Energy Efficiency Policies in Europe Country Report

Transcription

1 Energy Efficiency Policies in Europe Analysis of National Energy Efficiency Action Plans and Policies in EU Member States 2014 Country Report Sweden Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union

2 Key Points and Recommendations This report is one of 28 Country Reports published in 2015 by the Energy Efficiency Watch (EEW) project. It addresses 1) the changes in policies implemented since 2011 by EU Member States (MS) and their plans, based on the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) published in 2014 and other official, as well as 2) the feedback we received from our quantitative survey and expert interviews on how effective policy implementation actually is (see more at efficiency- watch.org). Based on these results, it also offers recommendations on how Sweden s sectoral and overall energy efficiency policies could be further improved. Overview of findings Based on the NEEAP screening and the opinion of Swedish experts, energy efficiency policies in Sweden are comparatively ambitious in a range of sectors. However, 70% of surveyed experts see very little progress or few additional policies in the last years. This indicates that energy efficiency policy is not sufficiently matching the high ambitions. Sweden has set an overall energy efficiency target for 2020 and a specific target for the building sector in A large part of Sweden s energy efficiency policy is based on information and taxation to reach the overall energy efficiency target. The government estimates that Sweden will overachieve the energy efficiency target under Article 7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) by 47%. Sweden has a central Energy Agency as well as 14 regional Energy Offices that are distributed across the country. In 2013, an Energy Efficiency Council has been established to reinforce collaboration and coordination among the different authorities. The municipal and city level has been very active in pushing for energy efficiency through smart sustainable developments such as Malmö, Växjö, the Royal Seaport Development, and in Lund. Municipalities are seeking to promote energy performance requirements beyond national ones to drive deployment of proven energy efficient technologies. Municipalities have also developed stricter building codes than national building codes. Yet, they are not allowed to enforce them. Given Swedens relatively weak national level of building codes, experts rank the implementation of the nearly zero energy buildings (nzeb) requirements as critical. Public procurement remains a powerful tool for energy efficiency market development. While the Swedish government supports technology innovation programmes, experts remark that these programmes tend to be isolated and could be better integrated into public procurement processes. Sectoral Progress The sectoral progress of policies is as follows: Regarding its overarching energy efficiency governance framework, Sweden has opted for alternative measures. They are implemented by a large number of regional Energy Offices in the municipalities and a central Energy Agency. The Energy Agency is currently promoting the creation of a trade organisation for energy services and acts as point of contact. Experts nonetheless report that responsibilities are fragmented on a multitude of administrations serving under different departments, which weakens the governance structure. Public procurement and support for buyer s groups of energy efficiency solutions are still in place. High energy taxes also contribute to supporting energy efficiency. Sweden continues to support municipalities in improving energy efficiency. All 290 local authorities have been granted aid to set municipal energy efficiency targets and work towards them. No new measures were implemented for the public sector. 1

