Preparatory Study for Development Study (M/P or F/S) (draft)

Transcription

1 Preparatory Study for Development Study (M/P or F/S) (draft) 1. Title of the Cooperation Project and Name of the Project Proponent 1.1 Title of the Cooperation Project Juba Urban Water Supply and Capacity Development Study in the Southern Sudan 1.2 Name of the Project Proponent -Ministry of Housing. Land and Public Utilities (MOHLPU), Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS) -Ministry of Physical Infrastructure (MOPI), Central Equatoria State Government 2. Outline of the Study and the Location 2.1Outline of the Study Objectives of the Study The objectives of the Study are as follows. (1) To update and improve the master plan of water supply system covering the examination of alternative water sources (2) To conduct a feasibility study for prioritized projects (3) To support the capacity development of South Sudan Urban Water Corporation, CES-Juba (UWC) and other organizations concerned in operation and maintenance (O&M), management, and support to community-based water projects Study Area Juba town and the surrounding areas (As shown in Annex 1) Scope of the Study The Study will cover the following items. (1) To collect information on the water sector 1) To revise information and data in the water sector of the previous JICA study, Emergency Study on the Planning and Support for Basic Physical and Social Infrastructure in Juba Town and Surrounding Areas in the Southern Sudan 2) To collect concerned information, such as policies, strategies, and 5-year development plans 3) To collect information on the on-going and planned projects of GOSS,the Government of CES, donors, and non-government organizations (NGOs) 4) To conduct surveys on water quality, quantity, level, flow and the surrounding environment in potential water sources sites 5) To conduct topographical surveys (2) To examine existing water facilities and on-going rehabilitation projects 1) To evaluate the n-going rehabilitation projects 2) To update and compile the maps and drawings of water treatment facilities and distribution networks 3) To assess capacities in O&M; and financial, and institutional management (3) To support capacity development of UWC and other organizations concerned 1) Capacities of institutional and financial management, and O&M 1-1 To asses the needs of UWC, and other concerned organizations 1

2 1-2 To analyze financial situations of UWC, and to recommend financial reform including tariff systems 1-3 To examine the roles of organizations concerned, and to recommend institutional improvement 1-4 To examine the situation of unaccounted water, and to recommend countermeasures 1-5 To formulate the action plan of capacity development based on the activities of 1-1 to To follow up and to support the implement of the action plan 1-7 To prepare training materials, such as guidelines and manuals, and to conduct training 2) Community based activities (CBA) 2-1 To organize working groups comprising of UWC, local authorities, and other concerned organizations 2-2 To mobilize users groups in the Munuki Payam (district), and to facilitate them to enhance their capacity 2-3 To promote concerned small facilities development through participatory approaches 2-4 To facilitate water and sanitation education and socio-economic activities (4) To assess the availability of water and its quality in the Palaeo Channel 1) To undertake geological exploration 2) To undertake test boring, well logging, pumping test, groundwater level observation and water quality test 3) To propose recommendation for a feasibility study based on findings of the above-mentioned surveys (5) To revise the master plan of the previous JICA study 1) To revise a socio-economic framework for the target year ) To update water demand projection 3) To examine alternative water supply sources, such as groundwater in the Palaeo Channel (buried old river channels along the Nile River basin), river water of the Nile River, and others 4) To finalize the master plan targeted 2015 (6) To conduct a feasibility study on prioritized projects 1) To plan and design water supply systems with drawings 2) To conduct cost estimation and financial analysis 3) To formulate plans for O&M, and management of the new water supply systems 4) To support the implementation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) (7) To evaluate the project 1) To evaluate economic and financial aspects 2) To evaluate social and environmental aspects 3) To evaluate technical aspects 4) To formulate the project implementation plan and schedule 2.2 Location Outline of the Study areas The Project areas (Juba Town and the surrounding area) are belong to Juba County of Central Equatoria State in the Southern Sudan and are composed of Juba Municipality area and surrounding suburban areas. Among them Juba Municipality consists of three Payam, i.e., Juba Town, Kator and Munuki Payam (See Figure 1 of Appendix). After the civil war ended, Juba became the capital of the Southern Sudan transferred from Rumbek in September Due to the lack of a proper land use zoning system, municipal area is characterized by its low density urban area where houses, shops and rather small buildings for governmental and public 2

