COMPARISON OF GYPSUM AND POTASSIUM SILICATE FOR RECLAMATION OF SALINE SODIC SOIL. Nosheen Zahra*, Ghulam Sarwar* and Sher Muhammad**

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1 Pkistn J. Agric. Res. Vol. 28 No.1, 201 COMPARISON OF GYPSUM AND POTASSIUM SILICATE FOR RECLAMATION OF SALINE SODIC SOIL Nosheen Zhr*, Ghulm Srwr* nd Sher Muhmmd** ABSTRACT:- Reltive efficiency of gypsum, potssium silicte nd their comintions t different levels for reclmtion of sline sodic soil ws tested. Tretments were replicted thrice. All pots were rrnged ccording to completely rndomized design nd tretments were pplied to the soil ccording to tretment pln. Approprite time ws given to chieve the reclmtion of sline sodic soil nd reltive efficiency ws ssessed through lortory nlysis. After this, rice seedling (Shheen Bsmti) ws trnsplnted in ll the pots i.e., 3 plnts per pot. Necessry N, P nd K fertilizers were pplied t the recommended rte. After crop hrvest, soil smples were tken for nlysis of ph, electricl conductivity (EC), sodium dsorption rtio (SAR) nd exchngele sodium percentge (ESP) of soil. All the mendments when used lone or in comintion with ech other improved the chemicl prmeters of soil. All levels of gypsum (100%, 7% nd 0% G.R) proved effective in lowering ph, EC, SAR nd ESP of sline sodic soil. Similr trend ws oserved with the use of ll levels of potssium silicte (22, 10 nd 7mg kg soil) of soil. Comintions of gypsum nd potssium silicte lso remined etter in this regrd. The most effective tretment ws ppliction of the full required rte of gypsum. Key Words: Rice; Soil Reclmtion Gypsum; Potssium Silicte; Sline Sodic Soil; ph; EC; SAR; ESP; Pkistn. INTRODUCTION Slt ffected soils re distinguished in three ctegories ccording to types of slts present; sline (solule slts), sodic (exchngele slts) nd sline-sodic. These soils hve poor soil helth. The limiting fctor in these soils is excess of slts (solule, exchngele or oth) (Horneck et l., 2007). Soil chemicl properties re dly deteriorted y these slts leding to their effect on plnts. Slt ffected soils re prolem of dry nd prtilly dry regions of the world. In these res, wter input (from ny source) is not enough to tke the slts wy from root zones of the plnts (Khn nd Duke, 2001). 11 Pkistn with n re of mh (World Bnk, 2012) is locted in dry nd semi dry res of the world. Slt ffected soils considered to e mjor crisis of Pkistni griculture. Vrious mendments re used for reclmtion of sline sodic soils. Among these chemicls, gypsum is the most frequently used mendment for reclmtion throughout the world nd lso in Pkistn. Being source of clcium it sors excess of sodium from sline, sodic or sline-sodic soils. Clcium plys importnt role in plnt mechnisms. It is helpful for plnts to fight with iotic nxieties (Ch-um et l., 2011). Gypsum is esily ccessile nd inexpensive source of clcium. Its usefulness depends upon * Deprtment of Soil nd Environmentl Sciences, University of Srgodh, Srgodh, Pkistn. ** Ntionl Agriculturl Reserch Centre, Islmd, Pkistn. Corresponding uthor: shermuhmmdnio@yhoo.com