3 Sweden has set itself a specific target for 2050 for the buildings sector. However, only one third of the surveyed experts believe that Sweden is on track to meet its obligation under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) that all new buildings must be "nearly zero- energy buildings" by All measures such as minimum requirements, technology procurement and energy and climate advisors are being continued. Yet, building codes in Sweden are considered relatively weak by experts. Policies for appliances are very much influenced by the EU Ecodesign and Labelling Directives. Sweden is particularly active in the negotiations and implementation, and there is a good consensus among stakeholders. In the Industry, Tertiary and Agriculture Sector, Sweden abandoned the PFE programme, which was an energy intensive industry programme that focused on voluntary agreements that were combined with economic incentives. As the tax reduction for participating companies was not in- line with EU rules for state aid, the programme had to be cancelled. The government is currently exploring new design options. Sweden is the only country that includes the transport sector in the baseline calculation for its 2020 target. Sweden has emission standards for the procurement and leasing of green vehicles by local authorities. Also, lower speeds, eco- driving and a CO 2 - based road tax/vehicle power are among the policies promoting energy efficiency in the transport sector. Recommendations Further improvements to the could be the following: The governance framework should rely less on high energy taxes, and more on diversified measures. For instance, it should seek to continually develop the energy service (ESCO) market. While Sweden has a comparatively strong ESCO market, the market does not seem to be getting to the deeper levels of energy efficiency that are available. To help remedy this, the development of new business models and certification of energy efficiency retailers could be implemented. The technology procurements in the public sector have led to a push for energy efficiency at the local level. Yet, more can be done through public procurement and the buyer s groups to aggregate volume and pull new technology or solution procurement ahead. Additionally, the renovation target of the public sector is lagging behind in the implementation as well as the implementation of nearly- zero energy buildings. It is therefore recommended to make this a priority and include public buildings into a long- term policy strategy for the buildings sector. As high investment costs are perceived as a barrier for much needed new dwellings, it is recommended to implement further financing instruments for the building sector. In addition, municipalities cannot set energy efficiency demands on new buildings beyond national building codes. This has restricted innovation in new building designs. Overall, building codes in Sweden should be strengthened and financial incentives to support investments should be considered, especially for low income households. With regard to the industry and tertiary sector, the PFE programme for the energy intensive industry was very successful. A similar scheme in line with the EU rules for state aid should be implemented. Policy Developments according to Official Documents The next tables present 1) the policies that were implemented in 2011 in Sweden and 2) the policy changes after The policies are listed as the result of a document screening. Primarily, the screening takes into account the second and third NEEAP as well as Article 4, 5 and 7 communications of the Energy Efficiency Directive to achieve meaningful results. The Odyssee Mure 2

4 database has also been a valuable source of information. Depending on the quality of information given in the official it has been analysed whether policies have been ongoing, abandoned/weakened or improved. It was not possible to assess how well these policies are implemented and which results they achieve. The changes in the policy design are illustrated with the following symbols: - means that the measure is ongoing without significant changes, - shows that the policy is new, - illustrates a policy that was abandoned, - ý shows a policy that is ongoing but that was weakened significantly, - þ presents a policy that is ongoing but that was improved significantly Overarching Energy Efficiency Governance Framework Long- term EE target(s) and strategy Involvement of non- governmental and market actors, and sub- national authorities Energy agencies and climate protection agencies EE funds for overall coordination and funding of policies and measures EE obligation scheme for overall coordination and funding of policies and measures Favourable framework conditions for energy services Energy taxation higher than EU minimum requirements Energy efficiency target for 2020 Action plan for improving energy efficiency (with a four year energy efficiency programme) Sweden s country administrative board is to draft regional energy and climate strategies and to coordinate work Environment code contains general consideration rules which are to be observed in all activities and measures Technology Procurement including real estate owners, managers and other directly involved in maintenance of buildings Swedish Energy Agency has overall responsibility Sweden s country administrative board receives fund to plan and implement actions Regional Energy Offices The government has tasked the Swedish Energy Agency with promoting the market for energy services. The work consists of producing, compiling and dissemination information that increases the competence of potential customers (confernces, meetings, etc) Energy performance contracting in the public sector. Information are spread through the forum for energy services Sweden has an indicative energy saving target according to the EED þ Since 2013 a national coordination platform for the country administrative board exists. Providing of training courses, networks, projects The Environment code is ongoing The procurement programme is ongoing There are a total of 14 energy agencies distributed across the country. The administrative board and the regional offices also still exist No information on developments regarding the Regional Energy Offices Energy Efficiency Council has been established to reinforce collaboration and facilitate coordination among authorities (established in 2013) The Swedish government selected the implementation of alternative measures in accordance with Article 7 EED The agency is currently promoting the creation of a trade organisation for energy services and acts as point of contact The contracting programme is ongoing. Annual reports describe trends in the service market. In general the ESCO market is well developed Energy and CO 2 taxation in place Energy and carbon tax are ongoing. The taxes have altered since the year

