Practical Applications and Novel EOR Methods. Jaime Almeida

Transcription

1 Practical Applications and Novel EOR Methods Jaime Almeida

2 Typical IOR/EOR Project Workflow Project Management Screening for EOR methods. Screening based in reservoir properties Predictive models Dynamic simulation Laboratory investigation Wettability, Relative permeability Swelling test, MMP, MEC SWTT (Single Well Tracer Test) Sor Rock-Fluid compatibility test Pilot test Pilot design Pilot implementation Pilot Monitoring Reservoir and EOR parameter calibration. Field Plan implementation Full field simulation after model calibration with pilot test. Economic analysis 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 2

3 Project Life Cycle (Front-End Loading) Value Identification Value Realization Front-End Loading (FEL) Initialization (Pre-FEL) Visualization Conceptualization Definition Execution Operation 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 3

4 FEL applied to an EOR project Scenario analysis and Design Optimization, South America (National Oil Company) using DMS SITUATION 1800 MMSTB oilfield under decline, Evaluate 4 potential scenarios for enhanced recovery and compare with base case. Optimize design parameters for water alternating gas scenario. CHALLENGE Identify an optimal recovery scenario based on an economic objective function (NPV). Rapidly optimize the design parameters for the WAG scenario using distributed computation (for DMS) with a combined spreadsheet model. Best scenario Scenario Analysis Optimum design WAG Optimization VALUE ADDED BY DMS Fast determination optimal recovery scenario based on NPV using distributed computation. Optimized WAG ratio, cycle length, injection rate, number of cycles. TOOLS NPV Vs. RF DMS ( with distributed computing) VIP EXCEL (proprietary economics) SPOTFIRE ( Data visualization package) 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 4

5 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 5

6 Screening criteria for EOR Methods 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 6

7 Screening for IOR/EOR methods ºAPI Steam/Polymer/Surfactant 1000 Thermal limit Surfactant/Polymer/CO CO2/Polymer/Hydrocarbon/Surf. CO2/Hydrocarbon Depth (m) 3000 Polymer degradation limit Steam Nitrogen/Hydrocarbon Polymer 4000 CO2 Hydrocarbon N2 Combustion 5000 Hot Water Miscellar/Polymer Surfactant Waterflooding Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 7

8 Screening for IOR/EOR methods 0 ºAPI Steam/Polymer/Surfactant 1000 Thermal limit Surfactant/Polymer/CO CO2/Polymer/Hydrocarbon/Surf. CO2/Hydrocarbon Depth (m) 3000 Polymer degradation limit Steam Polymer Nitrogen/Hydrocarbon CO2 Hydrocarbon N2 Combustion Hot Water Miscellar/Polymer What is missing? Reservoir heterogeneity 6000 Surfactant Waterflooding Relative permeability/rock wettability Reservoir geometry Minimum Miscible Pressure (MMP) Minimum Miscible Enrichment (MME) 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 8

9 Screening for IOR/EOR methods Predictive models DOE Predictive models Steamflood, In-situ Combustion, Polymer, Chemical Flood, CO2 Miscible Flood, Infill, Single-Well Chemical Tracer CO2 Prophet and other commercial software SINTEF Petroleum Research CO2 predictive model (2007). EOR RATE MODEL (2008) (*) Correlations Computer methods of Screening MAESTRO SelectEOR (ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL) (2009) (*) Source: Danish Energy Agency 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 9

10 What is the target oil for EOR? KRW / KROW Wettability effect in Sor SW Residual Oil Saturation Sorw=100-70=30% Target for EOR after Waterflooding Residual Oil Saturation Sorw=100-90=10% Target for EOR after Waterflooding KRW / KROW Strong water wet system SW 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 10

11 Conformance Control Solutions DUAL FLOW HORIZONTAL WELL DESIGN Well Oil Production Total (bbl) 900, , , , , , , , ,000 0 Well Oil (Q L = 1,000 bbl/day) Qw = 0 bbl/d Qw = 500 bbl/d Qw = 1000 bbl/d Qw = 1500 bbl/d Qw = 2000 bbl/d Qw = 2500 bbl/d Qw = 3000 bbl/d Apr/2004 May/2005 Jul/2006 Aug/2007 Sep/2008 Nov/2009 Time (m/y) Dec/2010 Feb/2012 Mar/2013 Apr/2014 Temperature 65 to 160 o C 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 11

12 Importance of capillary number in defining EOR Sor(EOR)/Sorw Nonwetting Wetting Dombroski & Brownell Foster Taber 0.2 Du Prey Gupta E E E E E E E E E Nc = Δp k ΔL σ Nc 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 12

13 Effect on reducing interfacial tension Source: Bardon & Longeron SPE Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 13

14 Effect of mobility ratio in Sweep efficiency M = λ w = λo k k rw ro μo μ w 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 14

