Skotteparken solar low energy housing project at Egebjerggaard in Ballerup near Copenhagen

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1 Cenergia has worked with solar energy integration and low energy building for 30 years Peder Vejsig Pedersen, Director, M.Sc Cenergia Energy Consultants Herlev Hovedgade 195, 2730 Herlev, Denmark Tlf.: , mobile: , Tubberupvænge, DK Solar low energy housing with seasonal storage. Skotteparken solar low energy housing project at Egebjerggaard in Ballerup near Copenhagen Solar low energy building and CHP in the UK: Milton Keynes, Swansea, Newcastle and Hull JRC Ispra experimental hall 45 with new solar low-energy retrofit including a 550 m² Canadian solar wall installed on the south facade of the building Hillsley Road, Portsmouth Solar energy housing 2004

2 Stone Street, Newcastle, UK Refurbishment of 351 flats in combination with Danish based low temperature district heating and local CHP plant. Due to having a situation with the highest energy costs in Europe since the early 1980 es (except for industrial organisations), Denmark has a unique opportunity to be a frontrunner in the necessary transformation to a renewable energy based society. The result of this policy, where the politicians decided to keep the high costs of oil, gas and electricity by help of taxation as a result of the second oil crisis in the early 1980 es, has led to a situation where Denmark has a clear leadership in the use of district heating with 55 % of buildings utilising this often together with combined heat and power as well as use of wind energy, which is now coming around 30 % of the yearly electricity production. Another not so much recognised result of the situation with the high energy prices is that solar energy solutions have started to penetrate the energy market on a large scale. During the last 10 years we have seen a large number of solar thermal plants being connected to the widespread district heating systems in Denmark, typically covering up to 20 % of the yearly district heating demand and without any kind of subsidies, and in some cases covering up to 50 % of the yearly district heating demand, when it is coupled together with large seasonal storage solutions. Here is seen how the amount of fossil fuel has decreased over the years in district heating in Denmark, where it covers 55% of all heat use And is based on Combined Heat & Power and waste incineration. Large scale solar thermal in Denmark

3 An innovative Active House concept is to use Solar Energy Combined Heat & Power, which interacts with the existing Combined Heat & Power based district heating in an optimised way. Here solar heating is directly fed into the district heating network at the same time as PV electricity is fed into the electricity grid in a relation 1:1 just like the existing CHP plants are operating. In year 2000 the Valby PV plan was launched introducing 30 MWp PV ( m²) aiming at 15% BIPV for electricity use in year 2025 in Valby in Copenhagen. An important background of the PV implementation plan in Valby was to ensure that PV would be a positive element in the city development Valby PV plan aiming at 15 % solar electricity by The ideas of the Valby PV plan was transferred to the whole of Copenhagen by establishment of the Solar City Copenhagen organisation in 2004 ( Relevant publications include: PV & Architecture (2006) and Energy & Architecture (2012) A positive peak sharing effect of the Valby PV plan.

4 Valby School in Copenhagen with BIPV ( Building Integrated Photo Voltaic ) Development of zero energy test house in Denmark in 2003, which was exhibited in Valby. SOLTAG In 2005 the prefabricated roof top apartment SOLTAG was realised as a zero energy building in a cooperation between Cenergia, Kuben Management, Rubow Architects and VELUX ( In the drawing is shown a 2. generation SOLTAG zero energy housing unit developed in cooperation with MTHøjgaard Contractors With the improved demands in the EU building directive from 2010 aiming at a nearly zero energy standard for new build already from 2018 in public buildings and in 2020 for all buildings together with demands towards the EU member states to create a similar standard for existing buildings, it is now a challenge to create a whole new basis of energy efficient building design in Europe and show how local use of renewable energy can be part of the solution. Danish energy frames values Standard frame 2010 Standard frame 2015 (optional low energy class 2015) Standard frame 2020 (optional low energy class 2020) Expected standard 2025 Zero Energy Buildings Energy frame values for Energy frame values for other dwellings and similar buildings buildings (A is the heated area) (A is the heated area) 52, /A kwh/m2/year 71, /A kwh/m2/year /A kwh/m2/year /A kwh/m2/year 20 kwh/m2/year 25 kwh/m2/year 0 kwh/m2/year 0 kwh/m2/year At the same time the city of Copenhagen has an ambition to become the first carbon neutral capital in Due to this it is now accepted to have PV integration towards street areas. Extensive retrofitting of buildings, reorganisation of the energy supply and change in transport habits are some of many initiatives the City of Copenhagen will implement in order to become carbon neutral by With the climate plan, the Danish capital combines growth, development and higher quality of life with a reduction in Carbon emissions of around 1.16 million tons.

