IC&I Waste Characterization Report IC&I 3Rs Strategy Project

Transcription

1 The City of Ottawa IC&I 3Rs Strategy Project 5 June 2007 Submitted to: City of Ottawa Department of Public Works and Services 110 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa, ON K1P 1J1 Attn: Ms. Sally McIntyre Submitted by:

2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Project Reasons for IC&I Waste Characterization The Approach Data Collection and Review Allocation Modelling Description of the Ottawa IC&I Sector Available Employment Data for the City of Ottawa Ontario Waste Management Association (OWMA) Industry Survey (2006) City of Ottawa IC&I and C&D Waste Quantities Baseline Planning Estimate IC&I Waste Composition Overall IC&I Waste Characterization Various Studies Estimated IC&I Waste Composition for the City of Ottawa Targets for IC&I 3Rs Strategy Sources of Ottawa s IC&I Waste Approach to Allocate Disposed IC&I Waste to Generators in Ottawa, Results of Waste Allocation Modelling Range of Potential Values of IC&I Waste Allocation Modelling Waste Composition and Tonnages of Material Generated by IC&I Sector Groups in Ottawa C&D Waste Composition Rationale for Separate Analysis of C&D Waste C&D Waste Composition Targets for C&D Waste Strategy Conclusions and Recommendations References Appendix A: Description of the Ottawa IC&I Sector... A-1 Appendix B: Employment Data for City of Ottawa, B-1 Appendix C: Existing 3Rs Regulations... C-1 Appendix D: Sources of Data on IC&I Waste Management in Ontario... D-1 Appendix E: 1990 and 1998 City of Ottawa Waste Quantity Estimates and Composition Studies From Other Jurisdictions...E-1 Appendix F: Sources of IC&I Waste in Ottawa in F-1 Appendix G: Composition of Waste Generated By Different IC&I Sectors... G-1 i June 5, 2007

3 Appendix H: IC&I Waste Allocation Model Output... H-1 List of Tables Table 2-1: Employment in Ottawa Table 3-1: IC&I Waste Diverted and Disposed in Ottawa, Table 3-2: Allocation of Waste Streams To Diversion and Disposal, City of Ottawa, Table 4-1: Summary of Overall IC&I Waste Composition Information From Various Studies Table 5-1: Relative Contribution of Different IC&I Sectors in Ottawa To Total IC&I Waste Stream Table 6-1: Composition of Estimated Disposed from Various Jurisdictions (Non-residential) List of Figures Figure 2-1: IC&I Sector Employment in City of Ottawa Figure 3-1: Ottawa IC&I Disposed Waste Stream Figure 4-1: Summary of Overall IC&I Waste Composition Information From Various Studies Figure 4-2: City of Ottawa IC&I Waste Composition Figure 5-1: Relative Contribution of Different IC&I Sectors in Ottawa to The IC&I Waste Stream Figure 5-3: Range of Waste Disposed by Industry Sectors in Ottawa Figure 5-4: Food Waste Disposed by Sector Figure 5-5: Paper Waste Disposed by Sector Figure 6-1: Estimated City of Ottawa C&D Waste Composition ii June 5, 2007

4 Executive Summary Purpose and Objectives of Task 2 Study The City of Ottawa is developing an industrial, commercial and institutional (IC&I) 3Rs Strategy that will recommend options for IC&I waste and for construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The first step in this process is to identify the composition and quantities of waste diverted and disposed. The purpose of this document is to identify the: Quantities of IC&I and C&D waste; IC&I and C&D waste composition; and Key IC&I waste generators by economic sector. This report describes the baseline IC&I and C&D waste quantities and composition for City of Ottawa. This information will be used as the baseline data for the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. Quantities of IC&I and C&D Waste Generated The amounts of IC&I and C&D waste disposed from City of Ottawa sources in 2005 are summarized in Table ES-1. Table ES-1: IC&I and C&D Materials Disposed By City of Ottawa Businesses in 2005 Disposed Diverted Generated Sector (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) C&D 191,000 31, ,000 IC&I 438,000 70, ,000 Total 630, , ,000 (rounded to nearest 10,000 te) Approximately 30% of the total disposed (192,000 tonnes) is disposed from C&D activities; the remaining 70% (438,000 tonnes) is disposed from all other IC&I activities. The diverted total in Table ES-1 does not include a reported 200,000 tonnes/year of metals diverted by companies such as Bakermet and Cohen & Cohen, who are metal shredders and brokers in the City of Ottawa. It also does not include materials, which are re-used by industries directly and are not captured in current reporting mechanisms. It should also be noted that the waste quantities identified in the table above do not include contaminated soils. These amounts vary substantially from one year to the next and come from sources located within and outside the City of Ottawa. The material is often stockpiled for use in landfill operations such as cover or for road or other construction. IC&I Waste Composition Figure ES-1 presents the estimated composition of the approximately 438,000 tonnes of IC&I waste disposed in ES-1 June 5, 2007

5 Figure ES-1: City of Ottawa IC&I Waste Composition PET 1,220-1,350 t (0.3%) HDPE 11,420-12,620 t (3%) Food Waste Other Plastic 58,920-65,120 t Yard Waste 27,450-30,340 t (14%) de à t (7%) (2%) Wood 16,900-18,680 t (4%) Other 33,620-37,160 t (8%) Non-ferrous 14,740-16,300 t (4%) Ferrous 24,280-26,830 t (6%) Old Corrugated Containers 61,170-67,600 t (15%) Glass 22,110-24,430 t (5%) Mixed Paper 115, ,790 t (27%) Old Newspaper 21,190-23,430 t (5%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. Because of the IC&I mix in Ottawa, the key materials in the IC&I waste stream are: Mixed Paper (27%); Corrugated Containers (15%); Food (14%); Plastics (10%); Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals (10%); and Glass (5%). C&D Waste Composition About 191,000 tonnes of C&D waste were disposed in The composition of this material is expected to be a typical C&D mix, shown in Figure ES-2. ES-2 June 5, 2007

