Urban Issues & Challenges

Transcription

1 Urban Issues & Challenges

2 A growing percentage of the world s population lives in urban areas global pattern/trend Urban = town/city. Urbanisation = the proportion of the world s population who live in cities. HIC = High Income Country with a GNI per capita higher than $ For example The UK. LIC = Low Income Country with a GNI per capita lower than $1045. For example Afghanistan. NEE = Newly-Emerging Economies are countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually along with rapid urbanisation. For example Brazil and Nigeria.

3 A growing percentage of the world s population lives in urban areas global pattern/trend Urbanisation is faster today in LIC/NEE than in HIC.

4 A growing percentage of the world s population lives in urban areas factors affecting the rate of urbanisation Rural-urban migration = the movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities. Natural increase = where the birth rate is higher than the death rate. Push factors = factors that push people out of the countryside. Pull factors = factors that attract people to a place.

5 A growing percentage of the world s population lives in urban areas factors affecting the rate of urbanisation Push and pull factors Farming is hard and poorly paid. Desertification and soil erosion also make farming difficult. A higher standard of living is possible. There are also better medical facilities. Poor harvests may lead to malnutrition or famine. These areas are isolated due to poor roads. There is a better chance of getting an education. Schools provide only the very basic education. Farming is often subsistence level, which means that only enough food is produced to feed the family, nothing left to sell. Drought and other climate hazards reduce the number of crops that grow. Public transport is better and the area isn t isolated. There are better paid jobs. There are few doctors or hospitals. They have friends and family already living there.

6 A growing percentage of the world s population lives in urban areas emergence of megacities Cities with a population of over 10 million. In 2015 there were 28 of these megacities and the United Nations estimates that by 2050 there may be as many as 50. There are three types of megacity; slow-growing, growing, and rapid-growing.

7 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs - Location Brazil is a Newly Emerging Economy (NEE)

8 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs importance of the city regionally, nationally & internationally Regionally = relating to a particular area or district in a country. Nationally = Relating to the whole country. Internationally = Relating to other countries. Rio is Brazil s second most important industrial centre, producing 5% of Brazil s GDP. Stunning natural surroundings and amazing beaches (such as Sugar Loaf Mountain and Copacabana Beach) make it one of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere. It s 5 ports and 3 airports allow for exports such as coffee, sugar and iron ore. Rio hosted matches during the 2014 World Cup and will host the 2016 Olympic Games. The Statue of Christ the Redeemer is one of the Seven New Wonders of the World. The main services in Rio are finance, banking and insurance. The main manufacturing industries are chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods.

9 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs causes of the growth

10 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs opportunities created socially & economically Social = Something that affects people Economic = Something that affects the economy of the area World Cup 2014 and Olympics 2016 have been hosted in Rio. This has provided the area with many jobs, especially in construction and tourism. Over 90,000 jobs are expected to be created in Clean water has been provided in many areas. This has given people a better quality of life and helped to reduce the spread of diseases such as cholera, therefore improving people s health and reducing the death rate. People have access to hospitals, such as Sao Lucas Hospital, Copacabana. This means that more people have access to healthcare and medicines. Many people relocate to Rio for this reason. Many businesses, such as Nestle and Texaco have located to Rio. This has created many jobs for people and attracted people to the area. In 2011 when Nestle opened over 1000 jobs were created.

11 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs how urban growth has created challenges Challenges Description of the challenges Solutions Health care In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic. Services for pregnant women and the elderly were very poor, especially in poorer areas of the city near to Rocinha. Health kits to peoples homes, especially in the poorer areas. There are also vaccines and medicines now available. This has meant that the infant mortality rate has fallen and life expectancy has increased. Education Education in Brazil is only compulsory up to the age of 14. Only half of children continue their education beyond 14. Many get involved in drug trafficking. The main reasons for poor education are; shortage of schools, lack of money and need to work, and shortage of teachers. Authorities have tried to improve access to education for everyone by; encouraging local people to volunteer and help in school. Water Supply Around 12% of Rio s population did not have access to running water. It is estimated that 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud, and illegal access. Seven new treatment plants were built. By 2014, 95% of the population had a mains water supply. Energy Rio suffers from frequent blackouts due to a shortage of electricity. The growing population and the demands from holding the Olympics have made the situation worse. Many people in poorer areas try to get electricity illegally, which is very unsafe. Electricity supply to Rio has been improved by; installing 60km of new power lines, building a nuclear generator, and developing the new Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio s supply by 30%.