3 use intermingle. Kator payam is located in the southwest of Juba Town Payam and characterized by informal settlements with traditional thatched Tukul houses intermittently exist outwards. Munuki payam is located in the northwest of Juba Payam and characterized by the houses of the relatively low income groups and returnees. In the surrounding areas of three Payams, two sites for new water sources are located in a village area of indigenous Bari tribe. One site for groundwater in the Palaeo Channel is located in the south of Kator Payam bordering western bank of the river Nile and another site for a new Nile River water works is placed at the western bank of the Nile, a little southward of the Palaeo Channel site about 13km apart from the center of the Juba Town Payam Social environment (1) Population According to estimation by State Ministry of finance, Economy and Manpower the total population of Juba Municipality, including Juba Town, Munuki and Kator Payams is 130,507 with 23,112 households in 2005 (See Table 1). Table 1 Population Estimate by Administrative unit in Central Equatoria State Administrative Unit Projection 2002 County Payam H/H Male Female Total Average H/H size Juba Town 9,701 31,103 24,198 55, Juba Municipality Kator 10,313 31,710 30,172 61, Munuki 3,098 7,092 6,232 13, Mangala 2,467 6,404 6,947 13, Lirya 2,771 5,436 6,760 12, Juba Rokon 2,937 9,494 9,602 19, Lobonok 621 1,607 1,874 3, Rajaf 4,792 12,593 13,766 26, Nortehrn Bari 2,869 7,115 7,231 14, Wonduruba 2,750 7,373 6,654 14, Lokiliri 2,289 5,674 6,229 11, Total 44, , , , Others 122, , , , Total 167, , , , Source: Ministry of Finance, Economy and Manpower, Bahr el Jebel State Government After the civil war many IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) and refugees came back to Juba Town area as returnees. They have many motivation to return, i.e., Juba became the capital of Southern Sudan and one of the major cities along the Nile, proximity to neighboring countries such as Uganda and Kenya, proper place to settle again and to obtain job opportunity etc. If the population of these returnees are included total population increases up to roughly 250,000 in The population of the targeted area is expected to drastically increase in the future due to accumulation of urban functions as a capital combined with the returnees of both IDPs and refugees. 3

4 (2) Race and religion Majority of people are Christian and a few Moslem people and people who believe traditional African religions characterized by animism are living without segregation in most of the residential areas. Bari people are indigenous in the region occupy large segment of population and people who originated from other tribes are living in mixture basically. Inter-tribal marriage among them is common. (3) Economy and industry According to the data of 1973 that is available most recently, approximately 45% of the working population is engaged in public sector, whereas those in the primary industries account for 15%, manufacturing for 6%, and transport and warehousing activities for 8% respectively out of a population of 56,000 persons. Composition of the working population is clearly characterized by the high percentage of the public sector and low percentage of industrial and commercial activities. At the present main economic activities in Juba Town and surrounding areas are commerce, transport and public services, and activities by international organizations such as United nations (UN), World Food program (WFP), and UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and bilateral cooperation Agencies including United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and other various international NGOs have emerged specifically to enhance and support procurement activities for those industries as well as donor agencies. (4) Land use and land tenure 1) Land use Due to the lack of a proper land use zoning system, Juba town area is characterized by its low density urban area where house, shops and small business offices intermingle. Existing land use for three Payams is shown in Table 2. 4

5 Table 2 Land Use Land use category Area (ha) Ratio (%) 1 Residential Area 1, Commercial Area Business Government Military Area Industrial Area Institutional School/Hospital Religious Public Facilities Roads/Airport Agriculture/Grassland 2, Total 4, Source: JICA (2007): Emergency Study on the Planning and Support for Basic Physical and Social Infrastructure in Juba Town and the Surrounding Areas in the Southern Sudan 2) Land tenure In Southern Sudan, in general, lands in all the urbanized area were defined, registered and managed by the Government according to Land Registration and Settlement Act of However, most of the Southern Sudan s lands were organized by customary and traditional rules and regulations before the above Act was enacted. In the Study area, Palaeo Channel site and a new river intake site are located in customary land areas of Bari tribal people, although their houses are hardly found around the sites. (5) Social infrastructure and services During the civil war, Juba had been totally devastated to a decrepit state without virtually any functional urban infrastructure systems such as roads and water supply facilities. Therefore, the urgent rehabilitation and improvement of the basic physical infrastructure are needed. 1)Transportation In the Project area, especially in Juba town area, transport network as a whole and improvement of the roads have been severely constrained during the past years mainly due to the prolonged conflict of civil war. Most of the roads are in terrible conditions, i.e., mostly unpaved, heavily eroded and filled with large potholes that make them impassible after even the least rainfall Consequently, urban development and socio-economic activities of the area are suffering with the lack of physical serviceability of the present transport infrastructure. The demand for upgrading and expanding the transport network is increasing due to the rapid expansion of housing and other urban development projects. 5