5 The EU-Concerto project, Green Solar Cities ( have since 2007 included a cooperation between Valby in Copenhagen and Salzburg in Austria. EU funding is here utilised as a strong support for the large scale PV implementation plan in Valby. Photo: Rune Sune Berg By 2013 around 4 MWp PV has been established. At the same time a number of new building and housing renovation projects has improved their energy frame values by 30 79% compared to normal practice. EU-Concerto, Green Solar Cities in Valby, Existing Heat + electricity Danish national energy frame value Copenhagen Best sheet information Energy use in kwh/m², year General EU- Demon- Actual Improvement Actual Demon- Concerto Improve national Concerto stration national (%) building stration specifications - standard 2008 annex project standard regulations Project ment actual Actual (%) standard standard 1. New build a) Karensminde (BR06) /54/51(54) /50/ housing b) Ny Ellebjerg (BR10) New build elderly a) Dr. Ingrids Hjem housing (BR08) b) Langgadehus (BR06) Roof top Langgadehus family dwellings housing (BR06) 4. Retrofit housing a) Hornemanns Vænge (existing) (existing) b) Gl. Jernbanevej (existing) (existing) 5. Public building a) Teglholm/Sydhavn school (BR10) b) Lykkebo school / sports building (BR08) c) Henkel II (BR08) Water cultural (BR08) house Valby Table 1 Overview of EU Concerto Green Solar Cities individual demonstration projects in Valby in relation to overall energy savings and energy frame values shown as they are realised and compared to original expectations. The conclusion is that it has been possible to obtain clearly improved energy saving results as a general rule. Photo of the Damhusåen PV plant in Valby which is the largest PV plant in the Nordic Countries. It covers 8% of the electricity at the Damhusåen waste water treatment plant, which is owned by the Lynette Cooperative in Copenhagen. And is supplementing biogas based electricity production to cover almost 50% of yearly electricity use by renewables. Concerning the PV installation at Damhusåen waste water treatment plant in Valby, there are huge prospects of the here used approach since waste water treatment plants use 8% of all electricity use in Denmark and even more of electricity use in Valby.

6 The 777 kwp PV system cover an area of approx. 14,000 m² of secured landfill with a built-in liner below the grass. This land cannot be used for anything for many years due to pollution from resides of the waste water. PV integration in relation to new tile roofs in Valby ( Lystoftegård). A much better BIPV solution could be used. PV implementation in Valby, Stakhaven At Karensminde in the Concerto area 30 kwp PV was introduced for low cost housing At Hornemanns Vænge in Valby, housing retrofit includes use of 100 m² PV and 100 m² solar thermal collectors for each of 6 housing blocks

7 Solar Energy Combined Heat & Power example in Hornemanns Vænge retrofit in Valby At Langgadehus in Valby a 200 m² solar thermal system has been introduced. Illustrations of integration of solar thermal collectors according to the BPS rules from 1990s, leading to a very secure and nice integration in practice. The same approach can be used for BIPV in e.g. tile roofs. Example of solar thermal collector integration by Danish BPS Standard. Sjælør S-train station in Valby PV balconies in Folehaven in Valby

8 30 smaller PV projects were also supported by Concerto in Valby PV-ventilation systems has been introduced in Valby and Copenhagen. This is compact Heat Recovery Ventilation for housing renovation where electricity use is matched by PV. Test of compact HRV unit from EcoVent / Øland is showing a dry heat recovery ventilation efficiency higher than 85 %. Example of wall or roof integrated heat recovery ventilation (HRV) with low electricity use implemented in Valby, Copenhagen Compact HRV unit which can be roof or wall integrated Energy balance based on large scale use of solar energy and PV in EU-Concerto area in Valby, Copenhagen. Calculation of energy frame value of demonstration building projects. m² Energy frame Energy use value calculated as Building area kwh/m²,year energy frame value (A) (B) MWh/year 1. Water Cultural House PV output 787,5 MWh = 999,5 MWh (from 874 kwp kwp = 1,110 kwp) Multiplied with 2.5 give Energy Frame value: MWh 2. Dr. Ingrids Hjem Langgadehus - family ,3 193 Solar thermal: 252 MWh - Elderly people home , Karens Minde housing Total: MWh = 70% of MWh 5. Hornemanns Vænge housing renovation Ellepilen Teglholm School Ny Ellebjerg housing Gl. Jernbanevej renovation Lykkebo School Henkel II Ny Ellebjerg kindergarten Monthly and yearly data on the PV and solar thermal output and the actual energy use will be compiled to present an overview of the here mentioned actual energy balance in the Concerto area in Valby. Green Solar Cities results will also be promoted by best practice book from Earthscan publishers in the UK. Total MWh

