12 pcs) C ml graduated syringe C ml graduated syringe C Filter assembly C Filter discs (25 pcs) C ml Polypropylene cylinder C ml Demineralizer bottle C Dried resin (100 g) C Activated Carbon C 200 Block diagram (optical layout) A microprocessor controlled special tungsten lamp emits radiation which is first optically conditioned and beamed to the sample contained in the cuvet. The optical path is fixed by the diameter of the cuvet. Then the light is spectrally filtered to a narrow spectral bandwidth, to obtain a light beam of intensity I o or I. The photoelectric cell collects the radiation I that is not absorbed by the sample and converts it into an electric current, producing a potential in the mv range. The microprocessor uses this potential to convert the incoming value into the desired measuring unit and to display it on the LCD. The measurement process is carried out in two phases: first the meter is zeroed and then the actual measurement is performed. The cuvet has a very important role because it is an optical element and thus requires particular attention. It is important that both the measurement and the calibration (zeroing) cuvets are optically identical to provide the same measurement conditions. Whenever possible use the same cuvet for both. It is also necessary that the surface of the cuvet is clean and not scratched. This is to avoid measurement interference due to unwanted reflection and absorption of light. It is recommended not to touch the cuvet walls with hands. Furthermore, in order to maintain the same conditions during the zeroing and the measuring phases, it is necessary to close the cuvet to prevent any contamination. 48 5

6 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION FRONT PANEL STANDARD METHODS Description Program Range Method Ammonia, LR to 10.0 mg / L Nessler Ammonia, MR to 50.0 mg / L Nessler Ammonia, HR 3 0 to 100 mg/l Nessler Nitrate, LR to 30.0 mg / L Cadmium Reduction Nitrate, MR 5 0 to 150 mg/l Cadmium Reduction Nitrate, HR 6 0 to 300 mg/l Cadmium Reduction Phosphorus, LR to 10.0 mg/l Aminoacid Phosphorus, MR to 50.0 mg/l Aminoacid Phosphorus, HR 9 0 to 100 mg/l Aminoacid Potassium, LR to 20.0 mg/l Turbidimetric Potassium, MR 11 0 to 100 mg / L Turbidimetric Potassium, HR 12 0 to 200 mg / L Turbidimetric 1) Cuvet Holder 2) Dual Level Liquid Crystal Display 3) Programs List 4) READ DIRECT, to perform measurement immediately 5) TIMER, to perform measurements after a preprogrammed countdown 6) ZERO, to zero the meter prior to measurement 7) Program and, to select the desired parameter 8) ON/OFF, to turn the meter on and off REAR PANEL 1) Power Socket 12V to 20V DC 2.5 Watt 2) RS 232 Socket 3) Batteries Compartment BATTERY REPLACEMENT Besides to the 12 VDC supply, this meter can also be fed by two 9V batteries. To prolong battery life, switch your meter off after use. However, the meter has an auto-shut off feature that will turn itself off after 10 minutes of non-use. A blinking "LOBAT" on the display, while a measurement is in progress, indicates low voltage and the batteries should be replaced. If the batteries are not replaced immediately, in order to prevent erroneous readings due to low voltage, "-BA-" is displayed soon afterwards. At this point the batteries must be changed. Battery replacement must only take place in a non-hazardous area using two 9V alkaline batteries. Remove the battery cover on the back of photometer, attach two fresh 9V batteries, while paying attention to the correct polarity, and replace the cover. The meter will turn on automatically when a new battery is connected. You can turn it off by pressing ON/OFF. 6 47

7 Note: Windows Terminal and all the other terminal programs that support the ANSI escape sequence, represent the DLE character by the string ^P and the CR character by the string ^M. Type of Commands /OFF - Turn the meter OFF /PDR - Press Read Direct /PTR - Press Timer /PZR - Press Zero /PUP - Program Up /PDN - Program Down /PTM - Turn Test Mode On /Brx - Set the baud rate /KBL - Lock Keyboard /KBU - Unlock Keyboard?PR# - Send Current Program Number (1 to 12)?BRQ - Send current baud rate ?CNQ - Send Concentration (three bytes) conc decimal point unit m - ppm b - ppb t - ppt u - pcu h - ph?err - send error / status information 0 - No error 1 - CAP 2 - HI 3 - ZERO 4 - LO 5 - IDLE 6 - ZERO DONE 7 - TIMED READ GUIDE TO DISPLAY CODES Note: The secondary LCD below shows a generic "P ", whereas the meter will indicate the exact program number (e.g. "P1" for Ammonia LR). This indicates that the meter is in a ready state and zeroing can be performed. Sampling in progress. This flashing prompt appears each time the meter is performing a measurement. The microprocessor is adjusting the light level, indicated by a scrolling "SIP". This indicates that the meter is in a zeroed state and measurement can be performed. The instrument is performing an internal check-up. The blinking "LOBAT" indicates that the battery voltage is getting low and the batteries need to be replaced. This indicates that the batteries are dead and must be replaced. Excel Copyright of "Microsoft Co." Lotus Copyright of "Lotus Co." TELIX is registered Trademark of "Deltacomm" Windows and Windows Terminal are registered Trademark of "Microsoft Co." 46 7