6 2) Water supply Juba Water Works was established in the 1930s. Since its installation, water system hardly underwent any expected performance due to the civil warfare that ensued. As a consequence, the existing water intake and the treatment plant including pumps, sedimentation tanks, filtration systems and storage tanks are all in an extremely dilapidated state and urgently require replacement. The system therefore lacks the capacity to even serve many needy institutions let alone the general public. Currently, water supply from water works in Juba town area is mostly provided to government buildings and hospitals within a limited area in Juba town. Consequently, the almost the entire general public draws its from wells by use of hand pumps or use the untreated water which is transported by trucks and sold by private suppliers. (6) Public health 1) Water-borne diseases Discharged water contains fecal coliforms, which caused water-borne diseases such as cholera, amebic dysentery, hepatitis, diarrhea etc. Inhabitants, especially poor people are using water directly taken from the Nile and existing boreholes for drinking and cooking. As for the recent outbreak of cholera, which prevailed in Southern Sudan and lasted for about one year from March of 2006, ratio of the infected people in Juba County was found to be 83 % of the whole Central Equatoria State according to WHO survey. 2) HIV/AIDS Symptoms of HIV/AIDS war scarcely found before the conflict. However, after civil war the disease was observed frequently after entering workers and prostitutes into the Study area from neighboring countries such as Uganda, Kenya and the Democratic Republic of Congo. (7) Traffic accidents Traffic accidents are very frequent in Juba Town due to the poor condition of roads as well as bad manner of drivers Natural Environment (1) Physical and geological features Juba Town and the surrounding area is located in the large Bahr al Jebel alluvial plain which inclines from south-southwest direction in general. The White Nile River with an average width 250m to 600m, delineates the town boundary in the east. A gentle slope generally characterizes the area, where outcrops of hard and firm crystalline rocks are found. Among these outcrops of rocks, the most outstanding one is Jebel Kujur, with an altitude of 744m above mean sea level, 3km width and 1km length, located to the west of Juba Town and forming the natural boundary of the Juba Town area. In the rainy season, the flooding water affects an area covering almost 50% of the alluvial plain prompting the emergence of the temporal and seasonal rivers flowing into the Nile. 6

7 (2) Climate In general, the temperature is high throughout the year with distinct characteristics of the dry and rainy seasons. The monthly average minimum temperatures based on the 1998 to 2004 statistics (excluding 2001) fall in the range of 19.4 and The lowest monthly average minimum temperatures was mostly recorded in December, while the highest average maximum temperature predominantly occurred either in January or February. The rainy season usually starts in may and lasts to October. The average precipitation level is around 1,000mm. However, occasionally, precipitation levels of more than 1,200mm may be recorded. Most rainfall during the year concentrates in the rainy season, with almost no rainfall observed in the dry season (See Table 3). Table 3 Monthly Rainfall in Juba Town Area (Unit: mm) Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Note: * data of 2001 is not available. Source: JICA;Emergency Study on the Planning and Support for basic Physical Infrastructure in Juba Town and the Surrounding Areas ("Statistical Yearbook for the year 2004", Central Bureau of Statistics) The prevailing winds always come from the south. Nevertheless, in January and February winds mostly prevail from the north-north-west direction. (3) Hydrological condition Juba town is lying along the River Nile and small seasonal rivers, which do not have steady surface water without rainfall and make small basins in the area. However, those rivers may come rushing down in a torrent after heavy rain. Since proper water drainage system is not established, people are suffering from water-clogging and flood occurs in every rainy season. 7

8 The groundwater level in the area is generally found at some 5m below the ground surface and it is inferred to flow gently towards the north because of the local topography. Therefore, in general, the Project area has abundant groundwater in the shallow aquifers. (4) Vegetation and animal protected species According to Sudan s vegetation map (WHO), the Juba area is characterized as savannah grassland and forest. Removal of original vegetation covers to create crop-fields or to supply fuel-wood and charcoal for cooking However, during civil war forest trees were cut down to provide crop-field and fuel wood. Thus deterioration of forest eco-system was deteriorated and wild animal species were moved away. Natural vegetation is spread in limited place along the River Nile. However, there are found no protected conservation areas in the Project area. The habitat of Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus), threatened species registered IUCN red list and live in the Nile and other African water bodies, is not reported in the Projected area Environmental Pollution (1) Air pollution At present air pollution are mostly due to the dust of soil particles blown by the wind and by driving vehicles and the smoke from burning of grass and waste in the dry season. The exhaust emission form vehicles are not dominant at the present considering maximum traffic volume of less than 7,000 vehicles per 12 hours, although there are sometimes observed exhaust of black smoke from trucks with poor maintenance. (2) Water pollution Major water pollutants are domestic wastewater as well as garbage and open defecation. These pollutants are directly carried into the river because of poor sanitation and the absence of sewerage system. In addition to this, boreholes in the Munuki Payam, underground water of boreholes is also polluted due to penetration of untreated excreta from latrines. (4) Solid waste Solid waste such as garbage, plastic waste and medical waste are not properly managed and left along the roadside and the peripherals of seasonal rivers. In the rainy season, the solid waste is washed away into the Nile river. (5) Noise and vibration Noise and vibration levels are not high in the Project area except rising from big generators and loud speakers intermittently. 3. Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations 3.1 Laws and Legislations In Southern Sudan laws and legislations of its own are in a stage of preparation. Laws and regulations relevant to environment conservation and protection are shown in Table 4. Most of the current laws and legislations were enacted in the Republic of the Sudan, which is now under the Government of Unity (GNU). In Southern Sudan laws and legislations of its own are in a stage of 8