9 At Hyldespjældet in Albertslund near Copenhagen in Denmark, the first zero energy housing renovation project in Denmark was realised in year Due to large scale renovation plans for concrete housing units in Albertslund during the next 5 years, this was a very important project, which also received the Energy Globe price for Denmark. In Hyldespjældet a prefabricated so-called Solar Prism was placed on the flat roof and includes all installation elements. The Solar Prism is placed on the flat roof and includes all installation elements. Can be purchased from VELUX and Danfoss. Illustration of the prefabricated Solar Prism and how it was utilised in Albertslund with a heat pump together with a solar domestic hot water tank and a heat recovery ventilation system. And towards the sun VELUX roof windows and solar thermal collectors together with PV modules. Example of decentralised heat recovery ventilation system (HRV) which can be installed in each apartment with building integrated components, low electricity use and very satisfied users as a result. The same technology was used in the Solar Prism in Albertslund. Test of compact HRV unit from EcoVent / Øland showing dry heat recovery ventilation efficiency higher than 85 %. This technology is used in the Solar Prism in Albertslund.

10 The Solar Prism development has now led to the promotion of the Solar Solution concept by VELUX and Danfoss. You can see a small video concerning the Albertslund concept and Solar Solution at New example of new prefabricated Solar Prism projects. Here for a new building project with 60 dwellings in Tranbjerg near Aarhus in Denmark Front page of Solar Solution brochure Installation of Solar Prism in Tranbjerg near Aarhus in Denmark Proposal for a PV implementation plan for Albertslund municipality aiming at 12,5 % solar electricity for the whole of Albertslund by year During low energy housing units with prefabricated Solar prisms from VELUX and Danfoss was realised in Tranbjerg near Aarhus Number of houses and m² roof area for other buildings Possible PV installations from in connection to big scale renovation and also renovation of the roofs Investment costs (mio. DKK.) 1. Social Housing 5000 houses kwp Private Housing 1500 houses kwp Municipality buildings m² 1000 kwp Commercial buildings m² 500 kwp 9 Overall PV scheme total kwp 378 = 21 MWp / = 0,75 kwp per inhabitant = m² PV modules / = 6 m² PV modules per inhabitant Energy saving per year: kwp x 850 kwh/kwp = MWh of electricity which at 1,7 kr./kwh has a value of 30,3 mio. DKK and as compared to the total electricity consumption in Albertslund 2010 at MWh represents 12,5 % of this. If we want to realise Green Solar Cities in practice one important example is how the City of Copenhagen has changed its policy from not allowing solar energy solutions to be seen from public city and street areas to developing a real solar energy plan for Copenhagen, where best practice solutions are supported and documented and inspiration is transformed to stakeholders by a solar energy city atlas showing where the best opportunities to utilise solar energy on buildings exists. In the PV-Boost project Cenergia is working with the Gate21 association in Albertslund and a large number of stakeholders incl. Solar City Copenhagen and 14 municipalities to promote building integrated PV in Denmark

11 In the PV-Boost project there is focus on good BIPV solutions, which can even be used for protected buildings like here from Søpassagen in Copenhagen. Possible development of PV in Denmark according to a basic and both more and less aggressive scenarios. In the basic scenario a PV capacity of 1 GW is obtained in year 2020, and in 2030 the installed PV effect is 3,4 GW equal to 8 % of the electricity use in Denmark. Year PV installation costs Electricity costs ex VAT Pay back time (DKK. / Wp) (DKK./kWh) ,4 35 years ,7 23 years ,8 14 years ,2 9 years ,5 6 years Above is shown an indication from early 2011 of the historic and expected development of the economy for PV systems in Denmark towards year By September 2012 the PV costs of 2020 has almost been achieved, and around 100 new PV installations especially for onefamily houses were made every day in Denmark, based on the netmetering scheme which leads to a payback time around 10 years. At the WREF 2012 (World Renewable Energy Forum) conference in Denver, Steven Chu told the audience that at present PV systems were already cost competitive in Germany France, Italy and Denmark. The same situation would be reached in the US before year Eksempler på solcelle aktiviteter i Cenergia. A low energy class 2015 school was established in 2013 in Haslev with PV and green roofs in cooperation with the PV-Boost project.