12 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs how urban growth has created challenges Unemployment & Crime Robbery and violent crimes are very common in Rio. Street crime is a problem at night and violent gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas. Since 2015 unemployment levels have been rising. The poor people who live in favelas are still without jobs and unemployment rates are over 20%. Most work in the informal sector, making money wherever they can, such as street vending. This is very poorly paid work. Education is being used to reduce youth unemployment. The Schools Tomorrow programme aims to improve education in poor and violent areas. There are practical skills courses as well as courses for adults. Free child care is available for teenage parents so they continue in education. In 2013 Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers. Police have now taken control of different areas around Rio and the crime rate has fallen. Air Pollution & Traffic Congestion Air pollution is estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year. This is due to heavy traffic causing air pollution. Improvements have been aimed at reducing traffic congestion. Expansion to the metro systems and new toll roads (pay to drive on) in the city centre to reduce congestion. Waste and Water Pollution Favelas (squatter settlements) are built on steep slopes access is very difficult for waste collection. Most waste is dumped and also pollutes the water system. Overseas aid has been used to reduce the amount of sewage. 12 new sewage works have been built since A power plant has also been set up near the University of Rio. This uses 30 tonnes of rubbish every day to produce gas and provide electricity for 1000 homes.

13 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs urban planning improving quality of life Illegal settlements where people have built houses on land that they didn t own. Rochina. 75,000 people. Up to 1000 Come from the rural areas north east countryside. Hope to find a better life in the city. Built on a steep hillside overlooking Copacabana and Ipanema Mainly on the edge of the city. Often built on hillsides. To the north and east of Rio. To make Rio more attractive to businesses.

14 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs urban planning improving quality of life PROBLEMS Construction Services Unemployment & Crime Health Poorly built from materials such as iron, broken bricks and plastic sheets. Illegal Landslides on the slopes when there is heavy rainfall Limited access due to the steepness of the slopes. 12% of homes don t have running water. Residents usually have to make several trips per day to access clean water. 30% have no electricity and will connect illegally to the electricity pylons 50% have no sewage connections. Unemployment rates higher that 20% Many jobs are in the informal sector where the average income is less than 75 per month Many people turn to drugs to make money and the drug gangs dominate the favelas Murder rate is 20 per 1000 Infant mortality rates are 50 per 1000 Waste cannot easily be disposed of and builds up Causes diseases such as cholera to spread. Health and breathing issues caused by burning rubbish

15 Urban growth creates opportunities & challenges for cities in LICs & NEEs urban planning improving quality of life SOLUTIONS Self-help schemes Small scale projects which allow local people to use their skills to help improve their local area. The government has provided materials such as bricks, cement and glass to enable residents to improve their own homes. This often creates a community spirit as many families work together to make the improvements. In Rocinha, self-help schemes have improved the area from slums to low quality housing where the majority of homes have basic services like electricity. There are now also many services in Rocinha including cafes and shops. Site and service schemes Undertaken by the local authority to relocate residents from favelas. Brick houses are built with electricity, running water and sanitation pipes. People may be allowed to buy these houses. An example is 'The Favela Bairro Project' or 'Slum to Neighbourhood' project. Services in these areas also include rubbish collection, schools and health centres. A Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) has been set up. This involves police walking around to reduce crime. Charities Self-help schemes. The Developing Minds Foundation builds schools and supports education programmes in Rio's favelas. Their aim is to improve the literacy rates of children so they can get a good job, improve their standard of living and have more life choices.

16 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges distribution & population of major cities

17 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges location & importance of Bristol

18 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges impacts of national & international migration Migration = When people move from one area to another to live. A rich/varied culture - The attitudes, customs and beliefs of a particular place Main countries of origin Economic growth businesses creating jobs and money

19 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges impacts of national & international migration Impacts of migration These migrants are a hard-working and motivated workforce, improving the levels of skills in the economy (more plumbers). This helps where there are shortages of these skills in Bristol. Migrants have enriched the city s cultural life. Fifty countries are represented in Bristol s population. These migrants contribute to the cultural life of the city in music, art, literature and food. Bristol s large African and Afro-Caribbean population has had a significant impact, and has created a strong community spirit. The St Paul s Carnival attracts around 40,000 people each year. Its aim is to help improve relations between European, African, Caribbean and Asian communities. Younger migrants help to balance out the ageing population and they add money to the local and national economy, by paying taxes.

20 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges opportunities in Bristol Bristol s youthful population means that there is a vibrant underground music scene. There are a variety of venues for entertainment including The Bristol Old Vic. The Ministry of Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) is located in Bristol, employing over 10,000 people. It supplies the army, air force, and navy with everything from boots to aircraft carriers. Shopping is a growing leisure activity in Bristol. The retail park, Cribbs Causeway. They have also improved the city centre by adding CCTV, improving public transport and turning the Old Market area into a conservation area. At Bristol s Harbourside old factories and warehouses have been converted into bars and nightclubs. This includes an art gallery and the At- Bristol science exhibition. Every primary school pupil planted a tree to improve the city s green coverage. 175 businesses in Bristol have a Green action plan and the first 100 electrical car charging points were installed in the city. Bristol is home to global companies, such as Aardman Animations. Companies are attracted for reasons such as having close links to the university and having a skilled workforce. High-tech companies are very important. There are 50 micro-electronic and silicon design businesses in the Bristol area.