9 preparation similarly as other issues of the reconstruction. However, according to The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan 2005, all current laws remain in force unless new laws and legislations are established by GOSS itself. Table 4 Laws and regulations relevant to environment Sector Names of Laws and regulations Food Control Act (1973) (1) Pollution Pesticides Act (1974) control and Environmental Health Act (1974) amended (1993) environmental Public Health Act (1975) health Environment Protection Act (2001) Land Settlement and Registration Act (1925) Land Acquisition Act (1930) (2) Land tenure Unregistered Land Act (1970) repeated and land use The Civil Transaction Act (1984) Disposal of Lands and Physical Planning Act (1994) Mining and Quarries Act (1972) Mechanized Farming Public Corporation (Establishment) (3) Soil Regulations (1975) conservation Plant Disease Act (1913) Agricultural Pest Control Act (1919) Seeds Act (1990) Forest National Corporation Act (1932) (4) Forest Central Forest Act (1932) conservation Provisional Forest Act (1972) Forest Act (1989) Preservation of Wild Animals Act (1935) (5) Wildlife Wildlife Protection Act (1936) conservation and National Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves Regulation (1939) protected area Wildlife Conservation Forest Act (1981) Wildlife Conservation and National Park Act (1987) Nile Water Pump Control Act (1939) (6) Water Fresh Water Fisheries Ordinance (1954) Resources Water Hyacinth Control Act (1960) Conservation Rural Water Development Corporation Act (1966) Irrigation and Flood Control Act (1990) Petroleum Act (1931) (7) Energy and Mines and Quarries act (1974) Mining Industry Safety Act (1978) Investment Act (1989) Source: World Bank ( ) "Environmental and Social Assessment Framework: Decentralized Health System Development Project (DHSDP)" Appendix-A1 9

10 Neither environmental standard of air and water quality or regulation of emission and discharge of pollutants from stationary and mobile sources such as factories, private and public facilities and vehicles are not established in Southern Sudan. 3.2 Competent Agency Competent agency is Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Conservation and Tourism (MEWCT). It was established with the responsibility of providing institutional leadership for conservation and environmental management in The Ministry has four Directorates as shown in Figure 1 and has about 13,000 staff including more than 10,000 park rangers. Directorate of Environment Department of Pollution Control Department of Environmental Assessment Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Conservation and Tourism GOSS Undersecret ary Department of Inspection Department of Research & Planinng Directorate of Wildlife Conservation Department of Anti-poaching Department of Training Department of National Parks (including Regional Offices) Department of Research & Planning Directorate of Tourism Department of Tourism Department of Hotel Management Department of Marketing & Publicity Department of Research & Planning Directorate of Administration & Finance Figure 1 Organization chart of Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Conservation and Tourism 3.3 Projects subject to EIA Laws and legislations relevant to EIA are also not established in Southern Sudan. Even in the Republic of the Sudan establishment of EIA guidelines are at a stage of development, although the Environmental 10

11 Protection Act, 2001 (GNU) implicitly provides the necessity of EIA as environmental evaluation and follow-up. Government of Southern Sudan is trying to develop EIA guidelines together with laws and legislations for environment protection and management in the South Sudan Environmental Management Action Plan (SSEMAP) as shown in Table 5 and 6. SSEMAP has been developing through consultation and collaboration with competent agencies of Government of National Unity. Table 5 Action programs to improve environmental institutions and management Actions Time frame 1 Enact laws and environmental legislation Establish South Sudan Environmental Management Authority (SSEMA) Establish South Sudan Environmental Protection Authority (SSEPA) Establish environmental unit in all ministries at all levels Develop and prepare environmental capacity building programs Recruit and train staff on environmental management Establish environmental information system Prepare and produce an environmental profile in South Sudan Develop an environmental research, monitoring and evaluation Source: Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Conservation and Tourism (2007.4): South Sudan Environmental Management Action Plan (SSEMAP) ( ) (Draft) 11

12 1 Table 6 Action programs for EIA and pollution control Actions Time frame Enact laws and regulations related to oil and industrial pollution Establish Council for oil and industrial pollution Prepare and approve a master plan Strengthen and improve EIA Conduct environmental studies on small and medium scale mining operations Set national standards of pollution control according to international standards Install wastewater treatment facilities in all oil and industrial zones Conduct strategic assessment of all economic and industrial lands Note: Main actions in the program Source: Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Conservation and Tourism (2007.4): South Sudan Environmental Management Action Plan (SSEMAP) ( ) (Draft) 4. Provisional Scoping Activities due to the Project The Study consists of the project components as described below. (1) Updating and improving the master plan of water supply system covering the examination of alternative water sources including option A (supply of groundwater in the Palaeo Channel) and option B(a new river water works of the Nile). (2) Conducting a feasibility study for prioritized projects (3) Supporting the capacity development of UWC and other organizations concerned in operation and maintenance, management, and support to community-based water projects..out of them following four project components are selected as activities together with Juba Urban Water Supply and Capacity Development Study as a whole (See Table 7). (a) Community based activities (b) Option A: supply of groundwater in the Palaeo Channel (c) Option B: a new river water works of the Nile (d) Capacity development 12