6 Figure ES-2: City of Ottaw a C&D Waste Composition Paper 25,270-27,930 t (14%) Other 23,470-25,940 t (13%) Concrete 16,250-17,960 t (9%) Drywall 17,150-18,950 t (10%) Brick 5,420-5,990 t (3%) Ashphalt Roofing 20,760-22,940 t (12%) Wood 47,830-52,870 t (26%) Ashpalt Paving 8,120-8,980 t (5%) Metals 16,250-17,960 t (9%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. Key IC&I Waste Generators The relative contribution of various IC&I sectors to the disposed waste total is presented in Figure ES-3. Seven sectors produce most of the total IC&I waste disposed from the City and they should be the primary targets of the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. These sectors, and their contribution to the disposed IC&I waste stream are: Retail (17% to 24%); Accommodation and Food Services (15% to 19%); Health Care and Social Assistance (11% to 14%); Manufacturing (9% to 15%); Public Administration (7%); Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (7%); and Cultural Industries (3% to 7%). ES-3 June 5, 2007

7 Figure ES-3: Relative Contribution of Different IC&I Sectors in Ottawa to the IC&I Waste Stream 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Retail Trade Accommodation, Food Services Health Care, Social Assistance Manufacturing Public Administration Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Arts, Entertainment, Recreation Transportation and Warehousing Other Services (Not Public Administration) Information and Cultural Industries Wholesale Trade Education Services Administration and Support, Waste Management & Remediation Services Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Renting & Leasing Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water, Sewage, Steam, AC) Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 0 Target Waste Streams The current waste composition data suggests that the best way for the City of Ottawa to increase waste diversion in the IC&I sector is to focus on three target waste streams: paper, organics and C&D waste. Paper The IC& I 3Rs Strategy should focus on recovering as much paper as possible from the IC&I waste stream. Paper is readily recyclable, and Canadian recycled paper facilities import up to two million tonnes per year from the US to feed their fibre supply. Over 70% of the paper in the waste stream comes from six sectors: Retail; Manufacturing; Public Administration (federal, provincial and municipal governments); Accommodation and Food Services; Health Care and Social Assistance; and Professional, Scientific and Technical Services. Food and Organic Waste Another important focus should be organics. Seventy five per cent (75%) of the food waste disposed in Ottawa is generated by four sectors: Accommodation and Food Services; ES-4 June 5, 2007

8 Retail; Health Care and Social Assistance; and Information and Cultural Industries. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste C&D waste (i.e., waste from construction and demolition activities) is another significant waste stream that should be addressed in the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. Approximately 58% of C&D waste is composed of four materials paper, concrete, wood and metal that can be recycled today in Ottawa. In addition the City is close to finalizing a pilot project to recycle asphalt shingles (an estimated 12% of the C&D waste stream) and there is strong interest in diverting drywall (an estimated 10% of the C&D waste stream). ES-5 June 5, 2007

9 1. Introduction to Project 1.1 Reasons for IC&I Waste Characterization This report describes how the baseline waste quantity and composition estimates for the City of Ottawa were developed. This quantitative information is needed to develop approaches to target particular IC&I waste generators and specific materials in the IC&I waste stream for diversion. The quantitative information is used to estimate the impacts of various policies and programs on waste diversion tonnages. It is also used to estimate the composition and quantities of residuals, which will remain after selected 3Rs programs are put into place. The Phase One Consultations carried out in support of Task 1 showed that many IC&I waste generators in Ottawa are unable to provide detailed information on the amount or composition of the solid waste that they generate. Therefore, research from other jurisdictions has been used to produce an IC&I Waste Allocation Model (the Model ). The Model will be used to develop the planning level waste quantity and composition estimates required for the Study. These estimates will be verified through discussions with industry associations representing the largest segments of the IC&I sector in the City of Ottawa, and through contact with selected industry representatives involved in the consultation process. IC&I waste differs from residential waste in that different industries and businesses produce very different types of waste materials. For example, restaurants produce large quantities of food waste and cardboard, whereas manufacturing facilities tend to produce metals and plastics. It is for these reasons that different IC&I waste diversion approaches are typically applied to different IC&I sectors. In each case it is important to identify the materials that are easy to divert, as well as those for which markets are readily available in the Ottawa area. 1.2 The Approach The approach to developing the IC&I and C&D waste quantity and composition estimates involved two major steps: Data collection; and Allocation of waste quantities and composition to different sectors Data Collection and Review During the data collection step, the Project Team: Reviewed information obtained through the public consultation process carried out in the fall of 2006; Reviewed IC&I waste quantity and composition studies carried out previously by the City; Completed a literature search to identify new sources of information on IC&I waste quantities and composition; and Reviewed IC&I waste quantity and composition studies carried out by municipalities and provinces in Canada and by cities, regions and states in the US. 2-1 June 5, 2007

10 1.2.2 Allocation Modelling The IC&I waste quantity and composition information collected was then entered into the Model used for this study. The Model was used to identify: The approximate composition of the City of Ottawa disposed IC&I waste stream; Significant waste streams disposed by the IC&I sector in Ottawa; Key IC&I waste generators in Ottawa; and Significant generators of materials that should be targeted in the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. 2-2 June 5, 2007