5 R&D support AES, the General Energy Systems Studies Programme develops systematic and holistic thinking in the switchover of the energy system Green IT and Design Programme results in attractive design solutions to make individuals aware of their energy consumption All programmes are ongoing. AES together with the previous policy research programme has been merged into Strategic Energy System Research Programme Public Sector Public sector strategy Public procurement Support to improving energy efficiency in municipalities and country councils with state aid for strategic work on improving EE from a system point of view (including targets, implement measures, etc) Municipalities have the option of applying for state support to provide advice and have access to climate consultants Sustainable Municipalities Programme is about exchanging and network partnership in many types of energy projects Authorities environmental management programme including provision on environmental management systems at state authorities Technology Procurement to spread new energy efficient technologies, including benchmarkting, green IT, green offices, rental contracts The Energy Agency works together with Miljöstyrningsradet AB on issues relating to requirements on public procurement and innovation procurement Public buildings UFOS Energi, the Development of Public Sector Property Management, is an collaboration that has resulted in publications aiming at presenting how to improve EE in the property stock R&D support All 290 local authorities and 21 country councils have been granted aid for improving EE Each month, municipal energy and climate advisors report on the nature and number of advice initiatives The Sustainable Municipalities Programme is ongoing. A total of 37 municipalities participate in the project. The environmental management programme is ongoing The procurement programme is ongoing No information on development regarding the Miljöstyrningsradet AB Special ordinance on the procurement of energy efficient goods, services and buildings The programme is ongoing document 4

6 Residential Sector Buildings Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) Building Act with minimum requirements for buildings Minimum requirements are ongoing Other Regulation Efficiency requirements for installations (heating, cooling, air conditioning, control systems) Grants, tax incentives Financing instruments Energy performance certificates (EPCs) Energy advice and audits Information tools for investors and users Demonstration projects Education and training for building professionals Repair, mainananceor conversion and extension of work (ROT) with tax deduction for 50% of the costs of the building work carried out in residences, primary motivation: labour supply Low Energy Building Program: Projects that receive funding must be at least 50% below the present requirements Certificates are required when buidlings are sold, rented or built. They must include recommendations for improving the energy performance Label for windows Swedish municipalities have the option of applying state support to provide advide to citizens Energikalkylen (the energy calculator) is an online tool to calculate energy use The renovate energy smart campaign aimes to generate interest, inform people in multi- dwelling residences The Energiaktiv web portal provides information how to improve energy efficiency (step by step) Low Energy Buidlings Programme. Buildings that receive funding must have major value as a showcase Within the project Network management in industry a network s purpose is to establish and follow up demonstration projects and to drive technology solutions No changes The ROT project is ongoing but with a narrow focus on energy efficiency The Low Energy Building Program is also named LAGAN document All certification schemes are ongoing The Swedish Energy Agency makes information available on its website. The funding for energy and climate advisors was continued. Advisors are called energy and climate advisors Energikalkylen, the Renovate energy smart campaign No information on development regarding the renovate energy smart campaign The Energiaktiv web portal is not in place anymore Suppliers, network concession holders, and enterprises transmitting gas that conclude agreements with consumers about metering systems must provide information on their websites The Low Energy Buildings Programme is ongoing under the name LAGAN. The Networks are ongoing document 5