13 Table 7 Activities due to the Project (a) (b) (c) (d) Develo Community Option Option Capacity pment Stage Activities due to the Projects based activities A B Develop ment Study as a whole Planning Stage Land acquisition and/or involuntary resettlement Change of plan for use of lands and local resources Extraction and transportation of construction materials from quarries and borrow pits Engineering works for earthmoving, cutting and filling Drilling works for groundwater exploration Construction Stage Installation of plants, warehouse and worker's camps Operation of construction plants, machines and vehicles Pumping up groundwater Engineering work of water intake facility Construction work of water treatment plant and related facilities Construction of water storage tank Construction work of intake, transmission and distribution pipelines Operation of water supply and related facilities and provision of tap/portable water Operation Community based projects for water Stage supply and sanitation Space occupancy of water supply and related facilities Note 1: Option A Supply of groundwater in the Palaeo Channel, option B a new river water works of the Nile Note 2: - fitted Nothing - not fitted. 4.2 Scoping - Identification, prediction and evaluation of the impacts Adverse environmental impacts due to the Project are identified, predicted and evaluated with rating for 31 items of social environment, natural environment and environmental pollution according to the scoping procedure, and summarized in Table 8. 13

14 Table 8 Result of preliminary scoping Rating Social Environment Environment item Involuntary Resettlement (and/or Land Acquisition) (a) Community based activities (b) Option A: Palaeo Channel (c) Option B: the Nile (d) Capacity Building Master Plan Study as a whole D B B D B Local economy such as employment and livelihood etc D D D D D Land use and utilization of local resources D B B D B Social institutions such as social 4 infrastructure and local decision- D B B D B Existing social 5 infrastructures C D D D D and services Reasons Most of water supply pipes in the town area are planned to set up beside existing roads. However, sites for new water resources, Palaeo Channel groundwater and river water from the Nile belong to indigenous Bari tribe village area, which are located in the south of Kator Payam along west bank of the Nile. Therefore,land acquisition and involuntary resettlement against tribal people are somewhat expected, although the assumed site for Palaeo Channel is located in the barren land and the site for new river water supply facilities is lacated to river bank and open space isolated from the scattered village houses Beneficial impacts are expected on local economy; (a) creation of employment opportunity for public works during construction, (b) Easier access to drinking water will contribute to reduction burdening of women and children to collect water and improvement of livelihood. 1) Planned sites for new water resources, Palaeo Channel groundwater and river water from the Nile are located in the customary land area of indigenous Bari tribe, 2) Amounts of groundwater of Palaeo Channel and river water of the Nile are about 0.01% of the least flow of the Nile in dry season and are negligible. Most of urban water supply pipes in the town area are planned to set up beside existing roads. However, sites for new water resources, Palaeo Channel groundwater and river water from the Nile are located in the customary land area of indigenous Bari tribe. Urban water supply is a infrastructure of urgently required and basic human needs. Easier access to safe drinking water may result in reduction of work load of water drawing by women and children. 6 The poor, indigenous of ethnic people B B B B B 1) Improvement of urban water supply system will surely contribute to reduction of load for women and children's daily work, 2) Sites for new water resources, Palaeo Channel groundwater and river water from the Nile are located in the customary land area of indigenous Bari tribe.therefore, land acquisition and involuntary resettlement against tribal people are somewhat expected. 7 8 Misdistributio n of benefit and damage Local conflict of interests C B B D B C B B D B Cultural 9 property and heritage D C C D C Water usage or Water rights 10 and Rights of C C C D C Common Public health 11 and Sanitation D D D D D 1) In spite of difference of religion, tribe and economic level, people in the town area are living without any conflict among communities. 