8 ERROR MESSAGES a) on zero reading: Light over range. The cuvet is not inserted correctly and an eccess ambient light is reaching the detector. If the cuvet is properly inserted, then contact your dealer or the nearest Hanna Customer Service Center. The lamp is not working properly. Contact your dealer or the nearest Hanna Customer Service Center. The lamp is not working properly. Contact your dealer or the nearest Hanna Customer Service Center. This indicates that the meter has lost its configuration. Contact your dealer or the nearest Hanna Customer Service Center. This indicates that the zeroing procedure failed due to a low signal-to-noise ratio. In this case press ZERO again. The instrument cannot adjust the light level. Please check that the sample does not contain any debris. There is not enough light to perform a measurement. Please check the preparation of the zero cuvet. There is too much light to perform a measurement. Please check the preparation of the zero cuvet. POTASSIUM ULTRA HIGH RANGE For samples containing more than 200 ppm of Potassium: first follow the sample preparation procedure described at page 19 for NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (HR). Then add to the graduated cylinder 20 ml of the prepared sample (for HR) and fill the cylinder with demineralized water from the Demineralizer Bottle up to the 100 ml mark. Follow the MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE at page 43. Read the result in mg/l of Potassium on the display and multiply the reading by 5 to obtain the real concentration of Potassium in your sample. INTERFACE WITH PC To connect your meter to the PC use the optional HI (available from your Hanna Dealer). Make sure that your meter is switched off and plug the connectors, one into the meter RS 232C socket, the other into the serial port of your PC. Note: Cables other than HI may use a different configuration, in which case, communication between the meter and the PC may not be possible. SETTING THE BAUD RATE The transmission speed (baud rate) of the meter and the external device must be identical. The meter is factory set to If you wish to change this value, please contact your nearest Hanna Center. SENDING COMMANDS FROM PC With terminal programs such as, for example, Telix, Windows Terminal, it is possible to remotely control your Hanna Instruments bench meter. Use HI cable to connect the meter to the PC, start the terminal program and set the communication options as follows: 8, N, 1, no flow control. Command Types To send a command to the ph meter the scheme is: <DLE> <command> <CR> This line makes the computer send a Data Link Escape character (/ or?), the command expressed as a number or a 3-character sequence and a CR character. 8 45

9 Press ZERO and SIP will appear on the display. Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. b) on sample reading: There is too much light for the sample measurement. Please check if the right sample cuvet is inserted. The sample and zero cuvet are inverted. Remove the cuvet and add the content of one packet of HI 93750B reagent. Replace the cap and mix gently for one minute by turning slowly the cuvet upside down. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. Press TIMER and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 2 minutes and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will blink during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l (ppm) of potassium (K). To convert the reading to mg/l of potassium oxide (K 2 O), multiply by a factor of For ULTRA HIGH RANGE samples: follow procedure described at page 45. INTERFERENCES The following ions do not interfere below the concentrations reported: Ammonium 10 ppm Calcium ppm as CaCO 3 Chloride ppm Magnesium 8000 ppm as CaCO 3 Sodium 8000 ppm A zero reading was not taken. Follow the instruction described in the measurement procedures for zeroing the meter. Under range. A blinking "0.00" indicates that the sample absorbs less light than the zero reference. Check the procedure and make sure that you use the same cuvet for reference (zero) and measurement. 1) A flashing value of the maximum concentration indicates an over range condition. The concentration of the sample is beyond the programmed range: dilute the sample and rerun the test. 2) A flashing value lower than the maximum concentration indicates a low signalto-noise ratio condition. In this case accuracy of the result is not guaranteed. Repeat the reading procedure. Potassium HR 44 9

