Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas from Black Liquor

Transcription

1 Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas from Black Liquor Cosmas Bayuadri, Delphine Boisseau, José Canga Rodríguez, Sergio Blanco Rosete and Jim Frederick Chalmers University of Technology Sustainable Development "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Bruntland Commission, 1987

2 Green Chemistry and Green Chemical Engineering The invention, design, and application of chemical products and processes that consume only renewable raw materials and energy Biomass make highly efficient use of raw materials and energy Gasification reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances reduce or eliminate the release of substances harmful to humans and the environment Gasification Forest-Based Biomass Refinery (Ohlstrom et al., 2001)

3 Expected Conversion Efficiencies Fuel Product Efficiency a Source Black liquor Elec(Stm) 10 Larson, 2001 Elec(IGCC) 20 Biomass 55 Utrecht, 2002 MeOH 60 Biomass 59 VTT, 2001 MeOH 56 Black liquor Frederick & Way, 1995 a Net efficiency, adjusted for differences in cogeneration where applicable. Low Level Energy Utilization is Critical for a Biomass Refinery Biomass Biomass Black Liquor Gasification Pulp and Paper Mill Product Gas Hydrogen, Methanol, or DME Plant Power Plant Paper Fuels Power

4 Key Components in Biomass-to- Hydrogen/Methanol Production Biomass Pretreat Gasify Gas Cleaning Reform HC s Shift CO/ MeOH Prod n MeOH Prod n Gas Turbine Steam Turbine Elec Lignin Separation from Black Liquor An Option for Pulp Mills With Excess Fuel Black liquor CO 2 Lignin Precipitation S Recycle Water SO 4 Washing Effluent Recycle Heat Drying Source: Uloth et al., 1991 Lignin separation process currently under development by Theliander et al., Chalmers Lignin

5 Challenges Gasification Rapid and high carbon conversion at low temperature Minimal tar production Gas Cleaning and Conditioning Remove tar, acid gases, particulates, CO 2 Do it cheaply Minimal impact on energy conversion efficiency Energy and Mass Integration Within plant Within society Tertiary Tar Species in Gasifier Product Gas Indene (CAS ) Naphthalene (CAS ) Acenaphthene (CAS ) Anthracene (CAS ) Phenalene (CAS ) Perylene (CAS ) Biphenylene (CAS ) Phenanthrene (CAS ) Fluoranthene (CAS ) Pyrene (CAS )

6 Challenges: Gasification Rapid and high carbon conversion at low temperature Kinetics? Reactor type, design? Minimal tar production In-process options? Tar quantity versus toxicity? Impact of gasification conditions? %C input converted to nonvolatile tars C 900 C 800 C C 10 -C 20 Pyrolysis in N C Particle residence time, s Challenges: Gas Cleaning and Conditioning Remove tar, acid gases, particulates, CO 2 Need robust processes that can handle multiple contaminants Absorption (DEA, MDEA, etc.) Need solvents that are more stable and require lower regeneration energy Other separation options Membranes?? Reuse of recovered CO 2, etc.?

7 Challenges: Energy and Mass Integration Energy integration within plant Energy integration within society Local power generation and district heating Eco-industrial complexes Mass integration within society Eco-industrial complexes Novozymes Novonordisk Kemira Sulfuric Acid Plant Delivery Network for NovoSlam BPB Gyproc Liquid Sulfur Refinery Gas Lake Agricultural Sludge Fish Farming Fjord Greenhouses Steam Gas Cooling Water Waste Water Power Plant Steam Waste Heat Gypsum Fly Ash, Clinker Kalundborg Community Heat Air Emissions Material Transfer Extraction and/or Discharge of Water

8 Assessment of Sustainability: LCA Impact Evaluation (ET short Sweden) Ash to landfill: 6% S emissions: 0.2% CO 2 emissions: 4% Tar emissions 35% CO emissions 37% HC emissions 2% N 2 O emiss. 16% CH 4 emissions: 0.4% Assessment of Sustainability: LCA Impact Categories (ET short Sweden) Ozone Layer Depletion <0.1% Global Warming 5% Disposal of Ash & Tar 36% Photooxidation 45% Acidification 14%

9 References Hamelinck, C.N.; Faaij, A.P.C. (2002). Future prospects for production of methanol and hydrogen from biomass. J. Power Sources, V. 111, No. 1, pp Stiegel, G.J.; Maxwell, R.C. Gasification technologies: the path to clean, affordable energy in the 21st century. Fuel Processing Technology 71, 2001,