11 2. Description of the Ottawa IC&I Sector This section presents a broad description of the IC&I sector and includes major employment categories in the City of Ottawa. Details of employment in Ottawa by NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) codes are available in Appendix A. Most of the information has been obtained from Ottawa 20/20 Vision, Statistics Canada data and other sources provided to the study team by City of Ottawa staff. 2.1 Available Employment Data for the City of Ottawa City of Ottawa employment data were obtained from the Ottawa Economic Strategy 2020 (April, 2003) report for most sectors within the City boundaries. For two sectors where employment was not identified (NAICS 21 Mining and NAICS 22 Utilities), employment figures were prorated from Ontario provincial totals, calibrated using Ottawa s population compared to the Ontario total. Updated employment figures were obtained for 2006 (from the Statistics Canada Labour Survey, 2006). Appendix A compares the detailed figures for 2006 with overall totals for The 2006 employment figures used for the waste allocation exercise are presented in Table 2-1. The employment data is shown graphically in Figure 2-1. The figure illustrates the fact that the Public Administration Sector NAICS 91, which includes federal, provincial and municipal employees is by far the largest IC&I sector by employment in Ottawa, accounting for 91,300 employees, or 19% of the total. This is followed by Professional, Scientific and Technical Services, NAICS 51, which accounts for 56,100 employees, or 12% of the total. Other significant employment groups in Ottawa include Retail NAICS 44-45, which employs 50,800, or 11% of the total employment in Ottawa; Health Care and Social Assistance NAICS 62, which employs 45,400, or 9% and Manufacturing which accounts for 7% of total employment in the city. 2.2 Ontario Waste Management Association (OWMA) Industry Survey (2006) A survey of selected waste management companies was carried out in 2006 by the Ontario Waste Management Association (OWMA) to collect information on current IC&I waste diversion activities in the Province and to gain a better understanding of IC&I waste diversion in Ontario 1. The companies surveyed represented 95,000 commercial account locations serviced by the private sector waste hauling, processing and disposal industry throughout the Province of Ontario. Waste haulers were asked to identify industries or businesses that they felt could recycle more than they are doing currently. They identified: Retail sales; Construction; Restaurants; 1 IC&I Waste Diversion in Ontario Presentation at Ontario Waste Management Association Annual General Meeting, February June 5, 2007

12 Small businesses; and Heavy manufacturing. NAIC Code Table 2-1: Employment in Ottawa 2 Sector No. of Employees Percentage of Total 11 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting 2,600 1% 21 Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 1,300 <1% 22 Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water Sewage, Steam, AC) 3,000 1% 23 Construction Industry 19,600 4% Manufacturing 34,000 7% 41 Wholesale Trade 10,200 2% Retail Trade 50,800 11% Transportation and Warehousing 15,000 3% 51 Information and Cultural Industries 17,600 4% 52 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Renting & Leasing 18,600 4% 54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 56,100 12% 56 Admin & Support, Waste Management & Remediation Services. 18,500 4% 61 Education Services 32,500 7% 62 Health Care, Social Assistance 45,400 9% 71 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation 11,300 2% 72 Accommodation, Food Service 30,000 6% 81 Other Services (not Public Administration) 21,100 4% 91 Public Administration 91,300 19% TOTAL 478, % Source: City of Ottawa, Planning Dept 2001 Employment Survey, data, by location, by NAICS, by number or employees full-time and part-time. Some members of the Ottawa IC&I sector are impacted by the existing Ontario 3Rs Regulations 3 which require source separation and waste reduction planning. These regulations are described in Appendix C. Proper enforcement of the current MOE regulations would provide City of Ottawa generators with an incentive to recycle. Appendix D presents information available on diversion by the IC&I sector in general in the Province of Ontario. 2 City of Ottawa, Planning Department Employment Survey, data, by location, by NAICS, by number or employees full-time and part-time. 3 O.Reg. 10/94, O.Reg. 103/94 and O.Reg. 104/ June 5, 2007

13 Figure 2-1: IC&I Sector Employment in City of Ottawa Transportation and Arts, Entertainment, Warehousing Recreation 15,000 (3.1%) 11,300 (2.4%) Information and Cultural Industries 17,600 (3.7%) Administration and Support, Waste Management & Remediation Services 18,500 (3.9%) Wholesale Trade 10,200 (2.1%) Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water, Sewage, Steam, AC) 3,000 (0.6%) Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting 2,600 (0.5%) Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 1,300 (0.3%) Public Administration 91,300 (19.1%) Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Renting & Leasing 18,600 (3.9%) Construction Industry 19,600 (4.1%) Other Services (not Public Administration) 21,100 (4.4%) Accommodation, Food Service 30,000 (6.3%) Education Services 32,500 (6.8%) Health Care, Social Assistance 45,400 (9.5%) Manufacturing 34,000 (7.1%) Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 56,100 (11.7%) Retail Trade 50,800 (10.6%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. 2-3 June 5, 2007