2 NOSHEEN ZAHRA ET AL. the fineness of the gypsum powder, its ppliction method nd efficiency of dringe structure (Ali nd Khlown, 2001). Presently, there re some dvnces in the field of reclmtion of slt ffected soils. These include exogenous ppliction of nutrients (silicon) (Rz et l., 2006). Silicon is vlule for plnts in comting different iotic nd iotic stresses like diseses, pest ttck nd wter deficiency, slts nd metls toxicities (M, 2001). There re vrious mens y which silicon ssemle slinity tolernce in plnts (Ling et l., 2007). Silicon oost slt tolernce in plnts y rising wter sttus of the plnts (Romero -Arnd et l., 2006). Photosynthetic ctivity is vitl for plnt survivl, silicon improves photosynthesis rte nd keep ultr configurtion of plnt orgnelles (Shu nd Liu, 2001) nd provision of rective oxygen species is reduced (Zhu et l., 2004). Silicon reduces the uptke of sodium nd improves uptke of potssium in plnts (Thir et l., 2006), nd improve potssium to sodium selectivity (Hsegw et l., 2000). The present study ws thus conducted to check comprtive effects of gypsum nd potssium silicte on lowering chemicl prmeters of sline sodic soil nd rehilittion of these soils. MATERIALS AND METHOD A pot experiment ws performed t study re of University College of Agriculture, University of Srgodh, Srgodh, on sline sodic soil [ph = 8.97, EC = 7.1 ds m, SAR = 3.6]. Gypsum requirement of this soil ws 6 t h. Gypsum nd potssium silicte were pplied to the pots ccording to tretment pln nd 30 dys were given to chieve the completion of reclmtion process. To chieve complete leching of solule slts nd exchngele N, hole ws provided in the pots. In this wy, the leched wter long with solule slts nd exchngele N escped from ll the pots. Completely rndomized design with 11 tretments nd 3 replictions were pursued in this experiment. The tretments pplied were s follows: T = Control, 1 T = 100% G.R, 2 T = 7% G.R, 3 T = 0% G.R, 4 T = K 22 mg kg soil, 2 3 T 6= K2SiO 10 mg kg soil, T = K 7 mg kg soil, T = 7% G.R + K 10 mg kg soil, T = 7% G.R + K 7 mg kg soil, T = 0% G.R + K 10 mg kg soil, T 11= 0% G.R + K2SiO 7 mg kg soil. Rice seedlings (Shheen Bsmti) were trnsplnted in ll the pots 14 kg 3 plnts per pot. Wter ws pplied to rehilitte soil, fter rice trnsplnting sufficient irrigtion (EC = 0.79; ds m, TSS = 7.7 m mol cl ; 1/2 SAR = 4.8 (m molcl ) ) ws given s crop demnd. Necessry N, P nd K fertilizers were pplied t the recommended rte ( kg h ). Crucil gronomic prctices were crried out when required. Hlf of the suggested nitrogen dose ws pplied t trnsplnting time while ll phosphorus nd potssium ws pplied t the sme time. The remining nitrogen ws pplied 1 dys fter trnsplnting. One month fter trnsplnting, zinc sulfte ws 10 12

3 RECLAMATION OF SALINE SODIC SOIL kg h. At mturity, rice crop ws hrvested fter recording necessry dt regrding yield nd yield components. Soil smples from pots were otined fter crop hrvest for chemicl nlysis of soil (ph, EC, SAR nd ESP). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil Rection (ph) It is importnt chemicl property which determines the vilility of nutrients to plnt. Soil nlysis indictes tht ppliction of gypsum nd potssium silicte lone or in comintion remined effective for lowering soil ph. All the tretments remined significnt sttisticlly in decresing soil ph when compred with control (Figure 1). Mximum decrese in ph ws noted in T (100 2 %G.R), where ph ws Dt indicted tht ppliction of gypsum proved superior to potssium silicte s the differences mong gypsum tretments (T, T nd T ) proved significnt when compred with ech other. On the other hnd, use of ph of soil cd c c Electricl Conductivity (ECe) It descries the totl quntity of solule slts present in prticulr soil. Appliction of gypsum nd potssium silicte t different levels decresed the EC of sline sodic soil. The difference mong vrious tretments remined significnt sttisc c c c c T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 10 T 11 Figure 1. Effect of vrious levels of gypsum nd potssium silicte on ph of soil (Mens followed y sme letters do not differ significntly t P< 0.0) potssium silicte t either rte lso lowered the soil ph ut differences mong the vlue of nlyzed ph for potssium silicte tretments (T, T 6 nd T ) were non-significnt when 7 compred with ech other. However, the vlue of ph for T, T nd T were , 8. nd 8.6, respectively. Similr ws the role of gypsum nd potssium silicte comintion. In this regrd, lowest ph (8.4) ws determined for T 8. However, ll these four comintions (T, T, T nd T ) remined non significnt when compred with ech other sttisticlly. ph of sline sodic soils is high + ecuse of exchngele N present on exchnge sites. By ppliction of gypsum to such soil ph of soils decresed. Gypsum gve C nd SO 2+ + ions; C replces N from exchnge + 2- sites. This N rects with SO to form N2SO 4 which is solule nd lech out of soil profile. So, in this wy ph of the soil is decresed (Brdy nd Weil, 200). Potssium silicte is lso helpful in decresing ph of sline sodic soil s it contins silicon. Potssium silicte + rects with N on exchnge sites nd sodium silicte is formed. Thus, the ph of sline sodic soils decresed y ppliction of potssium silicte. Results given y some other scientists like Ghfoor et l. (2001), Zk et l. (2003), Murtz et l. (1998), Thir et l. (2006) nd Ch-um et l. (2011) lso supported these findings. 13