7 R&D support Programme to improve energy efficiency in culturally and historically important buildings to develop know- how EFFSYS+ is an applied research and development research programme in the field of heat and cooling pumps CERBOF the Centre for Energy and Resource Efficiency in the Build Environment initiates research and innovation projects The Swedish Research Council for the Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning funds projects in the field of bulidngs Energy system programme with different consortia (inter alia the buidling as energy system) Technology procurement to spread new technologies. BEBO is the group for residentail properties (focus: heating, control systems, hot water and sanitation, lighting) Improved energy statistics in buildings (FESTIS) to improve statistics in buildings The programme to improve old buildings is ongoing The EFFSYS+ programme was abandoned CERBOF was replaced since 2012 with a similar programme called E2B3 where the energy agency and the sector works together in financing EE projects for RD&D The Research Council still finances buildings and EE technologies The technology procurement programme and the Research Council are still active No information on development regarding the energy system programme FESTIS was renamed (STIL2) but is not in place anymore Residential Sector Appliances Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) Economic incentives Ecodesign Directive has been implemented Testing and trial of energy intensive products to show how much a product consumes and if the product was labelled correctly, the agency has a test lab Energy labels EU Energy Labelling requirements have been implemented Stores that do not follow the regulation can be fined by up to SEK Information tools Education and training for retail staff and other supply chain actors Energikalkylen (the energy calculator) calculates the energy use of households The Energy IT and Design Programme combines expertise in IT with design know- how and knowledge about human attitudes No significant changes mentioned The programmes are ongoing The energy calculator and the Energy IT and Design programme are ongoing. The Energy IT programme has a focus on behaviour and information tools 6

8 R&D support Technology procurement to spread new technologies. BEBO is the group for residentail properties (focus: white goods) Improved energy statistics in buildings (FESTIS) to improve statistics in appliances The technology procurement programme is ongoing FESTIS was renamed (STIL2) but is not in place anymore Industry, Tertiary Sector, and Agriculture MEPS and other standards for equipment, production process, products Energy savings and action targets for individual companies Energy management systems and other obligations Economic incentives for investment Ecodesign Directive was implemented No significant changes mentioned PFE Energy intensive industry focused efficiency programme offers voluntary agreements between energy agency and energy- intensive industry The Environmental Code requires operators to produce action plans Networks within the industry are actively promoted to increase know- how and provide tools Energiaktiv web portal aimed at businesses permises seeking advice Energy Efficiency Handbook for SMEs is distributed to those applying for state aid to further assist companies in improving EE PFE Energy intensive industry focused efficiency programme. Participants must establish a management system Energy Mapping Checks support businesses if they have a final consumption above 0.5 GWh/year PFE Energy intensive industry focused efficiency programme: If a company meets the requirements, it receives an exemption from the tax on electricity Rural Development Programme: Organisations can apply for funding both for skills development and investment in EE equipment PFE was abandoned Within the Environmental code operators mus acquire knowledge, indentify possible measures and implement projects Currently there are four networks: ENIG, EESI, GeniAL, JoSEn The web portal and the handbook are not available anymore The PFE programme and the Energy Mapping Checks were finalised but the government is exploring new design options The tax reduction for participating companies violates EU rules for state aid and therefore the programme will be wound down gradually 7

9 Financial support for energy advice and audits Swedish municipalities have the option of appliying for state aid to provide advice. Enterprises of municipalities have access to a municipal energy consultatnt Aid for energy audits at SMEs are known as energy audit checks. The aid may be granted to companies that exceed 500 MWh per annum or for farms with at least 100 animals Energy labelling R&D support The Energy Agency is a funder of research programmes Energy Systems Programme: Engineers work with scientist to study energy issues (focus: industrial energy systems) The energy audit checks were finalised in 2014 but it is planned to redesign the energy audit checks þ Within the programme Energy efficiency network for the industry the agency finances research projects in cooperation with the steel association for the period No information on development regarding the energy systems programme New research programme ( ) on industrial energy use Transport Sector Planning instruments Green corridors initiative since 2007 for freight transport (concentration of traffic, remove bottlenecks, platform for innovative logistic solutions, showcasing best practice etc.) Improving EE in buildings + operating of traffic infrastructure for road, railway + sea (material, lighting strategy, buildings etc.) Collaboration with public actors, trade, industry about EE travel, choose of modes, car pooling, logistics A sound town an urban dev. Project, since 2005, integrated planning of built up areas + transport Agreement on use of more shore energy supply in ports, on ships since 2009 Green corridors Improving EE in building and operating roads, railways and waterways No information on development regarding the last three programmes Collaboration with Finland to make ice- breaking more efficient, signed