14 City of Ottawa IC&I and C&D Waste Quantities This section identifies the IC&I and C&D waste quantities disposed and diverted in the City of Ottawa. Table 3-1 provides a breakdown by waste service provider using data compiled by City of Ottawa staff. It should be noted that the City of Ottawa has a better database of waste diverted and disposed by generators within their borders than other cities in Ontario who do not have mandatory reporting requirements. Trail Waste Facility Table 3-1: IC&I Waste Diverted and Disposed in Ottawa, 2005 (tonnes) 4 Waste Management Landfill Carp Waste Services Inc. (WSI) Landfill Navan Springhill Landfill Metro Waste Paper Recovery Greely Environmental Goulbourn Stittsville Sanitation Lafleche Commercial Waste 13, ,780 36,663 64,560 14, ,942 Construction/ Demolition 9,925 51, , ,214 Leaf and Yard Waste 543 1, ,439 Metal 408 2,175 2,583 Aggregate 12,805 12,805 Asphalt 2,360 2,360 Concrete Tires Contaminated Soil 197, ,900 Cover Material 100, , ,622 Clean Fill 4, ,550 Wet Waste Commercial Recycling ,234 50,000 16,124 97,700 Other 6 5, ,426 Total 129, , ,500 95,800 50, ,100 14,200 1,259,100 Total A number of comments are worth noting on the values in the table: The WSI Navan site is a dry waste site and does not accept any food waste. Figures for 2006 indicate that 78% of the waste disposed in the WSI site was C&D material. This same proportion was applied to the 2005 totals to identify C&D material separate from IC&I material as diversion options are very different for the two waste streams; The construction and demolition portion of the commercial waste to the Springhill site is not known; 4 Data provided by Solid Waste Services, City of Ottawa, October 30, 2006 and clarified through subsequent conversations with Cam Neale, March and April Value for 2006 was 37,066 tonnes from inside the City of Ottawa. This illustrates the wide year to year variations in disposal of contaminated soil, which is often stockpiled and used as cover material. 6 Details are not available, so this material is assumed to be disposed. 3-1 June 5, 2007

15 The metal values do not include amounts handled by traditional metal recyclers such as Bakermet and Cohen and Cohen; Tires from Trail Road are shipped to Lafleche and tire quantities at other landfills are not known; The 197,900 tonnes of contaminated soil at the WSI Navan site is likely used as cover material; Commercial recycling at Springhill landfill is C&D material; and Commercial recycling at the Metro Paper MRF (50,000 tonnes) and Goulbourn Sanitation MRF (16,124 tonnes) is paper and containers. Table 3-2 allocates quantities from Table 3-1 to diversion, reuse or disposal, depending on the waste composition. Table 3-2: Allocation of Waste Streams To Diversion and Disposal, City of Ottawa, 2005 Material Stream Total Traditional Recycling Composted C&D Recycling Reused Disposed Commercial Waste 437, ,942 Construction/ Demolition 191, ,214 Leaf and Yard 2,439 2,439 Metal 2,583 2,538 Aggregate 12,805 12,805 Asphalt 2,360 2,360 Concrete Tires Contaminated Soil 197, ,900 Cover 100, ,486 Clean Fill 4,550 4,550 Wet Waste Commercial Recycling 97,700 66,996 31,234 Other 5,426 5,426 Total 1,056,000 69,600 2,400 31, , ,600 Total IC&I and C&D waste currently disposed from City of Ottawa sources is approximately 630,000 tonnes and this total will be the focus of the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. This figure does not include some soil and C&D material, which is generated but reused and therefore does not consume landfill capacity. Some quantities are not included in this total for the following reasons: 197,900 tonnes of contaminated soil that will likely be treated and used for landfill cover and other purposes has been excluded because it can be put to beneficial use in a number of applications; 303,622 tonnes of cover material has been excluded because will be used in landfill operations; and 4,550 tonnes of clean fill will be re-directed to reuse applications. 3-2 June 5, 2007

16 Contaminated soil and cover material have been raised as issues in various consultation events. Contaminated soil is generated by contaminated site remediation projects involving excavation and off-site disposal. It is not possible to predict the quantities that will be generated from one year to another with a high level of accuracy, as these materials are often produced by unanticipated events. For example in the case of the WSI landfill their 2006 quantities are 80% less than 2005 quantities. It should also be noted that much of the contaminated soil received at these landfills does not originate from within Ottawa s boundaries. The Study Team recognizes that contaminated soils represent a significant quantity of material, which should be addressed, however they are excluded from the 3Rs analysis in this report as the management options, technologies and approaches available to treat contaminated soils are significantly different to other IC&I and C&D waste streams. Traditional 3Rs approaches are not applicable to contaminated soils, and market structures do not exist for their reuse and recycling. Contaminated soils should be considered in a separate study. 3.1 Baseline Planning Estimate For preliminary planning purposes, the following assumptions will be made regarding Ottawa IC&I waste quantities for 2005: Approximately 438,000 tonnes of IC&I waste disposed from Ottawa IC&I sources; and Approximately 192,000 tonnes of C&D waste is disposed 7 These quantities are presented graphically in Figure 3-1. Figure 3-1: Ottawa IC&I Disposed Waste Stream 2005 C&D Waste t (30 %) IC&I Waste t (70 %) For planning purposes, the numbers should be rounded to 630,000 tonnes disposed of which 70% is IC&I and 30% is C&D. 7 78% of total at Navan, 51,305 from Carp, 9,925 from Trail and no tonnage included from Springhill. 3-3 June 5, 2007

17 4. IC&I Waste Composition Recent IC&I waste composition studies carried out throughout North America were identified through the Task 2 literature search. The results of waste composition studies and surveys carried out in other jurisdictions and cities, mainly in the USA are presented in Appendix F. A number of the studies express per employee disposal rates by IC&I sector. These values have been added to those in the existing IC&I Waste Allocation Model where appropriate. The model has been used for this study to identify the sectors that dispose of the most waste in City of Ottawa. 4.1 Overall IC&I Waste Characterization Various Studies Table 4-1 summarizes results on the composition of the overall IC&I disposed waste stream obtained from a number of studies in the US and Canada. Regardless of the location, the results broadly point to the fact that paper and food waste are by far the largest amounts of materials found in IC&I waste streams. Table 4-1: Summary of Overall IC&I Waste Composition Information From Various Studies Material Seattle Los San Vermont Wisconsin Minnesota Pennsylvania Angeles Francisco Average Range % % % % % % % % % Food/Organics % - 42% Paper %- 35% Other % to 26% C&D 4% (from IC&I activities) 16% Plastic % - 15% Metal % 3.9% 1.6% - Glass % Note: Average % does not add up to 100%. It is the average of each material for all 7 cities. Materials which are described clearly in all studies are presented in Table 4-1 to allow comparison of broad generic categories of materials such as paper, food, metals, glass, etc. The other category contains amounts, which have been identified as specific materials in different studies, but the information could not be compared from one study to another. The C&D content of the IC&I waste stream in Table 4-1 needs to be interpreted with caution. Some of the studies specifically excluded construction and demolition waste, and others included C&D waste produced during general IC&I activities. This material is categorized as other material in the IC&I waste allocation exercise described later in this report. Most studies have measured C&D waste as varying from 20% to 40% of the municipal solid waste stream, depending on the level of economic and construction activity. 4-1 June 5, 2007