21 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges environmental opportunities in Bristol Integrated Transport System Linking different forms of public transport = making journeys smoother. Encourage people to switch from cars to public transport. Makes transport more sustainable and reduces traffic congestion. The first services operated in late Planning many rail improvements = the electrification of the line to London. Urban Greening Over 90% of the population live within 350m of parkland and waterways. 8 nature reserves and 300 parks. Queen Square is once a duel carriageway but is now an open space with cycle routes. 30% of the city will be covered in trees in the future.

22 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges challenges in Bristol Brownfield site has been built on before Greenfield site has never been built on POSITIVES Already transport routes and easy access. Prevents urban sprawl on greenfield sites. Existing buildings can be put to use. Saves land that is derelict and unused. NEGATIVES Expensive because the land has previously been built on and needs to be cleared. Contamination from previous use.

23 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges environmental challenges in Bristol Environmental Dereliction Inner city areas are run down where there is old industrial buildings. Warehouses abandoned when the port moved. STOKES CROFT Inner city, high-density housing. Lots of abandoned buildings including Perry s Carridge Works. Many buildings taken over by squatters. Bristol City Council got lottery funding to improve the area. Activists and artists revitalised through community action & public art. Urban Sprawl Increased demand for new housing houses were lost during 2 nd World War. In 1955, 43 families per week were moved into brand new homes on estates like Hartcliffe on the edge of the built up area. Urban sprawl particularly to the north west of the city. The new town of Bradley Stoke has extended.

24 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges environmental challenges in Bristol Environmental Waste Disposal Aim to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills. Reduce household waste by 15%. Increase waste recycling to 50%. Recycling has been achieved by; Teach pupils in schools. Introduce kerbside collections. Make technological improvements to recycling. Air Pollution Vehicle emissions are main cause of air pollution in the city. Pollutants are blown over the city from the industrial area around the port at Avonmouth. The whole area has been made a smoke control area. Reducing speed limits on motorways and residential areas. The Frome Gateway walking and cycling route in the city centre. Electric vehicle programme with charging points in 40 public carparks.

25 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges social & economic challenges in Bristol Urban deprivation = Urban areas where people are living in low income households. Housing needs improvement, along with amenities. Urban sprawl = Unplanned growth of urban areas & the surrounding rural areas. Urban-rural fringe = The area where the urban area meets the rural area.

26 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges social & economic challenges in Bristol Social Inequality

27 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges social & economic challenges in Bristol Increasing housing

28 Urban change in cities in the UK leads to social, economic, & environmental opportunities & challenges urban regeneration Urban regeneration = the attempt to reverse the decline by improving the physical structure, and the economy of those areas. Temple Quarter Before Brownfield site Industrial area in the 18 th century Feeder Canal was built in the 19 th century 1841 first railway station was built Warehouse and factories Canals and trains meant that easy access for transporting goods Terraced housing for factory workers Temple Quarter Regeneration emple+quarter+bristol&&view=detail&mi d=898e4edbaeeab5335c22898e4edbae EAB5335C22&rvsmid=8FDE1F5A6ACFEBA D3D718FDE1F5A6ACFEBAD3D71&fsscr=0 &FORM=VDFSRV

29 Urban sustainability requires management of resources and transport - features of sustainable urban living - water & energy conservation, waste recycling, & creating green space A sustainable urban area = minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound with resources allocated fairly and jobs secure, and there is a strong sense of community, with local people involved in decisions made. Fire station was given a biomass boiler. Thick double glazed houses with walls and solar panels. Free loft insulation. Special showers and toilets to save water. Kerbside recycling. Master Composters Scheme people encouraged to make their own compost. Surrounded by natural habitats and wildlife. Allotments to cut down food miles. Wildlife corridors with paths so animals can move around the town and people can take walks.

30 Urban sustainability requires management of resources and transport - features of sustainable urban living transport strategies to reduce traffic congestion bus priority schemes have been introduced in the capital. This means that roads within the city centre can only be used by buses. Making public transport more effective. Buses, the underground, trains, trams and the river bus service are all linked so that there are smoother running times. Schemes including go drive and DriveNow encourages people to car share. Parking costs have been increased in the city centre. However, this has been teamed with controlled parking zones in the outer areas of London. Parking has been increased in these areas to encourage the use of public transport. Traffic is restricted in certain areas. The scheme, known as mini Holland means that the areas are bike and pedestrian friendly. London cycle hire scheme is also available for people to hire bikes. Aims to reduce high traffic flow in the central area of London by charging people to drive through these areas. The standard charge is for each day.