10 Regulatory instruments Economic incentives Information and advice Requirements on purchasing and leasing of cars by the authorities: 100% environm. friendly obliged (means 120g CO 2 /km, ethanol, CNG, Electr Incentives on local municipalities level: parking rules, parking policies to attractiveness of alternatives to the car New speed limits since 2011 (for safety + fuel consumtion) Eco- driving is incorporated into driving tests for vehicle licence class B since subsequently extendet to all licence classes Procurement:City of Stockholm wants to procure EV s + Hybrids until 2014 (62 mio) CO 2 - based vehicle tax since 2006 (green vehicles 5 years free of tax, fossil fuel powered cars tax 20 SEK/ 1 g CO 2, alternative fuel 10 SEK/1g CO 2. It had powerful impact on car sales Company car taxation: until End 2011 tax on the fringe benefit for the car for ethanol cars to 20%, for EV + Hybrids to 40% Congestion charge in Stockholm since 2007 incl. super environm. friendly car premium, Gothenburg decided in 2010 to introduce it in 2013 Incentives on local municipalities level: parking charges, parking rules, parcing policies Eco- driving is incorporated into driving trainig + driving tests for licence (see regulations) class B Eco driving in rail traffic as concept + installation of energy meters, use of drive style manager to energy consumtion Car index pubished twice a year with statistics about CO 2 emissions of purchased new cars in Sweden New car guide + 3 other info websites: infos on fuel consumtion etc. to influence the purchase decision Requirements on procurement and leasing of green vehicles by the authorities No information on development regarding the incentives on local level þ Lower speeds: many local authorities in Sweden introduced new, lower speed limits with 30 or 40 km/h the norm in urban areas (2010/2011) Eco- driving is incorporated into driving tests for vehicle licence class B technology procurement ( ): 1,0000 electric vehicles and hybrids, city of Stockholm and Vattenfall /þ Automatic speed surveillance: by the end of 2013 there are 1,100 cameras in the country CO 2 - based road tax/ vehicle power tax þ Company car taxation: tax on the fringe benefit for the car ; since 2012, full reduction for plug- in hybrids and vehicles running on biogas þ Congestion charge: since 2013 also introduced in Gothenburg Environmental vehicle tax waiver: tax exemptions for five years for Euro 5, Euro 6, electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles (since 2013) Super- green vehicle premium : about 4,200 EUR per vehicle for private individuals and 35% of the difference between the price of the new car and the nearest comparable car for enterprises, the public sector and associations, maximum of 50 g CO 2 /km Eco- driving Eco- driving in rail traffic as concept Car index New car guide 9

11 R&D support Funding programm technology procurement and market launches for improving energy efficiency in the transport sector, SEK 35 mio., R&D esp. on alternative fuels, EE, climate impact, energy use on road, railways, ships, whole transport chain e.g. programms like LETS 2050, FFI, energy systems in road vehicles, EE in the transport sector ( , SEK 35 mio., aims esp. on modal shift, IT, behaviour ) Programme on Technology Procurement and Introducing Energy Efficiency Improvements in the Transport Market ( ) Research- focussed programme on Improving Energy Efficiency in the Transport Sector Many activities financing research in the following fields: LETS 2050, FFI, energy systems in railway vehicles, energy efficient types of transport, logistics, planning, behaviour and physical initiatives Policy Developments according to the Expert Survey In order to provide a fuller picture on energy efficiency progress made, this chapter makes use of information gained through quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. For each country assessed in the EEW project, three experts were interviewed orally, while 39 national energy efficiency experts participated in the quantitative survey for Sweden. The experts work with the business sector, universities/research organisations, public sector or energy agencies. All findings below are solely based on the assessments made by these experts. This also includes the country progress indicators, which helps to compare the progress across countries and policy fields. The indicator was calculated from five relevant questions of the quantitative survey (see annex for the questionnaire), namely question 1 (ambition of energy efficiency policies), question 2 (progress in the last 3 years), question 4 (annual savings target), question 7 (NZEB target) and question 8 (improvements in key energy policy areas). The answers were weighted (the most positive answer by 100, the least positive one by 0). In the opinion of Swedish experts, Sweden has made good progress in energy efficiency policies since the second NEEAP (country progress indicator: 4 out of 28). The rate of progress was somewhat higher than in the three preceding years (2012 survey: country progress indicator: 9 out of 27). Experts perceive a relatively high overall ambition of energy efficiency policies: 66% consider it at least ambitious in a range of sectors or generally rather high. However, 70% see very little progress in energy efficiency policies or few additional policies in the last three years. These results indicate that experts think energy efficiency policy is not sufficiently living up to ambitions. Critical issues reported by the experts include the implementation of the "nearly zero energy buildings" requirements. As positive examples, technology procurement initiatives and product policies are mentioned. 10