18 Figure 4-1: Summary of Overall IC&I Waste Composition Information From Various Studies Plastic 8% Metal 3% Glass 2% Other 26% C&D 9% Paper 25% Food/Organics 27% 4.2 Estimated IC&I Waste Composition for the City of Ottawa Figure 4-2 presents the estimated composition of the IC&I waste stream in the City of Ottawa as estimated by the Model. Because of the IC&I mix in Ottawa, the key materials in the IC&I waste stream are estimated to be: Mixed Paper (27%); Corrugated Containers (15%); Food (14%); Plastics (10%); Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals (10%); and Glass (5%). 4.3 Targets for IC&I 3Rs Strategy The waste composition studies from other jurisdictions, as well as waste composition results from City of Ottawa would suggest some key conclusions that should be taken into consideration during the development of the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. 4-2 June 5, 2007

19 Paper and food together make up 50% or more of the IC&I waste discarded. These two materials should be targeted initially as being the most effective places to start an IC&I 3Rs strategy. Paper is a recyclable commodity and regardless of current recycling efforts, significant amounts of paper remain in the waste stream. Using the total of 438,000 tonnes of IC&I waste disposed in 2006, the paper content is an estimated 24% or 105,000 tonnes. Figure 4-2: City of Ottawa IC&I Waste Composition PET 1,220-1,350 t (0.3%) HDPE 11,420-12,620 t (3%) Non-ferrous 14,740-16,300 t (4%) Ferrous 24,280-26,830 t (6%) Food Waste Other Plastic 58,920-65,120 t Yard Waste 27,450-30,340 t (14%) de à t (7%) (2%) Wood 16,900-18,680 t (4%) Other 33,620-37,160 t (8%) Old Corrugated Containers 61,170-67,600 t (15%) Glass 22,110-24,430 t (5%) Mixed Paper 115, ,790 t (27%) Old Newspaper 21,190-23,430 t (5%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. Percentage represents the mid-point of each range of tonnages. There are a number of reasons why recovery of paper is not as high as it could be. For example, many office buildings may not offer recycling programs. If they do offer programs, custodial staff may not be trained to put the paper in the recycling bin. Significant amounts of paper packaging are discarded by the retail sector. Reasons typically include a lack of space for paper recycling bins, the inconvenience of source separating materials, or additional costs for recycling services. Given the inherent value of paper, and the fact that local companies can recycle paper and use it as a feedstock, paper should be addressed in the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. Food waste is identified as 11% to 42% of the disposed IC&I waste stream in various IC&I waste composition studies. Using the average of 28% identified through the studies, the disposed IC&I waste stream in Ottawa could contain over 100,000 tonnes of food waste, which is readily compostable or digestible. The IC&I 3Rs Strategy therefore needs to target food waste. 4-3 June 5, 2007

20 Construction and demolition waste should be addressed in a separate strategy, as the composition of construction and demolition waste is significantly different to IC&I waste. Section 6 of this report addresses C&D waste composition. 4-4 June 5, 2007

21 5. Sources of Ottawa s IC&I Waste Employment by sector is an important indicator of the IC&I waste that will be produced within a city. Most cities have comparable waste generation rates from hospitals and schools, as these are related to population. However, Ottawa has a large government sector, and a high-tech manufacturing sector, so this will have an influence on the IC&I waste produced. In order to estimate the waste generated in Ottawa, local employment data and relative per employee waste disposal rates were used to estimate the contribution of disposed IC&I waste quantities by sector. The breakdown of IC&I waste in Ottawa by sector is presented in this section of the report. 5.1 Approach to Allocate Disposed IC&I Waste to Generators in Ottawa, 2005 The IC&I Waste Allocation Model ( the Model ) was used to estimate the extent to which different IC&I generator groups contribute to the waste generated in the City. The Model was first developed by Kelleher Environmental in 1989 to estimate the composition of IC&I waste generated in the Province of Ontario as input to an econometric model, which estimated the impacts of the 50% diversion objective on Ontario business. The first version of the Model had 25 business categories and 10 waste stream categories. The GVRD (Greater Vancouver Regional District) used an updated version of the Model in 1991 for planning the 50% diversion strategy for year The Model identified the composition of IC&I waste generated in the Region. A separate study estimated the amount of IC&I waste diverted, therefore the combination of the two approaches estimated the composition of the IC&I waste disposed. The GVRD version of the Model was expanded to estimate the amount of IC&I waste disposed by material and business sector in the 21 different area municipalities that form the GVRD. The Model was updated again in 1993 and 1994 to estimate the amount and composition of the waste disposed by IC&I businesses in the Greater Toronto Area. The Model identified the materials and business sectors, which should be targeted for aggressive diversion efforts. It was subsequently used in waste planning studies for the City of Toronto and the Province of Manitoba, and most recently has been used in a study of private sector waste in the Province of Ontario for the Ontario Waste Management Association (December, 2004). The Model uses the following inputs: Employment data by IC&I sector or NAICS code (Section 2); Known quantities of IC&I waste disposed to re-calibrate the waste allocation. This amount was identified as 438,000 tonnes of IC&I waste in Ottawa in 2005 (Section 3); and Available waste composition information by IC&I sector from various sources (Section 5); The model uses local employment data and relative per employee waste disposal rates to yield estimates of disposed waste quantities by IC&I sector. Waste composition data for each IC&I 5-5 June 5, 2007