10 TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT The instructions listed below should be carefully followed during testing to ensure best accuracy. Color or suspended matter in large amounts may cause interference, therefore, these should be removed by treatment with active carbon and by prior filtration. For a correct filling of the cuvet: the liquid in the cuvet forms a convexity on the top; 10 ml the bottom of this convexity must be at the same level of the 10 ml mark. In order to measure exactly e.g. 0.5 ml of sample or reagent with the 1 ml syringe, push the plunger completely into the syringe and insert the tip into the solution. Pull the plunger up to above the 0.0 ml mark. Take out the syringe and clean the outside of the syringe tip. Then, adjust the plunger to the 0.0 ml mark (the lower edge of the seal must be exactly on the 0.0 ml mark). Be sure that no drops are hanging on the tip of the syringe, if so eliminate them. Then, keeping the syringe in vertical position above the cuvet, push the plunger down until the lower edge of the seal is exactly on the 0.5 ml mark. Now the exact amount of 0.5 ml has been added to the cuvet, even if the tip still contains some reagent or sample. POTASSIUM HIGH RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0 to 200 mg/l Resolution 5 mg/l Accuracy ±30 mg/l ±7% of reading Typical EMC ±5 mg/l Deviation Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 610 nm Method Adaptation of the Turbidimetric Tetraphenylborate method. The reaction between Potassium and reagents causes turbidity in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93750A-0 Potassium Reagent 6 drops HI 93750B-0 Powder Reagent 1 packet REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (HR) procedure at page 19. Select the program number corresponding to Potassium HR on the secondary LCD by pressing PROGRAM and. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of sample, up to the mark. 10 ml Proper use of the dropper: to get good reproducible results, tap the dropper on the table for several times and wipe the outside of the dropper tip with a cloth. Always keep the dropper bottle in a vertical position while dosing the reagent. Add six drops of HI 93750A, replace the cap and swirl the solution. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove. x Potassium HR

11 Press ZERO and SIP will appear on the display. Proper use of the powder reagent packet: (a) use scissors to open the powder packet; (b) push the edges of the packet to form a spout; (c) pour out the content of the packet. Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Remove the cuvet and add the content of one packet of HI 93750B reagent. Replace the cap and mix gently for one minute by turning slowly the cuvet upside down. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. Press TIMER and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 2 minutes and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will blink during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l (ppm) of potassium (K). To convert the reading to mg/l of potassium oxide (K 2 O), multiply by a factor of INTERFERENCES The following ions do not interfere below the concentrations reported: Ammonium 10 ppm Calcium ppm as CaCO 3 Chloride ppm Magnesium 8000 ppm as CaCO 3 Sodium 8000 ppm (a) (b) (c) It is important that the sample does not contain any debris. This would corrupt the readings. Do not let the reacted sample stand too long after reagent is added, or accuracy will be lost. In order to avoid reagent leaking and to obtain more accurate measurements, it is recommended to close the cuvet first with the supplied HDPE plastic stopper and then with the black cap. Each time the cuvet is used, the cap must be tightened to the same degree. Whenever the cuvet is placed into the measurement cell, it must be dry outside, and completely free of fingerprints, oil or dirt. Wipe it thoroughly with HI or a lint-free cloth prior to insertion. It is possible to take multiple readings in a row, but it is recommended to take a new zero reading for each sample and to use the same cuvet for zeroing and measurement. It is important to discard the sample immediately after the reading is taken because the glass might become permanently stained. All the reaction times reported in this manual are referred to 20 C (68 F). As a general rule of thumb, they should be doubled at 10 C (50 F) and halved at 30 C (86 F). Potassium MR 42 11

12 PARAMETERS REFERENCE TABLE C NUTRIENT ANALYSES Code Parameter Page 1 Ammonia LR 21 2 Ammonia MR 23 3 Ammonia HR 25 4 Nitrate LR 27 5 Nitrate MR 29 6 Nitrate HR 31 Code Parameter OPERATIONAL GUIDE Page 7 Phosphorus LR 33 8 Phosphorus MR 35 9 Phosphorus HR Potassium LR Potassium MR Potassium HR 43 POWER CONNECTION Plug the 12VDC adapter (HI VDC, or HI VDC) into the DC socket. Plug the adapter into the outlet. Alternatively, remove the battery cover on the back of the meter; attach 2 fresh 9V batteries and replace the cover. Note: Insure the main line is surge protected. Note: Always turn the meter off before unplugging it to insure no data is lost. POTASSIUM MEDIUM RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0 to 100 mg/l Resolution 2.5 mg/l Accuracy ±15 mg/l ±7% of reading Typical EMC ±2.5 mg/l Deviation Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 610 nm Method Adaptation of the Turbidimetric Tetraphenylborate method. The reaction between Potassium and reagents causes turbidity in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93750A-0 Potassium Reagent 6 drops HI 93750B-0 Powder Reagent 1 packet REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (MR) procedure at page 18. Select the program number corresponding to Potassium MR on the secondary LCD by pressing PROGRAM and. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Turn the meter on by pressing ON/OFF. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of sample, up to the mark. 10 ml The meter will first perform an LCD self diagnostic test by displaying a full set of figures. Then it will show a scrolling "c 215 Hanna Inst" message. Add six drops of HI 93750A, replace the cap and swirl the solution. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove. x Potassium MR

