Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation in India

Transcription

1 Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation in India

2 About ESF A group of like minded people joined for a noble cause... Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF) has been founded in 2006 jointly with seecon international gmbh, Switzerland and with the support from GTZ, Germany Small core team, but flexible network structure with experts and partners from all over India and the world Lead organization in IESNI network 2 2

3 ESF Vision ESF aims to transform into a sustainable key resource centre as a leading knowledge hub in sustainable sanitation and water management.

4 About ESF Capacity Building Projects Consulting Key resource center in Water and Sanitation

5 Conventional Waterborne Sanitation: Water Use With conventional waterborne flush-toilets, we mix roughly 50 kg of faecal matter (per person/year) roughly 500 l of urine (per person/year with roughly l of clean flush water 500 L L 50 kg If this wastewater is discharged untreated into rivers, an even higher amount of water is polluted P. M. Kropac 5

6 Ecosan - A Cross-sectoral Approach ecosan is an acronym for ecological sanitation, ecosan is based on a holistic view of material flow cycles ecosan is not a technology, but an alternative sanitation philosophy, ecosan is tailored to local needs and customs, ecosan classifies matter which is presently regarded as waste, wastewater or water carried waste (for disposal) rather as resource! (turn waste into wealth!)

7 Aims of Ecosan Water saving, since scarcity in parts of India. Reduction in fertilizer cost, In spite increasing food demand for increasing Population. Aims Energy saving for pumping Excess fresh water where Energy situation is critical, Gap of 35-40%between demand And supply. Reducing the health risks related to sanitation, contaminated water and waste Preventing the pollution of surface and ground water Preventing the degradation of soil fertility, due to use of chemical fertilizers. 7 Optimizing the management of nutrients and water resources

8 Ecosan - A Cross-sectoral Approach

9 Separation of flow streams: substances urine (yellowwater) faeces (brownwater) Greywater (showers, washing, etc.) rainwater treatment hygienisation by storage or drying anaerobic digestion, drying, composting, mixing with organic solid waste constructed wetlands, gardening, wastewater ponds, biol. treatment, membranetechnology filtration, biol. treatment utilisation liquid or dry fertiliser biogas, soil improvement irrigation, groundwater recharge or direct reuse water supply, groundwater recharge 9

10 Ecological Sanitation as a sustainable alternative Agricultural reuse FOOD FOOD closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS 10 Pathogen destruction

11 + What does sanitation include? Toilets Treatment + Greywater Treatment Sanitation is much more than just toilets! Solid Wastes Rainwater Stormwater Industry Wastes Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment

12 What does ecological sanitation include? Toilets Greywater + + Treatment + + Treatment Reuse Reuse + Conservation of Resources + Conservation of Resources Main Focus of Ecosan + + Conservation + of Resources Solid Waste Rainwater Storm water + + Treatment Treatment Treatment + + Reuse Reuse Reuse + Cons. of Res.

13 Is There Anything Like an (In)appropriate Technology? FAILURE SUCCESS

14 There is not only one Technology for Ecosan Cocept.. many technology components can be used for Ecosan! Urine-diversion flush toilets Constructed Wetlands Toilet-linked Biogas Plants Urine-diverting dehydration toilets Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems and many more!

15 Possible Ecosan Technologies 15 Technology Typical Applications Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilets (treatment on-site) Single households, smaller schools, community toilets with a limited number of users Biogas sanitation (treatment onsite) Farms, schools, public toilets, hotels, rural & peri-urban settlements Biogas sanitation (treatment offsite) Community toilets, schools, public toilets, urban settlements, densely populated areas Vacuum Systems High-End Applications

16 Possible technical sanitation solutions: Conventional Sanitation Ecological Sanitation Conventional Flush System VIP-latrine Biogas Sanitation UDD-Toilet & greywater management x water to expensive x not enough water x flooding during monsoon x manual excavation of fresh faeces when full Source: ESF fertilizer for kitchen garden biogas for cocking x also water needed for flushing no water for flushing fertilizer for kitchen garden

17 Further Possible Ecosan Options/Technologies toilet systems transport wastewater-treatment reuse vermi-composting composting toilets vacuum systems agriculture constructed wetlands biomass production UDD toilets aquaculture tilapia 17 carp

18 Urine-DiversionSingle/Twin-PitPour-FlushToilets

19 Urine diverting Toilets china Sweden Roediger Germany Sweden waterless: faeces and urine without flush china dry/wet: faeces without, urine with flush dry/wet: faeces with, urine without flush wet: faeces & urine with flush

20 Urine-DiversionSingle/Twin-PitPour-FlushToilets - Introduction are basically Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilets; innovation: urine is collected separately to be used as fertilizer; (photo: M. Wafler) feces, flush water and cleansing water (if used) are collected in 2 pits that are used in alternation for about 2 years each; Water infiltrates locally into the soil, faeces are decomposed; about 190 units installed in Nepal (photo: DWSS, Nepal)