12 Sweden: overall ambi_on of the energy efficiency policies Sweden: progress of the energy efficiency policies in the last 3 years 5% 8% 14% 40% 29% 22% 26% 56% generally, rather low ambirous in a few sectors, less so in most others ambirous in a range of sectors, less so in a few others generally, rather high no or very lisle progress a few addironal policies a range of addironal policies many addironal policies 54 % of the interviewees think that the EED savings target (new savings of 1.5 % of the annual energy sales to final consumers) is likely to be achieved (among the highest ratings of all Member States). However, only one third believe that Sweden is on track to meet its obligation under the EPBD that all new buildings be "nearly Zero Energy Buildings" by Sweden: achievement of na_onal 1.5 % energy savings target (EED) Sweden: on track towards the "nzeb" obliga_on 35% 32% 24% 54% 11% 44% not aware of this target target is likely not to be achieved target is likely to be achieved I don't know No, we are lagging much behind Yes, the implementaron is well underway In the public sector, experts see a push for energy efficiency at the local level with many on- going initiatives, including "buyers groups". Among the Member States, Swedish experts see the largest improvements in public procurement. However, they are concerned that the implementation of the "3% renovation target" will not have a significant impact. 10

13 Experts report on a debate over increased energy efficiency standards in the residential sector and whether those result in higher investment costs of much needed new dwellings. In the service sector, experts see the need for more action. Similarly, in the industry sector, they regret that the successful PFE programme (tax discounts for auditing, energy management systems and reporting) was discontinued. Sweden: improvement in actual implementa_on Funcroning of the energy service market 24% 70% 6% Decreasing fuel poverty 23% 46% 31% Energy efficiency in transport Energy efficiency in industry Building renovaron 16% 16% 9% 65% 57% 71% 19% 27% 20% no progress some progress good progress Exemplary role of public buildings Consideraron of energy efficiency in public purchasing 8% 61% 69% 31% 31% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Experts harbour a positive opinion of the effectiveness of a range of energy efficiency policy instruments. Energy taxation, energy labelling of products and energy efficiency requirements for new buildings are seen as the most effective in the Swedish context (rated at least partly effective by 94 %, 97 % and 89 % respectively). For energy taxation, this is the most positive rating of all Member States. National energy efficiency funds and financial incentives for SMEs and private households are considered as the least effective instruments. 11