13 Press ZERO and SIP will appear on the display. Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. When the LCD displays ----, the meter is ready. On the secondary LCD "P1" will appear to inform that the first parameter measurement procedure (Ammonia LR) can be performed. Press the PROGRAM and PROGRAM keys to select the desired parameter. Remove the cuvet and add the content of one packet of HI 93750B reagent. Replace the cap and mix gently for one minute by turning slowly the cuvet upside down. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. Press TIMER and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 2 minutes and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will blink during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l (ppm) of potassium (K). To convert the reading to mg/l of potassium oxide (K 2 O), multiply by a factor of INTERFERENCES The following ions do not interfere below the concentrations reported: Ammonium 10 ppm Calcium ppm as CaCO 3 Chloride ppm Magnesium 8000 ppm as CaCO 3 Sodium 8000 ppm Note: in the following measurement sections, a generic "P " will be placed on the secondary LCD instead of the exact related message (e.g. "P1" for Ammonia LR). Before performing a test read carefully all the instructions related to the selected parameter. For the program number, see the table on page 12 or look at the list printed on the mask of the meter. ABBREVIATIONS C: degree Celsius F: degree Fahrenheit HR: High Range kg/ha: kilograms per hectare LR: Low Range L/ha: liters per hectare mm/ha: millimeters per hectare mg/l: milligrams per liter (ppm) ml: milliliter MR: Medium Range UHR: Ultra High Range Potassium LR 40 13

14 INTRODUCTION THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS IN THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF PLANTS The three elements that are mostly needed by the plants are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). They are called the macronutrients while other elements, needed by plants in smaller amounts, are called microelements. In hydroponics, plants need a balanced nutritive solution, composed of macro and microelements. Shortage or excess of even only one nutritive element may cause an imbalance in plant physiology and in the absorption of the other nutrients. Nutrients shortages may result in irregular plant growth, low resistance to diseases, scarce production both in quantity and quality, while nutrients excess may cause waste of fertilizer, pollution of the groundwater and the possible accumulation of dangerous substances in the crops produced. NITROGEN Nitrogen (N) is mostly absorbed by plants as nitrates (NO 3- ) and, in smaller amount, in the form of ammonium (NH 4+ ). In hydroponics, an adequate ratio between the two forms is generally used in nutritive solutions. PRESENT IN proteins, enzymes, chlorophyll, hormones, vitamins, DNA and RNA ACTION is fundamental for plants in phase of growth promotes the lengthening of trunks and sprouts increases the production of foliage helps to absorb other nutrients (in particular phosphorus) assists a bigger production for both size and number of fruits SHORTAGE slower growth EFFECTS smaller leaves yellowing of leaves smaller fruits premature ripening EXCESS EFFECTS reduction in resistance to diseases and atmospheric agents increase of water demand (caused by an excessive production of leaves) bad quality of fruits delayed ripening reduction in potassium absorption POTASSIUM LOW RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0.0 to 20.0 mg/l Resolution 0.5 mg/l Accuracy ±3.0 mg/l ±7% of reading Typical EMC ±0.5 mg/l Deviation Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 610 nm Method Adaptation of the Turbidimetric Tetraphenylborate method. The reaction between Potassium and reagents causes turbidity in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93750A-0 Potassium Reagent 6 drops HI 93750B-0 Powder Reagent 1 packet REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the IRRIGATION WATER (LR) procedure at page 17. Select the program number corresponding to Potassium LR on the secondary LCD by pressing PROGRAM and. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of sample, up to the mark. Add six drops of HI 93750A, replace the cap and swirl the solution. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove. x 6 10 ml Potassium LR