22 sector are then applied to estimate the composition of IC&I waste disposed by different IC&I groups. The Model currently summarizes the data as follows: Waste disposal (tonnes per year) for each major NAICS category; Waste composition by IC&I sector for 13 material categories including those designated for source separation in the Ontario 3Rs Regulations; and Overall IC&I waste disposal by material type. 5.2 Results of Waste Allocation Modelling Employment data for Ottawa are presented in Section 2. The relative employment in different sectors is combined with the relative waste disposal per employee in different NAICS codes to allocate the known total quantity of IC&I waste in Ottawa (438,000 tonnes) to the different sectors in Ottawa. This allocation is critical for the IC&I 3Rs Management Strategy, as it helps to focus attention on the sectors that produce the most waste. Figure 5-1 presents the preliminary allocation of 438,000 tonnes of disposed IC&I waste among the IC&I sectors in Ottawa. It shows that most of the IC&I waste is produced by the following IC&I sectors: Retail; Accommodation and Food Services; Health Care and Social Assistance; Manufacturing; Public Administration; Professional, Scientific and Technical Services; and Information and Cultural Industries. 5.3 Range of Potential Values of IC&I Waste Allocation Modelling The IC&I Waste Allocation Model has used values that came from a number of studies discussed in Section 4. A second model run was carried out using values compiled from studies carried out in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s. Figure 5-2 presents the range of potential values for various industry groups in Ottawa. While the values range widely (Table 5-1), there are some consistencies in the results obtained from the two methods. Retail, Accommodation, Health and Manufacturing are still the largest generators, indicating that the analysis is relatively robust, i.e., the conclusions do not change when the inputs are modified. The sensitivity analysis provides the following ranges of IC&I waste disposed by different sectors in Ottawa: Retail 17% to 24%; Accommodation and Food Services 15% to 19%; Health Care and Social Assistance 11% to 14%; Manufacturing 9% to 15%; Public Administration (7%); 5-6 June 5, 2007

23 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (7%); and Information and Cultural Industries (3% to 7%). Together these sectors contribute at least two thirds or 66% of the overall IC&I waste stream. This indicates the importance of including these sectors in the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. Figure 5-1: Relative Contribution of Different IC&I Sectors in Ottawa to The IC&I Waste Stream 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Retail Trade Accommodation, Food Services Health Care, Social Assistance Manufacturing Public Administration Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Arts, Entertainment, Recreation Transportation and Warehousing Other Services (Not Public Administration) Information and Cultural Industries Wholesale Trade Education Services Administration and Support, Waste Management & Remediation Services Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Renting & Leasing Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water, Sewage, Steam, AC) Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 0 Note: Values shown represent the mid-point of the values shown for each category in Table 5-1. Table 5-1 presents the tonnage ranges and percentages each IC&I sector represent of the total waste stream. 5-7 June 5, 2007

24 Table 5-1: Relative Contribution of Different IC&I Sectors in Ottawa To Total IC&I Waste Stream NAIC Code Sector No. of Employees Percentage of Total Employment Tonnes of Waste Disposed Percentage of Total IC&I Waste Stream (excluding C&D) 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting 2, % 1,540 to 1,950 <1% 21 Mining and oil and gas extraction 1, % 210 to 270 <1% 22 Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water Sewage, Steam, AC) 3, % 1,280 to 1,350 <1% 23 Construction Industry 19, % See Section 6 See Section Manufacturing 34, % 38,860 to 65,730 9% to 15% 41 Wholesale Trade 10, % 9,990 to 16,160 2% to 4% Retail Trade 50, % 74,170 to 103,670 17% to 24% Transportation and Warehousing 15, % 9,060 to 21,630 2% to 5% 51 Information and Cultural Industries 17, % 9,340 to 18,410 2% to 4% FIRE (Financial, Insurance, Real Estate) 18, % 6,680 to 7,490 1% to 2% 54 Professional Scientific and Technical Services 56, % 29,770 to 30,810 7% 56 Admin & Support, Waste Management & Remediation Services 18, % 4,760 to 9,820 1% to 2% 61 Education Services 32, % 11,450 to 14,450 3 % 62 Health Care, Social Assistance 45, % 47,600 to 60,050 11% to 14% 71 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation 11, % 11,820 to 31,360 3% to 7% 72 Accommodation, Food Service 30, % 63,620 to 83,260 15% to 19% 81 Other Services (not public administration) 21, % 11,200 to 17,990 3% to 4% 91 Public Administration 91, % 30,060 to 32,790 7% TOTAL 478, , % 5-8 June 5, 2007