14 Sweden: effec_veness of different policy instruments Energy labelling of products Energy taxaron EE requirements for new buildings Targeted advice for households EE requirements for renovated buildings Programmes for local energy planning Energy cerrficaron of buildings Energy audits for companies Smart metering Inspecron hearng/air- condironing systems Financial incenrves for private households Financial incenrves for SMEs Naronal Energy Efficiency Funds 3% 64% 6% 46% 11% 63% 3% 15% 67% 6% 12% 73% 3% 24% 44% 3% 26% 50% 16% 16% 49% 9% 24% 61% 9% 25% 47% 34% 9% 44% 25% 25% 34% 22% 33% 48% 26% 15% 9% 29% 21% 19% 6% 19% 13% 50% 44% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% not implemented not effecrve at all partly effecrve very effecrve Good Practices In Sweden, two measures stand out as good practice that can be interesting for other countries to implement. These are tax reductions for environmentally friendly cars and public procurement. The majority of the new cars in Sweden are company cars, which can also be privately used by employees. Company cars often tend to be larger and have a higher fuel consumption than the rest of the fleet. In order to counteract this development, Sweden has decided in 2011 that the pecuniary advantage resulting from the private use of a company car and must be taxed. The tax amount decreases for environmentally friendly vehicles, operated with biofuels by 20% and for electric vehicles ranging from 60 to 80%. Since 2012, a complete reduction for plug- in hybrid cars and biogas cars is possible (ODYSSEE MURE, 2014) 1. Since 1992, the government is promoting through the Swedish Energy Agency (SEA) the procurement of energy efficient products. In order for a procurement to happen, a product group with a high savings potential is identified first. So far, among others, large household appliances, lighting and ventilation systems were included. If a certain product group is selected, interested (public and private) persons and groups are identified and their interest in the product procurement is determined. Together a group of buyers is formed that publishes with the support of the SEA a tender. Under the tender, the companies commit to purchase a certain amount of the product(s). The tender contains specific energy- related criteria for the product group. Due to the large number of buying parties, product manufacturers are interested to manufacture the desired energy efficient products (ENSPOL, 2015) 2. Procurements take place in different sectors, such as the industrial and the buildings sector. In 2011, a procurement network was also started in the food processing 1 MURE II (2014): SWE 13: Value of fringe benefits for company cars. odyssee- mure.eu/public/mure_pdf/transport/swe13.pdf 2 ENSPOL (2015): Energy Saving Policies and Energy Efficiency Obligation. D3.1: Report on Alternative schemes to Energy Efficiency Obligations under Article 7 implementation. cy%20obligations%20under%20article%207%20implementation.pdf. 12

15 industry. For further information on this good practice example, please refer to the EEW 3 case studies. 13

16 Disclaimer The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The analysis performed here is based almost exclusively on the information provided in the NEEAPs. Consequently, a low score for any of the criteria analysed could also be the result of a NEEAP lacking detailed information. Furthermore for some countries, national experts were consulted to review the reports. However, an expert was not available for every country and a full analysis of the policies and measures was only possible for a limited number of reports. The purpose of this assessment is not an absolute policy overview among Member States but is focusing on each Member State s individual conditions. The Project The Energy Efficiency Watch Project aims to facilitate the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Directive but also related policies like the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the Ecodesign (ErP) Directive on the national, but also on the regional and local level. This country report shows the progress made in implementation of national energy efficiency policies identified via a screening of NEEAPs and an extensive EU wide expert survey. efficiency- watch.org The Authors Stefan Thomas, Felix Suerkemper, Thomas Adisorn, Dorothea Hauptstock, Carolin Schäfer- Sparenberg, Lena Tholen, Florin Vondung (Wuppertal Institute) Daniel Becker, Lucie Tesniere, Charles Bourgault, Sonja Förster (Ecofys) Christiane Egger (OÖ Energiesparverband) with contributions by Reinhold Priewasser (University of Linz), Nils Borg (eceee), Dominique Bourges (Fedarene), Peter Schilken (Energy Cities) List of Abbreviations EE Energy Efficiency, EED Energy Efficiency Directive, EPC Energy Performance Certificates, EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, ESCO Energy Service Company, ESD Energy Service Directive, EU European Union, EEW Energy Efficiency Watch, MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards, MURE Mesures d Utilisation Rationelle de l Energie, NEEAP National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, nzeb nearly Zero Energy Buildings, R&D Research and Development 1