15 Press ZERO and SIP will appear on the display. ZERO Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Remove the cuvet. Add 10 drops of HI 93706A-0 Phosphorus Reagent A (Molibdate) to the cuvet. Add the content of one packet of HI 93706B-0 Phosphorus Reagent B (Amino Acid) to the cuvet. Replace the cap and shake gently until dissolution is complete. x 10 PHOSPHORUS Phosphorus (P) has an important role in many fundamental biochemical and physiological processes. Plants take up phosphorus in the form 3- of phosphate ion (PO 4 ). PRESENT IN DNA and RNA, ATP, ADP ACTION stimulates the roots growth stimulates blooming stimulates fecundation and ripeness strengthens the plant tissues is necessary in the formation of seeds SHORTAGE delayed ripening EFFECTS slower growth small leaves decrease of production (smaller fruits and difficult seeds formation) reduction of root system EXCESS EFFECTS premature ripening excess of fruit-setting negative effects on the absorption of some microelements such as iron, zinc, boron and copper Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. Press READ TIMED and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 5 minutes and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will appear during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l of phosphorus on the Liquid Crystal Display. READ TIMED READ DIRECT INTERFERENCES Interference may be caused by: Sulfide Calcium above mg/l as CaCO 3 Ferrous iron above 100 mg/l Magnesium above mg/l as CaCO 3 Chloride above mg/l as Cl POTASSIUM Potassium (K) is essential in proteic synthesis. The problem of lack of potassium is quite frequent in calcareous soils. Potassium is absorbed as K +. PRESENT IN tissues responsible for the growth of plants (primary and secondary meristems), embryos and cell vacuole ACTION improves the quality of fruits and flowers gives more resistance both to frost and to diseases caused by fungi (increases the cuticular thickness) regulates the cellular turgidity (helps to regulate the osmotic processes and increases the resistance to dryness) regulates the stomatic opening and closing (it means a strong influence on transpiration and photosynthesis) SHORTAGE slower growth EFFECTS smaller fruits, less colored and less preserved increase of transpiration less resistance to the cold Phosphorus HR 38 15

16 EXCESS EFFECTS reduced absorption of calcium and magnesium increase of water consumption increase of the substrate salinity IRRIGATION WATER (LOW RANGE) In agricultural areas it is quite common to find altered values in the chemical composition of irrigation waters. The problem concerns mostly the high nitrate concentration, usually determined by excessive fertilization or irrational liquid manure spreading. The analysis of irrigation waters allows us to find out which are the substances present in major or minor quantity and to organize an advantageous fertilization plan. For example, if the quantity of water utilized for crop cultivation is 250 mm/ha (= L/ha) and the nitrate (NO 3- ) concentration is 150 mg/l (34 mg/l as nitrate-nitrogen NO 3 -N), soil receives 85 kg/ ha of nitrogen. In choosing type and quantity of fertilizer to be used, it is important to consider this information, in order not to waste fertilizer nor to induce soil pollution. NUTRIENTS SOLUTIONS (MEDIUM AND HIGH RANGE) The nutrients requirements of the plants are determined by the type of plant, its age and the environmental conditions. The control of chemical composition of nutrients solutions given to the plants is an operation that allows a correct preparation of the fertilizer. In analyzing the solution, it is possible to choose between medium range and high range values, depending on the concentration of substances. Medium range usually covers the analysis of residual solutions in recycling systems. The nutritive elements are differently absorbed by the plants, hence the nutrient solution loses substances, becomes impoverished and must be enriched. High range normally corresponds to the typical values of nutrients solutions. It is therefore possible to verify that the solution given to the plants contains the correct quantities of nutritive substances. PHOSPHORUS HIGH RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0 to 100 mg/l Resolution 1 mg/l Accuracy ±5 mg/l ±4% of reading Typical EMC Dev. ±1 mg/l Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 525 nm Method Adaptation of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18 th edition, Amino Acid method. The reaction between phosphorus and reagents causes a blue tint in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93706A-0 Molybdate 10 drops HI 93706B-0 Amino Acid 0.5 ml HI 93706B-P Amino Acid powder 2 packets for 100 tests REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests HI Reagents for 300 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (HR) procedure at page 19. Turn the meter on by pressing ON/OFF. When the LCD displays - - -, it is ready. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of unreacted sample, up to the mark, and replace the cap. ON OFF Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove Phosphorus HR