2) However, planned sites for new water resources, Palaeo Channel groundwater and river water from the Nile, are located in the customary land area of indigenous Bari tribe. Thus, there is some possiblity of misdistribution of benefit and damage between town area and Bari village area. Planned sites for new water resources, Palaeo Channel groundwater and river water from the Nile, are located in the customary land area of indigenous Bari tribe. Thus, there is some possiblity of raising conflict among Bari village people and other communities. It depeds on design and arrangement of water supply facilities and extent of impact is unknown. At the moment there is little information of the rights. However, demand of water supply is expected to be negligible amount (about 0.01 % of the lowest flow of the Nile in dry season ). Supply of safe drinking water will contribute to health and sanitation situation, resulting in reductin of water-bone diseases. Infectious 12 diseases such as HIV/AIDS D B B D B In other African countries cases of HIV/AIDS were often reported due to contact of workers with HIV/AIDS affected prostitutes at construction work. Similar situation is expected to occur during construction stage. 13 Hazard/Risk D D D D D No additional risk of disaster and security are anticipated due to the Project. Natural Environment Environmental Polluiton 14 Accidents C C C D C There is some possibility of accidents due to construction work. 15 Topography and Geology C C C D C 16 Soil erosion D C C D C 17 Groundwater B B B D B Hydrological 18 situation/drain age pattern B B B D B 19 Coastal zone D D D D D Project area is not located in coastal zone. Fauna, Flora 20 and Biodiversity C C C D C 21 Landscape C C C D C No anticipated major infrastructure development or reclamation. However, there is little information about geophysicalcal data of Palaeo Channel and the Nile water intake sites. No anticipated major infrastructure development or reclamation. However, there is little information about soil condition ofpalaeo Channel and the Nile water intake sites. Bore hole drilling of Palaeo Channel and pumping up of groundwater may affect aquifer, water table and underwater quality.!) Water supply by utilizing groundwater of Palaeo Channel and/or river water of the Nile may affect flow and water quality of the Nile. However, amount of supplying water is neglible comapring with the least flow of the Nile. 1) Natural vegetation is spread in limited place along the River Nile. However, there are found no protected conservation areas in the Project area. 2) The habitat of Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus), threatened species registered IUCN red list and live in the Nile and other African water bodies, is not reported in the Projected area. Churches and mosques are typical landscape in the Projected area. Hwoever, extent of the impact is unknown at the present. 22 Meteorology D D D D D No major infrastructure development and reclamation is expected. 23 Global Warming D D D D D 24 Air pollution B B B D B 25 Water pollution B B B D B Generation of greenhouse gases from water supply facilities are expected to be negligible. 1) Emission of air pollutants from vehicles and equpments during construction works, 2) Emision of air pollutants from power generators for pumping up Palaeo Channel underground water and river water intake from the Nile and water supply facilities. 3) However, impacts in both cases are not likely to be serious. 1) Discharge of wastewater from worker's camps and construction works is expected during construction, 2) Discharge of wastewater from new water supply facilities is expected during operation stage. 26 Soil contamination D D D D D Toxic materials which may give rise to soil contamination will be not used. 27 Bottom sediment D D D D D No reclamation and dredging work are expected. 28 Waste B B B D B 1) Generation of construction waste and garbage from worker's camp during construction, 2) Sludge generated from water treatment plants.. Noise and 29 Vibration B B B D B Generation of noise and vibration are expected during construction. 30 Ground Subsidence C C C D C Extent of impact due to pumping up groundwater of Palaeo Channel is unknown.. 31 Offensive odor D D D D D Some possibility of bad odor due to sludge of water treatment plants and disinfection treatment of water using chlorine gas. However, impact is expected to be negligible. Note 1: * Environmental items in the scoping are prepared based on the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2004) with some modifications as referred to the Environmntal Guidelines for Infrastructues Projects VIII Underground Water, IX Water Supply (1992) Note 2: ** Regarding the impacts on "Gender" and "Children's Right" might be related to all criterion (items) of Social Environment. Note 3: Rating; In general, both beneficial and adverse impacts are expected due to the project activities. However, adverse impacts only are the subject of considerations according to the JICA Guidelines. A-Serious impact is expected, B- Some impact is expected, C- Extent of impact is unknown or not clear (Further examination is needed. It should be taken into consideration that impacts may become clear as study progresses. ), D- Negligligile or No impact is expected. IEE/EIA is not necessary. 14