25 Figure 5-2: Range of Waste Disposed by Industry Sectors in Ottawa Agriculture,Forestry, Fishing, Hunting Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction 220 Utilities 1,540-1,950 t (0.4%) t (0.1%) 1,280-1,350 t (0.3%) Public Administration 30,060-32,790 t (7%) Manufacturing 38,860-65,730 t (12%) Other Services (except public admin) 11,200-17,990 t (3.5%) Wholesale Trade 9,990-16,160 t (3%) Accommodation & Food Services 63,620-83,260 t (17%) Arts, Entertainment & Recreation 11,820-31,360 t (5%) Retail Trade 74, ,670 t (20.5%) Transportation & Warehousing 9,060-21,630 t (3.5%) Health Care & Social Assistance 47,600-60,050 t (12.5%) Education Services 11,450-14,450 t (2%) Professional, Scientific & Technical Services 29,770-30,810 t (7%) Administration & Support, Waste Mgmt & Remediation Svcs 9,820-4,760 t (1.5%) Information & Cultural Industries 9,340-18,410 t (3%) Finance,Insurance, Real Estate, Renting & Leasing 4,790-6,680 t (1.5%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. Percentage represents the mid-point of each range of tonnages. 5.4 Waste Composition and Tonnages of Material Generated by IC&I Sector Groups in Ottawa The Model has identified the relative tonnages of material produced by different IC&I groups, along with the differing waste composition disposed by these groups. The Model output is presented in Appendix H. Section 4 identified food and paper as key components of the IC&I waste stream which should be tackled in the IC&I 3Rs Strategy. The Model identified the sources of food and paper waste disposed by the Ottawa IC&I sector, by generating sector, shown in Figures 5-3 and 5-4. Whereas the figures indicate that there are clear targets for the food waste strategy (accommodation and food service produce 41% of the total, followed by retail trade and health care), the paper strategy needs to focus on a number of different IC&I sectors, including retail trade, accommodation, health care and social assistance, professional, scientific and technical services and food services and public administration. 5-9 June 5, 2007

26 Figure 5-3: Food Waste Disposed by Sector Utilities t (0.1%) Public Administration t (1%) Other Services (except public admin) t (1%) Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction t (0.04%) 20 t (0.03%) Manufacturing Wholesale Trade 1,800-1,950 t (3%) t (1%) Retail Trade Transportation & Warehousing 11,980-13,020 t (20%) t (0.3%) Information & Cultural Industries 1,800-1,950 t (3%) Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Renting & Leasing t (1%) Accommodation & Food Services 27,560-29,960 t (46%) Education Services Arts, Entertainment & Recreation 1,200-1,300 t (2%) 5,390-5,860 t (0.3%) Health Care & Social Assistance 4,790-5,210 t (8%) Professional, Scientific & Technical Services 2,400-2,600 t (4%) Administration & Support, Waste Mgmt & Remediation Svcs t (1%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. Percentage represents the mid-point of each range of tonnages June 5, 2007

27 Figure 5-4: Paper Waste Disposed by Sector Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting t (0.2%) Public Administration 19,800-21,880 t ( 10%) Other Services (except public admin) 7,920-8,750 t (4%) Accommodation & Food Services 21,780-24,070 t (11%) Arts, Entertainment & Recreation 11,880-13,130 t (6%) Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction t (0.1%) Utilities t (0.4%) Manufacturing 13,860-15, 320 t (7%) Wholesale Trade 1,980-2,190 t (1%) Retail Trade 47,520-52,520 t (24%) Transportation & Warehousing 3,960-4,380 t (2%) Health Care & Social Assistance 23,760-26,260 t (12%) Information & Cultural Industries 3,960-4,380 t (2%) Education Services 5,940-6,560 t (3%) Administration & Support, Waste Mgmt & Remediation Svcs 7,920-8,750 t (4%) Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Renting & Leasing 5,940-6,560 t (3%) Professional, Scientific & Technical Services 19,800-21,880 t ( 10%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. Percentage represents the mid-point of each range of tonnages June 5, 2007

28 6. C&D Waste Composition 6.1 Rationale for Separate Analysis of C&D Waste For this analysis, the construction and demolition sector, and construction and demolition waste are addressed separately. The composition of C&D waste is different to IC&I waste and the policies and programs, which can be used to divert C&D waste are also different. 6.2 C&D Waste Composition C&D waste refers to waste from both construction and demolition activities. The composition of construction waste is quite different from demolition waste: Demolition waste composition will vary depending on the type and age of buildings, structures and/or roadways being demolished; and Construction waste composition varies depending on whether residential, commercial or industrial buildings are being constructed. Table 6-1 presents results from three studies, which characterized C&D waste in the City of Calgary, the Province of Alberta and the City of Los Angeles. The C&D waste survey data for the Province of Alberta were considered the best source to use for the City of Ottawa study. Table 6-1: Composition of Estimated Disposed from Various Jurisdictions (Non-residential) Source: (1) State of Construction & Demolition Waste Diversion in Calgary, by CH2MHill, Sonnavera Intl Co and Kelleher Environmental, Exhibit 3-3. (2) Represents the average of survey and audit data. Source: Construction Renovation and demolition (CRD) Waste Characterization Study. For Alberta Construction Renovation and Demolition (CRD) Waste Advisory Committee. Prepared by CG&S & CH2M Gore & Storrie Ltd (3) Source: City of Los Angeles. Waste Characterization & Quantification Study, Year Dept Of Public Works, Bureau of Sanitation, Solid Resources Citywide Recycling Division, July 2002 (from 160 disposal site samples) 6-1 June 5, 2007