17 Press ZERO and SIP will appear on the display. ZERO Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Remove the cuvet. Add 10 drops of HI 93706A-0 Phosphorus Reagent (Molibdate) to the cuvet. Add the content of one packet of HI 93706B-0 Phosphorus Reagent B (Amino Acid) to the cuvet. Replace the cap and shake gently until dissolution is complete. A x 10 SAMPLE PREPARATION LIST OF MATERIAL Each instrument C 215 is supplied with the following accessories for sample preparation: 4 cuvettes (10 ml); 2 plastic beakers (100 and 170 ml); 1 graduated cylinder (100 ml); 1 syringe with screw rim (60 ml) 1 syringe (5 ml); 1 filter assembly; 25 filter discs; 1 spoon; 2 pipettes; Carbon powder packets (50 pcs); 1 Demineralizer Bottle with filter cap for about 12 liters of deionized water (depending on the hardness level of water to be treated). Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. Press READ TIMED and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 5 minutes and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will appear during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l of phosphorus on the Liquid Crystal Display. Phosphorus MR READ TIMED READ DIRECT 9 INTERFERENCES Interference may be caused by: Sulfide Calcium above mg/l as CaCO 3 Ferrous iron above 100 mg/l Magnesium above mg/l as CaCO 3 Chloride above mg/l as Cl SAMPLE PREPARATION PROCEDURE Note: If the water sample to be analyzed is very turbid, let it stand in a beaker for a while until most of the solid particles have settled. Then, use the pipette to transfer the supernatant solution to the other beaker and prepare the samples as described below. During this operation, take care not to induce air bubbles into the solution, in order not to displace the settled solids at the bottom of the beaker. IRRIGATION WATER (LR): Measure with the graduated cylinder about 100 ml of sample. If the solution contains some turbidity or color, pour it in the large 170mL beaker and add a powder packet of active carbon. 17

18 Mix well using the spoon and then wait for 5 minutes. filter disc Unscrew the filter assembly, put a filter disc inside and close it again. Connect the filter assembly to the 60 ml syringe by the screw rim. Take off the syringe plunger and fill the syringe with the sample to be filtered. Pour the sample gently, trying to avoid transferring of the actived carbon to the syringe. Reinsert the plunger and filter the solution into the 100mL beaker by pushing gently the syringe plunger. The sample is now ready. PHOSPHORUS MEDIUM RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0.0 to 50.0 mg/l Resolution 0.5 mg/l Accuracy ±2.5 mg/l ±4% of reading Typical EMC Dev. ±0.5 mg/l Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 525 nm Method Adaptation of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18 th edition, Amino Acid method. The reaction between phosphorus and reagents causes a blue tint in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93706A-0 Molybdate 10 drops HI 93706B-0 Amino Acid 0.5 ml HI 93706B-P Amino Acid powder 2 packets for 100 tests REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests HI Reagents for 300 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (MR) procedure at page 18. Turn the meter on by pressing ON/OFF. ON OFF Note: Filter at least 40 ml of solution if all the four parameters have to be tested. If the solution is still turbid or colored, treat it again with a packet of active carbon. After use, throw the filter disc away and wash the syringe and the filter assembly well. Always use a new disc for another sample. NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (MR): Use the graduated cylinder to measure exactly 20 ml of sample. When the LCD displays - - -, it is ready. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of unreacted sample, up to the mark, and replace the cap. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove Phosphorus MR

19 Press ZERO and SIP will appear on the display. ZERO Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Remove the cuvet. Add 10 drops of HI 93706A-0 Phosphorus Reagent A (Molibdate) to the cuvet. Add the content of one packet of HI 93706B-0 Phosphorus Reagent B (Amino Acid) to the cuvet. Replace the cap and shake gently until dissolution is complete. x 10 Remove the cap and fill the Demineralizer Bottle with tap water. Replace the cap and shake gently for at least 2 minutes. Open the upper part of the Demineralizer Bottle cap and squirt gently the demineralized water into the cylinder, up to the 100 ml mark. Note: The ion exchange resin contained in the Demineralizer Bottle is provided with an indicator substance. The indicator will change from green to blue when the resin has been exhausted and the resin has to be replaced. Pour the solution in the large 170mL beaker, replace the cap and invert several times to mix. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. Press READ TIMED and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 5 minutes and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will appear during measurement. READ TIMED READ DIRECT 9 The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l of phosphorus on the Liquid Crystal Display. INTERFERENCES Interference may be caused by: Sulfide Calcium above mg/l as CaCO 3 Ferrous iron above 100 mg/l Magnesium above mg/l as CaCO 3 Chloride above mg/l as Cl If the solution contains some turbidity or color, add a powder packet of active carbon and follow the procedure described for Irrigation Water. NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (HR): Use the 5 ml syringe twice to add to the graduated cylinder exactly 10 ml of sample. Note: To measure exactly 5 ml of 5 ml x 2 Phosphorus LR 34 19