12 A protected housing project in Hvidovre will utilise building integrated PV (BIPV) in cooperation with PV-Boost. PV sketch projects is being supported by PV-Boost Example of full scale energy renovation with active roofs realised in cooperation with VELUX, Rockwool and Danfoss. PV Boost implementation in Hvidovre (200 kwp) It is the idea to try to introduce elements from the so-called Active House concept (see: in relation to Green Solar Cities project evaluation in Valby. PV integration in slate roof

13 Here there is defined a number of specifications within areas like, Energy Indoor climate and Environment. And in the Energy area there is a focus on the areas: Energy Balance, Energy Design, Energy Supply, Energy Monitoring and Verification, Follow up. Proposed evaluation of the Green Solar Cities project based on Active House Specifications Annual energy performance Energy demand Energy supply Note: These demands are under revision. For electricity use besides common use for ventilation and pumps there can be some restrictions to get hold of the data. Energy validation Indoor air quality Note: For electricity use besides common use for ventilation and pumps there can be some restrictions to get hold of the data. Note: Will be utilised for some of the building projects

14 Cultural and ecological context Note: Will be handled as a general point for the realised demonstration projects. There is a need for a new approach to energy efficient housing renovation showing how renewables can be introduced together with an optimised energy supply. The Active House Specification can be useful here. In the Active House Specifications there is a demand for energy monitoring, verification and follow up. This is new compared to the situation in Denmark today where there is a lot of focus on good calculation procedures, but, like in most other countries, no link to what the actual energy use will be in practice in realised building projects. A good possibility here could be to introduce the same demands for verification of all new building projects within a two year period, which already have been introduced in Sweden. By the end of 2011 a very interesting PV project with 45 kwp PV (approx. 360 m²) for the 90 apartments at Søpassagen in Copenhagen has been realised. This is the first BIPV installation in Copenhagen which has been allowed even though it can be seen from the street area, and the background for this new policy is the climate plan of Copenhagen from 2009 which aims at CO2 neutrality by year The Søpassagen project has been realised in connection to a Cenergia initiated campaign called PV Cities which aims at promoting best practice BIPV applications in Denmark. Besides Cenergia the company Solarvent has been the main actor in the project. The innovative building integrated PV installation at the shared ownership housing Cooperation Søpassagen in Copenhagen is from a distance looking like a normal slate roof. Due to the location towards the City lakes in Copenhagen and the very trafficked Fredensgade the project was based on an intense and detailed dialogue with the chief architects office in Copenhagen. At Søpassagen PV in the flat roof cost only 65 % of the visible BIPV solution pr. KWp

15 An example of solar energy combined heat and power from Copenhagen (75 % PV area and 25 % solar thermal area) The result from the first Danish PV architectural competition in Denmark from 1998 utilising PV assisted ventilation. During 2013 Kuben Management is launching a new PV architectural competition for social housing. Another PV integration solution discussed with the Center for Urban Design in Copenhagen. An old house prepared for BIPV Proposed zero energy solar house by C. F. Møller Architects and Cenergia City Hall in Skive with PV shielding installation on the roof

16 Skive have now introduced PV systems for almost all municipal buildings with 1,8 MWp in all. New hourly based PV netmetering scheme in Denmark The Green Solar Cities vision is based on the universal relation between the necessary initiatives you need to work with for the future. That means that energy savings in both new build and renovation is the first thing you need to introduce and optimise. And when this is done you should look to first an optimised energy supply solution and secondly investigate how solar energy can be utilised with a high contribution in connection to this, e.g. making near zero energy or plus energy building possible. And also when it comes to the market for low energy building, both in connection to new building projects and renovation projects there are unique opportunities in Denmark. This is mainly based on the EU based increased demands towards new building energy standards coming from the EU Building Directives from year 2002 and 2010, and the fact that an energy renovation strategy for existing building has been agreed in Denmark aiming at renovating all buildings before year 2050, when a completely CO2 neutral society is the goal. The result of this is that the renovation rate, which today is around 1 % of the building stock per year, has to be increased to 3 % per year. There is however still an important barrier here since low energy building projects is still not realised based on holistic and high quality solutions.

17 Here a main obstacle is the lack of integrated performance documentation, even though continuously increased demands concerning energy efficiency like the low energy classes 2015 and 2020 in Denmark are already utilised by many cities. The result of this is that builders cannot be certain to obtain the high energy performance which has been paid for, since the only documentation is relying on calculations. Until today we have only experienced one area where a much increased energy quality has been introduced in practice in Denmark, and that is the demand for airtightness of buildings, since it is easy to control and there is still responsibilities for contractors up to 5 years after a building is completed.