21 Urine-DiversionTwin-PitPour-FlushToilets, NEPAL 1 st pit 2 nd pit urine-collection (photo: DWSS, Nepal)

22 Urine-DiversionPour-FlushSquatting Pans, NEPAL made from cement concrete made from fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) (photos: M. Wafler)

23 Urine-DiversionSingle/Twin-PitPour-FlushToilets - Summary Water Saving Reuse Social Acceptance Suitability for Difficult Site Conditions Affordability Water Saving Uses some 1.5 to 2.0 litres for flushing; Reuse Allows for efficient reuse of source-separated urine, but may need secondary treatment for the reuse of compost; Social Acceptance High, due to usage of water for flushing; Affordability Relatively low cost due to construction from locally available materials; Suitability for Difficult Ground Cond. Not suitable for areas with hard rock soil, high ground water levels or areas that are prone to floodings due to required excavation for pit and/or possibility of groundwater and surface water sources pollution;

24 Double-Vault Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilets

25 Urine-Diversion Squatting Pans & Pedestals Urine is collected in the front compartment and led away by a pipe; feces drop through the rear opening; Anal cleansing water is collected through the rear outlet different types and designs of urine-diversion squatting pans are available in the Indian market; (photos:

26 Double-Vault Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilets - Introduction designed to operate in batches; collection and storage of feces is done in twin pit compartments which are used alternately; (photo: M. Wafler) after each use a handfull of cover material (wood ash, saw dust, soil, etc.) is sprinkled over the feces to absorb moisture and help in speeding up the dehydration process; when "full", the respective compartment is sealed off while the other compartment is put in use; storage time is counted from the date of the last faecal matter contribution to a compartment and should be at least one year; (photo: M. Wafler) urine and anal cleansing water diversion is recommended for practical reasons;

27 Double-VaultUrine-DiversionDehydrationToilets, PHILIPPINES (photos: GTZ, Philippines)

28 Double-VaultUrine-DiversionDehydrationToilet, INDIA Mosaralla Village is part of a watershed management programme (photo: M. Wafler)

29 Double-VaultUrine-DiversionDehydrationToilets, BHUTAN (photos: M. Wafler)

30 Double-Vault Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilets - Summary Water Saving Reuse Social Acceptance Reuse Reuse of urine and compost possible; Social Acceptance Proper training on how to use the toilet and how to maintain it has to be done; Social acceptance difficult in cultures where handling of human wastes is a taboo; Water Saving No water used for flushing; Suitability for Difficult Site Conditions Affordability Suitability for Difficult Ground Cond. Especially appropriate for water scarce areas (no flush required) as well as for rocky, floodprone and high-groundwater table areas (whole construction above ground and water tight). Affordability Higher investment costs compared to conventional pit latrines but revenue from fertilizer value of urine and compost;

31 Toilet-Linked Biogas Plants

32 Toilet-Linked Biogas Plants - Introduction (source: M. Wafler) small biogas digesters provide the family with energy basis input is animal manure from household livestock human excreta and other organic wastes can be used in addition digester is built subsurface for protection from temp. changes and to save space

33 Toilet-Linked Biogas Plants - Summary Water Saving Reuse Social Acceptance Reuse Biogas as substitute to LPG, fire wood in cooking and lighting; slurry as a soil amendment; Affordability Rather high initial investment costs, but revenue due to usage of gas and slurry; Water Saving Suitability for Difficult Site Conditions Minimum amount of water required for flushing (1.5 to 2.0 litres); Affordability Suitability for Difficult Ground Cond. Construction under difficult ground conditions (solid ground, high groundwater) possible, but more expensive. Not applicable where water is not available; Social Acceptance Gas from animal manure is highly accepted; biogas from human wastes can cause acceptance problems;

34 Toilet-Linked Biogas Plant, VTI Dalit Shakti Kendra, Gujarat, INDIA (photos: M. Wafler)

35 Toilet-Linked Biogas Plants, DehuVillage, Maharashtra, INDIA (source: M. Wafler) (photo: ESF) (photo: ESF) Cut-waymodel of Malaprabha Biogas Plant Produced gas canbeusedforcooking

36 BioCentreby UMANDE Trust, Nairobi, KENYA

37 (Vermi)compostingof Organic Waste

38 (Vermi)composting of OrganicWaste, Cagayan de Oro, PHILIPPINES (photos: M. Wafler)

39 Vermicompostingof OrganicWaste, NEPAL (photos: M. Wafler)

40 Greywater Towers and Gardens

41 GreywaterTowers (Tower Gardens)

42 Greywater Gardens - Introduction source (9) simple greywater management systems; direct utilisation of greywater; facilitate breakdown of organic compounds and recover nutrients; drain greywater (without any pretreatment) to swales or trenches, which are filled with mulch material; sub-mulch or above the surface of mulch application; periodical replacement of decomposing mulch (wood chips, bark chips, rice husk, etc.); source (8)