20 sample with the syringe, push the plunger completely into the syringe and insert the tip into the sample. Pull the plunger out until the lower edge of the seal is on the 5 ml mark of the syringe. probable level of liquid taken up by syringe Remove the cap and fill the Demineralizer Bottle with tap water. Replace the cap and shake gently for at least 2 minutes. Open the upper part of the Demineralizer Bottle cap and squirt gently the demineralized water into the cylinder, up to the 100 ml mark. Pour the solution in the large 170mL beaker, replace the cap and invert several times to mix. PHOSPHORUS LOW RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0.0 to 10.0 mg/l Resolution 0.1 mg/l Accuracy ±0.5 mg/l ±4% of reading Typical EMC Dev. ±0.1 mg/l Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 525 nm Method Adaptation of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18 th edition, Amino Acid method. The reaction between phosphorus and reagents causes a blue tint in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93706A-0 Molybdate 10 drops HI 93706B-0 Amino Acid 0.5 ml HI 93706B-P Amino Acid powder 2 packets for 100 tests REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests HI Reagents for 300 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the IRRIGATION WATER (LR) procedure at page 17. Turn the meter on by pressing ON/OFF. ON OFF When the LCD displays - - -, it is ready. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of unreacted sample, up to the mark, and replace the cap. If the solution contains some turbidity or color, add a powder packet of active carbon and follow the procedure described for Irrigation Water. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove Phosphorus LR

21 Remove the cuvet and add the content of one packet of HI reagent. Replace the cap and immediately shake vigorously for exactly 10 seconds by moving the cuvet up and down. Continue to mix by inverting the cuvet gently and slowly for 50 seconds, while taking care not to induce air bubbles. A deposit remains, but this does not affect the measurement. Time and way of shaking could sensitively affect the measurement. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument, taking care not to shake it. Press TIMER and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 4 minutes and 30 seconds and press READ DIRECT. In both cases "SIP" will blink during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l of nitratenitrogen on the Liquid Crystal Display. To convert the reading to mg/l of nitrate (NO 3 ), multiply by a factor of INTERFERENCES Interference may be caused by: Ammonia and amines, as urea and primary aliphatic amines Chloride above 100 ppm (negative interference) Chlorine above 2 ppm (positive interference) Copper Iron(III) (positive interference) Strong oxidizing and reducing substances Sulfide (it must be absent) AMMONIA LOW RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0.0 to 10.0 mg/l Resolution 0.1 mg/l Accuracy ±0.1 mg/l ±4% of reading Typical EMC ±0.1 mg/l Deviation Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 420 nm Method Adaptation of the ASTM Manual of Water and Environmental Technology, D , Nessler method. The reaction between ammonia and reagents causes a yellow tint in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93715A-0 First Reagent 4 drops (6 drops in seawater) HI 93715B-0 Second Reagent 4 drops (10 drops in seawater) REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests HI Reagents for 300 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the IRRIGATION WATER (LR) procedure at page 17. Select the program number corresponding to Ammonia LR on the secondary LCD by pressing PROGRAM and. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of unreacted sample, up to the mark, and replace the cap. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove. Press ZERO and SIP will blink on the display. 10 ml Nitrate HR Ammonia LR

22 Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Remove the cuvet. Add 4 drops of the First reagent (6 drops in case of seawater analysis). Replace the cap and mix the solution by inverting the cuvet a couple of times. Add 4 drops of the Second reagent (10 drops in case of seawater analysis). Replace the cap and mix the solution by inverting the cuvet a couple of times. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. x 4 x 4 Press TIMER and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 3 minutes and 30 seconds and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will blink during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l of ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) on the display. To convert the reading to mg/l of ammonia (NH 3 ), multiply by a factor of To convert the reading to mg/l of ammonium (NH 4+ ), multiply by a factor of INTERFERENCES acetone, alcohols, aldehydes, glycine, hardness above 1 g/l, iron, organic chloramines, sulfide, various aliphatic and aromatic amines. NITRATE HIGH RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0 to 300 mg/l Resolution 5 mg/l Accuracy ±10 mg/l ±8% of reading Typical EMC ±5 mg/l Deviation Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 525 nm Method Adaptation of the cadmium reduction method. The reaction between nitrate-nitrogen and the reagent causes an amber tint in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI Powder reagent 1 packet REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests HI Reagents for 300 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (HR) procedure at page 19. Select the program number corresponding to Nitrate HR on the secondary LCD by pressing PROGRAM and. Using the pipette, add to the cuvet 6 ml of sample, up to half of its height, and replace the cap. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove. Press ZERO and SIP will blink on the display. Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Ammonia LR Nitrate HR