15 4.3 Categorization and its reason Categorization The project is found to be classified as category B according to JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations Its Reason Several adverse impacts are expected for environmental items of land acquisition and involuntary resettlement, land use and utilization of local resources, infectious diseases, hydrological situations, air pollution, waste, etc Necessary baseline survey and envisioned Mitigation Measures Adverse impacts should be fully taken into considerations to conduct further necessary baseline survey and examine the mitigation measures including avoidance and monitoring as much as possible as shown in Table 9. Baseline survey is to make further understanding of existing environment and the effects caused due to the project activities. Mitigation measures will minimize the adverse impact to an acceptable level through the planning, construction and operation phases. Monitoring is required to ensure that the specified mitigation measures are properly carried out through construction and operation phases. 15

16 Table 9 Necessary baseline survey and mitigation measures Environment item 1 Involuntary Resettlement (and/or Land Acquisition) Rating Necessary baseline study Envisioned mitigation measures B 1) From early stage of the plan, provide adequate information to Project affected people (PAPs) and communities and consult with 1) Detailed survey on living condition, livelihood of Bari stakeholders including PAPs to make agreement or thorough people and structure of the community neighboring Palaeo understanding of the issues as much as possible, 2) Preparation of Channel site and river water intake site along the Nile as Land Acquisition and Resettlement Action Plan, 3) If indigenous well as land tenure system, 2) Examine procedure and Bari tribe people are expected to become PAPs, their rights in condition of land acquisition and involuntary resettlement relation to land and resources and life style must be respected and according to relevant laws in Southern Sudan, taking the efforts should be made to obtain the consent of them with fully Involuntary Resettlement Policy of donors including JICA considerations to compensate properly or support to restore the into considerations. present living condition, 4) Careful monitoring on the process of compensation and/or resettlement. 2 Local economy such as employment and livelihood etc. D Survey on present employment condition and sources of income/livelihood in the Project area. 1) Promote cooperation with relevant urban development projects, 2) Give inhabitants preference to have a chance to construction work, 3) Training inhabitants to get working skills. Social Environment Land use and utilization of local resources Social institutions such as social infrastructure and local decision-making Existing social infrastructures and services B B D 1) Survey on existing land & resource use and regulation, 2) Survey on amount of groundwater of Palaeo Channel and river water of the Nile. 1) Promotion of sound land and water resource development plan, 2)Proper regulation of lands and water resource use, 3) Although volume of intake river water will be negligible amount, it is necessary to consider the situation of the Nile as an international river flowing down to Egypt. Information disclosure and public participation should be fully Survey on commumity structures, procedure of decisionmaking and opinion leaders in the Project area, especially considered for stakeholders including those of Bari village from early stage of planning for obtaining thorough understanding and indigenous Bari village area. consensus of the people and communities. Survey on present situation and urgent needs of social infrastructures and services in the Project area. 1) Promote integrated development master plan including other social infrastructure and services, 2) Consider linkage with other infrastructure development plan to achieve constrcution work more efficiently The poor, indigenous of ethnic people Misdistribution of benefit and damage Local conflict of interests D B B Information disclosure and public participation should be fully Survey on livelihood and living conditions of vulnerable considered for stakeholders including vulnerable groups such as social groups such as the poor, women and children, Bari village people from early stage of planning for obtaining returnees and indigenous Bari village people in the Project thorough understanding and consensus of the people and area, communities. Survey on past experiences and causes which may expand gap among the communities. Survey on the causes and solutions of local conflicts of interests in the Project area. 1) Information disclosure and public participation should be fully considered for stakeholders including those of Bari village and community organization, 2) Consultation with stakeholders including PAPs and community organization, should be planned from early stage to obtain understanding and consent among the stakeholders in order to share equal benefit and damage. 1) Information disclosure and public participation should be fully considered for stakeholders including those of Bari village and community organization, 2) Consultation with stakeholders including PAPs and community organization, should be planned from early stage to obtain understanding and consent among the stakeholders in order to avoid or minimize local conflict of interests. 9 Cultural property and heritage C Inventory survey on cultural, historical and religious property in the Project area. 1) Avoid the route close to the cultural and hitorical property in the plan, 2)Promote campaign for protection of cultural property and heritage. Water usage or Water rights and 10 Rights of Common C 1) Survey on water rights, fishing rights and rights of Commons, 2) Confirm Water rights of the Nile as an international river. Promote participation of those who have the rights in order to get their opinion and ensuring understanding and making consent in the course of the stakeholder meeting from the planning stage Infectious 12 diseases such as HIV/AIDS B Survey on existing cases and cause of HIV/AIDS in the Project area. 1) Monitoring cases of HIV/AIDS before and after the project, 2) In general, indigenous people have little immunity. Therefore, considerations are necessary to prevent catching HIV/AIDS focusing Bari village people, 3) Enlightenment and campaign to prevention, cure and cure of HIV/AIDS. 14 Accidents C Collect and analyze accidents data during construction stage. Measures to prevent accidents during construction. Topography and 15 Geology C Detailed survey on geophysical feature of Palaeo Channel and the Nile water intake sites 1) Avoid the site of unstable ground condition, 2) Measures for prevention of landslide at constrution site. 16 Soil erosion C Detailed survey on geophysical feature and soil condition of Palaeo Channel and the Nile water intake sites 1) Avoid the site of unstable soil condition, 2) Measures for prevention of soil erosion at constrution site. Natural Environment 17 Groundwater B Hydrological 18 situation/draina ge pattern B Detailed survey on hydrogeological feature of Palaeo Channel sites (water capacity, water quality, drilling conditions, aquifer materials etc.) Detailed survey on hydrological features of the Nile (flow rate, water level, water quality etc.). 1) Measures to prevent penetration of polluted water and excreta from open defecation to underground. Monitoring water capacity and quality of Palaeo Channel underground water and river water of the Nile, Fauna, Flora 20 and Biodiversity C 21 Landscape C Detailed survey on protected and/or precious plant and animal species including fishes and Nile crocodile in the Nile. Survey on structures and facilities of important landscape in the Project area. 1) Formulate environmental management plan for natural environment in the Project area. 1) Regulation to preserve important landscape, 2) Measure for greening water supply facilities to harmonize surrounding landscape. 24 Air pollution B 1) Inventory survey on major air pollution sources, 2) Collect data of complaint about air pollution Prepare countermeasures against air pollution during construction and operation stages.v Environmental Polluiton 1) Inventory survey on major water pollution sources 1) Prepare countermeasures against water pollution during including hotels, 2) Survey on water quality including construction and opeartion stages, 2) Establish wastewater and 25 Water pollution B Coliforms in both dry and rainy season (The River Nile and water quality standard, 3) Water quality monitoring before and seasonal rivers). after operation. 28 Waste B Noise and 29 Vibration B 1) Survey on present situation and institutional structures of waste management system in the Project area, 2) Establish proper management system of waste during construction stage. 1) Inventory survey on source of noise and vibartion, 2) Collect data of complaint about noise and vibration. 1) Proper treatment and disposal of wastes generating from construction work, 2) Secure final disposal site, 3) Reflect concept of 3R (Reduce, reuse and recycle of waste) to the plan. 1) Prepare countermeasures against generation of noise and vibration during construction and operation stage. 30 Ground Subsidence C Survey on complaint on ground subsidence in the Monitoring situation of ground subsidence. Porject area and Southern Sudan. Note 1: * Environmental items in the scoping are prepared based on the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2004) with some modifications as referred to the Environmntal Guidelines for Infrastructues Projects VIII Underground Water, IX Water Supply (1992) Note 2: ** Regarding the impacts on "Gender" and "Children's Right" might be related to all criterion (items) of Social Environment. Note 3: Rating; A-Serious impact is expected, B- Some impact is expected, C- Extent of impact is unknown or not clear (Further examination is needed. It should be taken into consideration that impacts may become clear as study progresses. ). 16