43 Navsarjan s Primary Schools Project, Gujarat, INDIA Initial Situation: Rural boarding school was to be built 5-8th Standard 60 students; 5 staff members No water supply (only tanker) No power connection Water scarce area Flat area; stagnant water during monsoon

44 Navsarjan s Primary Schools Project, Gujarat, INDIA Greywater from the bathrooms, washbasins and laundry place are collected, filtered through a vertical flow filter and collected in a tank. Vertical Flow Filter School Collection Tank (photos: M. Wafler)

45 GreywaterGarden, VTI Dalit Shakti Kendra, Gujarat, INDIA (photo: M. Wafler)

46 Re-use of Hygienized Urine, Faecal Matter Compost and TreatedWastewater

47 Waterless Urinals vacuum urinal KfW-building, Germany Lambertsmühle, Germany Mon Museum, Sweden Urimat Ernst Keramag

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49 Large-Scale Transformation of Urine, BURKINA FASO Transformation of Urine to Birg-Koom (i.e. liquid fertilizer in locallanguage) Storage (photos: M. Wafler)

50 Preparationbefore Urine Application, PHILIPPINES Urine Water Urine + Water (photos: M. Wafler)

51 Large-ScaleApplication of Urine, BURIKA FASO preparation of the field furrows for urine application urine application covering after application

52 Agricultural Reuse: direct injection of liquid fertiliser irrigation urban agriculture

53 Reuse gardenforecosanproducts in MosarallaVillage, INDIA (photo: (photo: M. Wafler) M. Wafler)

54 VisibleEffects of Urine as Fertilizer, Theragoan, INDIA No Urine Urine No Urine Urine

55 Allotment Garden, Cagayan de Oro, PHILIPPINES (photo: Xavier University)

56 Smale-scale Urine Application, PHILIPPINES Digging Hole or Trench Pouring Urine Mixture Covering with Soil (photos: M. Wafler)

57 Basal Application of Dehydrated Faeces, PHILIPPINES Digging Hole Dehydrated Faeces Basal Application Covering with Soil Planting Brinjals (photos: M. Wafler)

58 On-site Treatment / Decentrallised Treatment of Waste-water

59 Typical Campus Treatment Technologies Decentralized Anaerobic Treatment (DTS) Vertical Constructed Wetlands / Planted Gravel Filter (PGF) Proposed quantity of wastewater to be treated 180 m3/day 27-Jun-16 59

60 Typical Campus Anaerobic Settler (AS) 27-Jun-16 60

61 Typical Campus Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) 27-Jun-16 61

62 Typical Campus Anaerobic Filter (AF) 27-Jun-16 62

63 Typical Campus Vertical PGF (Canna indica, Phragmites) 27-Jun-16 63

64 Vacuum Systems elements: vacuum toilets, vacuum urinals, vacuum conductions, pumping station advantages: water saving, concentrated black water collection, decentralised treatment possible (anaerobic) manufacturer:

65 NPK Level in human excreta Nitrogen (N) per person per year Phosphorous (P) per person per year Potassium (K) per person pr year Urine 2.40 kg 0.3 kg 1.1 kg Faeces 0.3 kg 0.1 kg 0.4 kg Total 2.7kg 0.4 kg 1.5 kg An adult excretes on average 500 litres of urine and 50 Kg of faeces per year.

66 Conclusion Ecological Sanitation Approach Ecosan is not a certain technology...not only about waterless toilets J. Heeb...not only about wastewater treatment

67 Conclusion - Ecological Sanitation Approach Ecosan regards all (dry and wet) wastes as resources is all about reuse, recovery and recycling of nutrients & water is a holistic way of thinking, not a specific technology!

68 ++ References (1) UNEP (2004) A Directory of Environmentally Sound Technologies for the Integrated Management of Solid, Liquid and Hazardous Waste for SIDS in the Caribbean Region (2) Bjerregaard, D. 2004, Urban Ecological Sanitation - Kuching is Paving the Way (3) Feachem, R., Cairncross, S. (1978). Small Excreta Disposal Systems. London: The Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene (4) Gajurel, D. R. et al. Pre-treatment of domestic wastewater with pre-compostingtanks: evaluation of existing systems (5) Deepak R.G. et al. Investigation of the effectiveness of source control sanitation concepts including pretreatment with Rottebehaelter (6) Kossmann, W. et al (unknown). Biogas Digest (Volume I) Biogas Basics (7) SANIMAS (2005). Informed Choice Catalogue (PP-Presentation) (8) Morel A., Diener S. (2006). Grey water Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of different treatment systems for households or neighbourhoods. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Dübendorf, Switzerland. (9) OasisDesign (2006). accessed on March 3rd, 2006)