23 Remove the cuvet and add the content of one packet of HI reagent. Replace the cap and immediately shake vigorously for exactly 10 seconds by moving the cuvet up and down. Continue to mix by inverting the cuvet gently and slowly for 50 seconds, while taking care not to induce air bubbles. A deposit remains, but this does not affect the measurement. Time and way of shaking could sensitively affect the measurement. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument, taking care not to shake it. Press TIMER and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 4 minutes and 30 seconds and press READ DIRECT. In both cases "SIP" will blink during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l of nitratenitrogen on the Liquid Crystal Display. To convert the reading to mg/l of nitrate (NO 3 ), multiply by a factor of INTERFERENCES Interference may be caused by: Ammonia and amines, as urea and primary aliphatic amines Chloride above 100 ppm (negative interference) Chlorine above 2 ppm (positive interference) Copper Iron(III) (positive interference) Strong oxidizing and reducing substances Sulfide (it must be absent) AMMONIA MEDIUM RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0.0 to 50.0 mg/l Resolution 0.5 mg/l Accuracy ±0.5 mg/l ±4% of reading Typical EMC ±0.5 mg/l Deviation Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 420 nm Method Adaptation of the ASTM Manual of Water and Environmental Technology, D , Nessler method. The reaction between ammonia and reagents causes a yellow tint in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI 93715A-0 First Reagent 4 drops (6 drops in seawater) HI 93715B-0 Second Reagent 4 drops (10 drops in seawater) REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests HI Reagents for 300 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (MR) procedure at page 18. Select the program number corresponding to Ammonia MR on the secondary LCD by pressing PROGRAM and. Fill the cuvet with 10 ml of unreacted sample, up to the mark, and replace the cap. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove. Press ZERO and SIP will blink on the display. 10 ml Nitrate MR Ammonia MR

24 Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Remove the cuvet. Add 4 drops of the First reagent (6 drops in case of seawater analysis). Replace the cap and mix the solution by inverting the cuvet a couple of times. Add 4 drops of the Second reagent (10 drops in case of seawater analysis). Replace the cap and mix the solution by inverting the cuvet a couple of times. Reinsert the cuvet into the instrument. x 4 x 4 Press TIMER and the display will show the countdown prior to the measurement or, alternatively, wait for 3 minutes and 30 seconds and press READ DIRECT. In both cases SIP will blink during measurement. The instrument directly displays concentration in mg/l of ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) on the display. To convert the reading to mg/l of ammonia (NH 3 ), multiply by a factor of To convert the reading to mg/l of ammonium (NH 4+ ), multiply by a factor of INTERFERENCES acetone, alcohols, aldehydes, glycine, hardness above 1 g/l, iron, organic chloramines, sulfide, various aliphatic and aromatic amines. NITRATE MEDIUM RANGE SPECIFICATIONS Range 0 to 150 mg/l Resolution 2.5 mg/l Accuracy ±5 mg/l ±8% of reading Typical EMC ±2.5 mg/l Deviation Light Source Tungsten lamp with narrow band interference 525 nm Method Adaptation of the cadmium reduction method. The reaction between nitrate-nitrogen and the reagent causes an amber tint in the sample. REQUIRED REAGENTS Code Description Quantity HI Powder reagent 1 packet REAGENT SETS HI Reagents for 100 tests HI Reagents for 300 tests For other accessories see page 48. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Note: for sample preparation follow the NUTRIENTS SOLUTION (MR) procedure at page 18. Select the program number corresponding to Nitrate MR on the secondary LCD by pressing PROGRAM and. Using the pipette, add to the cuvet 6 ml of sample, up to half of its height, and replace the cap. Place the cuvet into the holder and ensure that the notch on the cap is positioned securely into the groove. Press ZERO and SIP will blink on the display. Wait for a few seconds and the display will show Now the meter is zeroed and ready for measurement. Ammonia MR Nitrate MR