17 5.5 Analysis of Alternatives Currently, in the Project area including Juba town, the capital of Southern Sudan, urban development and socio-economic activities are suffering adversely with the lack of physical serviceability of the present water supply facilities. The demand for upgrading and expanding the water supply is increasing, due to the rapid expansion of housing and other urban development functions Furthermore, it is clear that safety and sufficient amount of water as well as proper hygiene and sanitation are closely related components which impact directly basic health and productivity of human beings. However, provision of safe water supplies remains major concerns in the Southern Sudan, given that approximately 75% of the population does not have access to clean water, leading to increased diseases such as cholera, diarrhea dysentery, etc No project (without the Project) Gross lack of an efficient, cost-effective, reliable, safe, secure and integrated water supply system in the Project area is one of the main obstacles to the initiation of sustainable economic growth and establishment of higher levels of social welfare. Therefore, without the Project, water supply, one of essential and urgently required basic infrastructures, is not realized and problems such as lack of drinking water, prevailing water-bone diseases, hard work load of women and children for water collection are left unsolved and worsened. Consequently, development of local economy and reconstruction of the project area will be delayed significantly. In addition, without proper capacity development of engineers and officers relevant to urban water supply means current problems such as water leakage and very low percentages of water charge collection are left unsolved Conducting Juba urban Water supply ands Capacity Development Study Urban water supply project will bring about easy access to safe and sufficient amount of drinking water as essential and urgently required social infrastructure. In addition, beneficial impacts are expected on local economy; (a) creation of employment opportunity for public works during construction, (b) Easier access to drinking water will contribute to reduction burdening of women and children to collect water and improvement of livelihood. At the same time, capacity development of engineers and officers and community people contributes to upgrading operation and maintenance of water supply system. 17

18 5. Examination of Environmental and Social Considerations Budget According to GOSS Budget 2008, budget of Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, competent authority are shown in Table 10. Budget of Directorate of Environment, which is in charge of issues for environmental and social considerations is found about 4 million SDG (about 20,000 USD). Table 10 Budget of MEWCT in 2008 Fiscal Year Program Area (Directorate) Main Activities Budget (SDG)* (%) Wildlife Conservation 1) Anti-Poaching & law enforcement 1 and Tourism (Directorate of Wildlife Conservation, Directorate of 2) Wildlife population surveys 3) Development of Protected Areas and tourist centers (policies and programs) 94,829, Tourism) 4) Development of capacity of wildlife conservation and tourism staff 1) Development of environmental policies and laws, and impact monitoring procedures 2 Environment (Directorate of Environment) 2) Environmental profiling and research 3) Raising environmental awareness (Development of environmental information centre) 4,045, ) Capacity building of environmental staff 3 General Administration (Directorate of Administration and Finance) 1) Minister's office 2) Administration and finance 7,124, Total 106,000, Note: * SDG - Sudan Pond (abut 0.5 USD) Source: Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning, Government of Southern Sudan: Approved Budget 2008 Organization and personnel Regarding examining Environmental and Social Considerations, the competent organization should be Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism and counterpart of EIA issues should also be personnel of the Ministry. Personnel should be a member of steering committee, which will be organized for the effective and efficient implementation of the Study. 18

19 Framework and operating procedures regarding information disclosure and public participation Consistency of EIA policy of Government of Southern Sudan with JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations During site reconnaissance survey the Preparatory Study Team explained policy and procedures of JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (JICA Guidelines) to competent authority of GOSS, Directorate of Environment, Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Conservation and Tourism, and discussed about required contents and procedures for the EIA of the present Study. Through consultation with Directorate of Environment, GOSS side agreed that EIA of the project, if necessary, should be conducted adopting approaches and procedures of JICA guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations. No legislations and/or EIA guidelines have been established yet, although they are in the stage of development Information disclosure and public participation Information disclosure and public participation should be fully considered from early stage of planning utilizing various means to obtain understanding and consent among the stakeholders.. In order for EIA to be meaningful, it must allow for the participation of not only affected people but also all stakeholders including project proponents, governmental organization, the private sector, local communities, NGOs, traditional leaders, the general public and consultants. Each of these parties has an important role to play in order to ensure the satisfactory completion of an EIA process Involuntary resettlement In case of land acquisition and/or involuntary resettlement, appropriate participation by affected people and their communities must be promoted in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of involuntary resettlement plans and measures against the loss of their means of livelihood. It is also necessary to examine procedure and condition of land acquisition and involuntary resettlement according to relevant laws in Southern Sudan, taking the Involuntary Resettlement Policy of donors including JICA into considerations Indigenous ethnic people If indigenous Bari tribe people are expected to become project affected people, their rights in relation to land and resources and life style must be respected and efforts should be made to obtain the consent of them with fully considerations to compensate properly or support to restore the present living condition. Appendix 1 Map of the Project area (End) 19