15 Laboratory investigation Wettability, Relative permeability Swelling test, MMP, MME SWTT (Single Well Tracer Test) for Sor estimation Rock-Fluid compatibility test Slim tube test Rising Bubble method Vanishing interfacial tension 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 15

16 MMP Correlations Pure CO2 Year Parameters Holm and Josendal 1974 T MWC5+ Cronquist 1977 T MWC5+ C1 Yellin and Metcalfe 1980 T Johnson and Pollin 1981 T MWC7+ Glaso 1985 T MWC7+ C2-C6 Alston 1985 T C1N2 C2-C4,CO2 Yuan et al T MWC7+ C2-C6 Shokir 2007 T MWC5+ C1N2 C2-C4,H2S,CO2 CO2 with Impurities Year Parameters Johnson and Pollin 1981 Gas composition Sebastian et al 1985 Gas composition Yuan et al T MWC7+ C2-C6 Gas composition Shokir 2007 T MWC7+ C2-C6 Gas composition N2 and lean gas Year Parameters Firoozabadi and Aziz 1986 T MWC7+ C2-C5 Hydrocarbon gas Year Parameters Kuo 1985 T MWC5+ Gas composition Estimation based on EOS calculations (T, compositions oil and gas) Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 16

17 Shokir method Linear regression Methods Alternating Conditional Expectation (ACE) Algorithms JPSE, 58 (2007) Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 17

18 Pilot project design Reservoir parameters Depth 4421 m Thickness 213 m Porosity 8-12 % Permeability md Oil Gravity 26 API Temperature 146 C Initial pressure 791 BAR Bubble point pressure 267 BAR MMP 499 BAR Res. Pressure 506 BAR ELEV Y Run: wf-5sows Waterflood (5-spot, original well spacing) Model 2 (24 Layer 3D) Water Saturation Grid Plane j=6 API = 16 o API = 8 o WLW j=1 WCE t = yr yrs Waterflooding X Run: wf-5sows Waterflood (5-spot, original well spacing) Model 2 (24 Layer 3D) Grid Plane K=12 API = 4 o j=6 Water Saturation WCE WRW k=12 j=1 t = yr yrs Waterflooding AQS AQS WLW WRW J= Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 18

19 Cross section study results Oil Recovery (fraction OOIP with API > 8 o ) gas inj 5-spt if 9-spt if Waterflood Gas Injection 1:1 WAG gas inj 5-spt ows 9-spt if wag 5-sptifwag 5-spt ows wag 5-spt ows wf 9-spt if wf 5-spt if wf 5-spot-ows original well spacing 5spt with infill 9-spot with infill YEAR Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 19

20 RUN wbprf3 60half cycle elevation elevation elevation elevation WAG Pilot Project Design Inject Water at 10,400psi Initial 60dayswaterinjection GasSaturation 31m 50m 75m 150m r, ft Inject Water at WaterSaturation 10,400psi 31m 50m 75m 150m AQSAT Sw=Swi = r, ft Inject Water at Oil Saturation 10,400psi 31m 50m 75m 150m HCSAT So=Sorw 0.55 =.34 So=Soi = r, ft Inject Water at 10,400psi Pressure(psi) 31m 50m 75m 150m.2cut-off PRESSURE Pilot test monitoring Injector Production Profile Log (PLT) Down Hole P and T measurements Water chemical tracer Gas Chemical tracer Observation well Production Profile Log (PLT) Down Hole P and T measurements Saturation logs r, ft presentation/wbprf3-xs.lay 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 20 Tracers Fluorbenzoic acid (Water) Perfluorcarbon Hydrocarbon (Gas)

21 Monitoring The Weyburn Monitoring Project 3D- 3component and 3D-9 component geophysical survey Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) from surface to horizontal well Cross-well seismic between parallel Horizontal wells Single horizontal well seismic Source: K. Brown et al, Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery in carbon Dioxide Sequestration the Weyburn Monitoring Project, a case Study 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 21

22 Novel EOR Technology Integration of CO2 storage and EOR Toe to heel air injection THAI (CAPRI) Solvent Vapour Extraction (SVX) 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 22

23 Integration of CO2 storage and EOR Source: Gulraiz Khan, M.Sc. Dissertation Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 23

24 Integration of CO2 storage and EOR Source: DOE/NETL Feb Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 24

25 THAI is a new combustion process Toe to heel air injection (THAI) is a new method of extracting oil from heavy oil deposits which may have significant advantages over existing methods. The method was developed by Malcolm Greaves of the University of Bath and has been patented by Petrobank Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 25

26 Solvent Vapour Extraction (SVX) JIVE said: For every billion barrels of oil produced by SVX instead of SAGD: 85 millions tones of CO2 prevented form entering the atmosfere 400 millions barrels of fresh water saved 1.65 trillion cubit feet of natural gas not burned Source: Petroleum Technology Research Centre (PTRC) JIVE Program 2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 26

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