Charlie Paton, Managing Director of Seawater Greenhouse Ltd., United Kingdom

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1 Charlie Paton, Managing Director of Seawater Greenhouse Ltd., United Kingdom CGI rendition of a Seawater Greenhouse Charlie Paton In arid and semi-arid areas such as around the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, the scarcity of freshwater resources has led to increasing use of desalination plants to produce water. However, all conventional desalination techniques reject concentrated brine back into the sea at roughly double the salinity of the intake. As a consequence, the salinity in these semi-enclosed seas rises. Increased salinity has an adverse effect on all marine life and there are very few plants or fish that can survive a doubling of salinity from 3.4% to 6%. In 2008 about 18.4 million m 3 /day was discharged into the Persian Gulf, 9.8 million m 3 /day into the Mediterranean Sea, and 6.8 million m 3 /day into the Red Sea. That is a total of 35 million tons/day and the volume is expected to grow 1. This effect is made worse by reduced inflow from rivers such as the Euphrates and Tigris, and high rates of evaporation 2. Global Water Forum 1

2 For a number of technical reasons, conventional desalination techniques have to discharge concentrated brine as their processes cannot function with high salinity. However, at Seawater Greenhouse, we have developed a technology that can. The idea of the Seawater Greenhouse is to convert these two seemingly intractable problems a shortage of fresh water and brine discharge from desalination into an elegant solution for crop cultivation, reforestation and realising the value chain of salt, minerals and nutrients from seawater. Salinity in Persian Gulf. Source: Allsop & Yao (2010) Seawater Greenhouse Just as with desalination, the last few decades have seen tremendous growth in conventional greenhouses around the world. There are now some 200,000 hectares of greenhouses around the Mediterranean, and over 1 million in China, where 30 years ago, there were almost none. This is because yields that are achieved in greenhouses can be 10 to 100 times greater than yields achieved outside. They also enable high value crops to be grown out of season. Evaporative cooling properties of air at 30ºC The Seawater Greenhouse enables year-round crop production in some of the world s hottest and driest regions. It does this using seawater and sunlight. The technology imitates natural processes, helping to restore the environment while significantly reducing the operating costs of greenhouse horticulture. In addition to not having to discharge concentrated brine, it also benefits from the fact that high salinity water has a powerful biocidal or sterilising effect on the air that passes through it. Global Water Forum 2

3 This reduces or eliminates airborne pests. The most important benefit of the Seawater Greenhouse is that it cools and humidifies large volumes of air at very low cost, and to do this, it must evaporate large volumes of seawater, thereby dealing with the discharge from desalination. One hectare of Seawater Greenhouse near the coast will typically evaporate 50 tons of water/day, but this will increase 2-3 fold in regions of low humidity. The effect is illustrated in Figure 2. With reduced humidity, lower temperatures (the wet bulb temperature) are achieved and larger volumes of water are evaporated. For example, if we pass air at a temperature of 30ºC and a relative humidity of 70% into a nominal 500m 2 Seawater Greenhouse, the air will be cooled down to 26ºC and two tonnes of water will be evaporated in 24 hours. If the incoming air has a relative humidity of 20%, the air will be cooled down to 17ºC and nearly three times as much water is evaporated. Seawater Greenhouse, Tenerife. The most significant benefit of the process is that the combination of lower temperature and higher humidity reduces plant transpiration up to 10-fold and enables delicate crops such as lettuce and French beans to grow in a hot, arid location. Further, the beneficial effect of the humid exhaust air creates a zone of locally higher humidity which encourages vegetation. The photographs in Figure 4 were taken two years apart in Oman. Seawater Greenhouse, Oman. Relative humidity almost invariably falls with Global Water Forum 3

4 increasing distance from the coast. Lower humidity means that lower temperatures are achieved and more water is evaporated. The map below illustrates typical daytime humidity across the UAE, with relative humidity at the coast above 70% yet falling to 15% further inland. Evaporating large volumes of water in the GCC region could have many environmental benefits and the Seawater Greenhouse has a similar effect on the local environment to an area of forest in terms of the amount of water vapour it produces and the consequent cooling achieved. For example, one hectare of greenhouse will evaporate ~ 100 tons of water/day, consuming 60MWh of heat in the process. Effectively, it reduces the temperature of air from the dry bulb to the wet bulb temperature. UAE relative humidity chart If implemented on a large scale, it makes sense to evaporate the water some distance from the coast. It may also be beneficial to evaporate it at the base of a mountain, as air cools with increasing height, typically by 1ºC for every 100m of elevation, so there is a greater chance of contributing to rain or dew by increasing the humidity of air that blows up a mountain. Global Water Forum 4

5 Just add water Locating at the base of mountains increases the humidity of air blowing up thereby encouraging rain Drought, desertification, food shortages, famine, energy security, land use conflict, mass migration and economic collapse, climate change and CO2 sequestration are all issues that can be overcome by increasing the supply of water. Present methods of supply in arid regions include: over-abstraction from groundwater reserves, diverting water from other regions, and energy-intensive desalination. None of these are sustainable in the long term and inequitable distribution can lead to conflict. The growth in demand for water and increasing shortages are two of the most predictable scenarios of the 21st century. Agriculture is the primary pressure point 3 (see The state of the world s land and water resources). A shortage of water will also affect the carbon cycle as shrinking forests reduce the rate of carbon capture, and will disrupt the regulating influence that trees and vegetation have on our climate. Fortunately, the world is not short of water, it is just in the wrong place and too salty. Converting seawater to fresh water and water vapour in the right places offers the potential to help solve all these problems. References: 1. Al Barwani, H.H. and Purnama, A. (2008), Evaluating the Effect of Producing Desalinated Seawater on Hypersaline Arabian Gulf, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp Bashitialshaaer, R., Persson, K.M. and Aljaradin, M. (2011), Estimated Future Salinity in the Arabian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea Consequences of Brine Discharge from Desalination, International Journal of Academic Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp Global Water Forum 5

6 3. FAO (2011), The State of the World s Land and Water Resources, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation,Rome. 4. Allsop, N.K. and Yao. F (2010), Experiences of hybrid Ocean modelling of the Persian Gulf on the Blue Gene/P, Available at 44 November_2010/posters/KAUST_ NKA_SC10.pdf. Charlie Paton studied at the Central School of Art and Design in London. Working his way through College as an electrician starting his career with ITN as a studio assistant on the Apollo 11 moon landing (1969), he went on to become a lighting designer and maker of special effects. Charlie s fascination with light and plant growth led to the concept for the Seawater Greenhouse. Starting with an experimental pilot in Tenerife, he has designed and built further Seawater Greenhouses in Abu Dhabi, Oman and Australia. For more information see the Seawater Greenhouse website. The views expressed in this article belong to the individual authors and do not represent the views of the Global Water Forum, the UNESCO Chair in Water Economics and Transboundary Water Governance, UNESCO, the Australian National University, or any of the institutions to which the authors are associated. Please see the Global Water Forum terms and conditions here. Global Water Forum 6