29 Figure 6-1: Estimated City of Ottawa C&D Waste Composition Paper 25,270-27,930 t (14%) Other 23,470-25,940 t (13%) Concrete 16,250-17,960 t (9%) Drywall 17,150-18,950 t (10%) Brick 5,420-5,990 t (3%) Ashphalt Roofing 20,760-22,940 t (12%) Wood 47,830-52,870 t (26%) Ashpalt Paving 8,120-8,980 t (5%) Metals 16,250-17,960 t (9%) *Numbers may not add due to rounding. Figure 6-1 shows the estimated composition of the 192,000 tonnes of City of Ottawa C&D waste, applying City of Calgary waste composition information. 6.3 Targets for C&D Waste Strategy Even though the results vary, the conclusions of all C&D waste composition studies point broadly to key materials in the C&D waste stream, which should be targeted for specific strategies. These include wood, concrete, asphalt, gypsum, paper and metals. These specific materials will be the primary focus of the C&D options presented in later project tasks. 6-2 June 5, 2007

30 7. Conclusions and Recommendations The composition of the waste stream produced by different IC&I generator categories varies significantly depending on the type of business involved. Food waste is only generated within a few industry categories such as restaurants and food processors. Office buildings produce large amounts of paper, but very little food. Retail stores produce large amounts of cardboard (OCC). The amounts and types of waste produced by different businesses needs to be understood in order to make recommendations on how to increase diversion. Materials that can be source separated at the site often have value as a separate, clean waste stream. In addition the waste generator can save money through lower service fees or lower processing fees, and can generate income through sale of recyclables. Opportunities to source separate materials will vary by site. The economics of source separation compared to collecting the waste as a mixed stream can only be assessed when the waste composition is identified. Where large amounts of a specific material are generated at a site, source separation and separate collection is often justified. The estimated composition of waste generated by different IC&I sectors is presented in Appendix G. IC&I and C&D Waste Quantities Approximately 630,000 tonnes of IC&I and C&D waste were disposed by City of Ottawa IC&I generators in About 70% of the total (438,000 tonnes) was from IC&I sources and 30% (192,000 tonnes) was from C&D sources. About 100,000 tonnes of IC&I and C&D waste were diverted in The diverted total does not include about 200,000 tonnes per year of metals reported diverted by metal shredders and brokers such as Bakermet and Cohen & Cohen in the City of Ottawa. It also does not include industrial by-products sent directly from one industry to another, and which are reused directly by other businesses, as there is no reporting mechanism in place for these activities. Soil clean-up and property decommissioning activities generate large amounts of contaminated soils on an on-going basis. The amounts vary substantially from one year to the next. For example, WSI reported 197,000 tonnes of contaminated soil in 2005 and 37,066 tonnes in The soil clean-up and decommissioning waste stream should be addressed separately from this 3Rs assessment as the material is often stockpiled for use in landfill operations such as cover or for road or other construction. Technologies used to treat contaminated soils are different to traditional 3Rs technologies, and there is no 3Rs market mechanism in place for these materials. The IC&I 3Rs Strategy should address the 630,000 tonnes of IC&I and C&D waste which is currently being disposed. Separate IC&I and C&D Waste The City should look at IC&I and C&D waste separately, as the two streams are very different in composition, and different policy instruments and programs can be applied to each of them. The 7-1 June 5, 2007

31 process of looking at best practices may generate a few recommendations that can be applied to both streams, but that is likely to be the exception rather than the rule. In the end by focusing on each waste stream in turn the City will be able to develop a more suitable range of recommendations. Key IC&I Waste Generators The IC&I Waste Allocation Model ( the Model ) was used to identify the key generators of IC&I waste. The sectors that contribute the most to the disposed IC&I waste stream are: Retail 17% to 24%; Accommodation and Food Services 15% to 19%; Health Care and Social Assistance 11% to 14%; Manufacturing 9% to 15%; Public Administration (7%); Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (7%); and Information and Cultural Industries (3% to 7%). These sectors should be targeted as part of the IC&I 3Rs Strategy, based on the significant quantities of waste they dispose collectively. IC&I Composition IC&I waste composition varies depending on the IC&I sector involved. Overall IC&I waste composition from different studies show ranges. Because of the IC&I mix in Ottawa, the key materials in the IC&I waste stream are: Mixed Paper (27%); Corrugated Containers (15%); Food (14%); Plastics (10%); Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals (10%) Glass (5%). Readily recyclable materials such as metals, for which there is a clear market value, are typically source separated from the waste stream. However, the Model indicates that the dispersed IC&I generators in Ottawa could collectively be discarding readily recyclable metals in the waste stream Paper In Ottawa, paper makes up almost 200,000 tonnes or more of waste disposed per year. The IC&I 3Rs Strategy should include a focus on recovering as much paper as possible from the IC&I waste stream. 7-2 June 5, 2007

32 Paper is readily recyclable, and Canadian recycled paper facilities import up to two million tonnes per year from the United States to feed their fibre supply. Some of this paper could be sourced from materials that are currently being discarded. Over 70% of the paper in the disposed IC&I waste stream comes from six sectors: Retail; Manufacturing; Public Administration (federal, provincial and municipal governments); Accommodation and Food Services; Health Care and Social Assistance; and Professional, Scientific and Technical Services. Food and Organic Waste In Ottawa, food and organic waste makes up over 60,000 tonnes of waste disposed per year. The IC&I 3Rs Strategy should include a focus on recovering as much food and organic waste as possible from the IC&I waste stream. 75% of the food and organic waste disposed in Ottawa is generated by four sectors: Accommodation and Food Services, Retail; Health Care and Social Assistance; and Information and Cultural Industries. C&D Waste The C&D waste stream is estimated at 192,000 tonnes per year and accounts for about 30% of the combined IC&I and C&D waste stream disposed in City of Ottawa. This waste stream requires a separate diversion strategy. The C&D waste stream is broadly categorized as construction, renovation or demolition. C&D waste composition studies point broadly to key materials in the C&D waste stream, which should be targeted for specific strategies. These include wood, concrete, asphalt, gypsum, paper and metals. 7-3 June 5, 2007