4 NOSHEEN ZAHRA ET AL. ticlly when compred with control (Figure 2). Addition of gypsum t either rte (100%, 7% nd 0%) decreses the EC of soil under test. Addition of the 100% G.R (T ) decresed the soil ECe to 2 the mximum level (2.96dSm ). Tretments T, T nd T showed significnt difference when compred with ech other. Similr ehvior of potssium silicte ws noted in decresing the ECe of soil. Mximum decrese in EC ws noted in T. When compred with T nd T. Appliction 6 7 of gypsum nd potssium silicte in comintion lso proved effective in decresing ECe of the soil ut differences mong tretments were ssessed s non-significnt with ech other nd significnt when compred with control. Sline sodic soils lso contin excess of solule slts which results in EC of soil. In sline sodic soils structure of soils deteriorte nd ecome disperse, when gypsum is dded. It improves the soil structure y replcing N on exchnge sites nd turn soil structure to flocculte. In this wy dringe of soils improved nd leching of slts ecomes d cd cd c c T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 10 T 11 Figure 2. Effect of vrious levels of gypsum nd potssium silicte on ECe of soil (Mens followed y sme letters do not differ significntly t P< 0.0) possile (Ghfoor et l., 2004). Similr mechnism ws lso crried out y silicon; its ppliction resulted in incresed root growth nd ctivity, which cused incresed nutrient recycling nd more root ctions. All this led to decresed compction nd more dringe of soils, so the excess of slts were leched out. Silicon lso ffects plnt physiology, plnts uptke slts nd deposit them in their tissue. By this mechnism decrese in slt content of plnts occur (Ling et l., 2007). This useful mechnism y silicon ws demonstrted y lessened vlues of ECe in present experiment. These results re supported y Ghfoor et l. (2001; 2004); Zk et l. (2003), Ch-um et l. (2011), Tom et l. (1999) nd Chudhry (2001). Sodium Adsorption Rtio (SAR) nd Exchngele Sodium Percentge (ESP) The SAR of soil is gretly influenced y ppliction of mendments (gypsum nd potssium silicte) t vrious levels lone nd in comintion. Sttisticl nlysis of dt showed tht there is significnt difference in cpility of these mendments to reduce SAR of soil (Figure 3). Minimum decrese in SAR 1/ (mmoll ) ws oserved in control. Mximum decrese in SAR ws recorded in T 2 with vlue of /2 (mmoll ). T lso plyed its role effectively in decresing SAR vlue to ½ 1.28 (mmoll ). These vlues were followed y T 8 with SAR of /2 (mmoll ). Tretment T nd T lso 3 9 decrese the SAR vlue to nd ½ (mmoll ) nd oth were nonsignificnt with ech other. Similrly, T 6 lso contriuted much in decresing 1/2 SAR to (mmoll ). Tretments 14

5 RECLAMATION OF SALINE SODIC SOIL T nd T decresed SAR to vlue of / nd (mmoll ), respectively nd were sttisticlly nonsignificnt. Similrly, T nd T reduce SAR 4 7 1/2 to nd (mmoll ), respectively nd remined non significnt for ech other. All three levels of gypsum nd potssium silicte were useful in reducing SAR of sline sodic soil nd proved highly significnt with ech other. Among different comintions of gypsum nd potssium silicte; T 8 remined superior to ll others. Appliction of gypsum increse the level of divlent ctions (C + Mg) which decresed percentge of monovlent ction (N) nd hence leding to decrese in the vlue of soil SAR. Such sodium slts re more solule in wter nd hence these were leched down. As result of this process soil solution ecme dominnt with C + Mg; lthough some quntity of sodium might e precipitted s crontes nd icrontes (Brdy nd Weil, 200). In the sme wy use of potssium 1/2 (mmoll ) SAR of soil g c cdef fg cde Figure 3. Effect of vrious levels of gypsum nd potssium silicte on SAR of soil (Mens followed y sme letters do not differ significntly t P< 0.0) ef def cd cd T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 10 T 11 silicte ws helpful in reducing soil SAR. The ddition of potssium silicte chnges the sodium potssium rtio on the exchnge complex nd sodium silicte is formed, this is more solule in wter nd hence leched down in to the profile. Experimentl results of Qdir et l. (2007), Khn et l. (2006), Ghfoor et l. (2001), Murtz et l.(1998), Ch-um et l. (2011) nd Richmond nd Sussmm (2003) conform these findings. The extent to which exchnge complex of soil is sturted with N is c l l e d e x c h n g e l e s o d i u m percentge (ESP). Degree of sodiction is chrcterized y this importnt prmeter. It is numericl prmeter clculted from SAR vlues ecuse determintion of sodium on exchnge sites is lengthy process (Kijne, 1998). Ction Exchnge Cpcity (CEC) which is produced y exchngele sodium is good indictor of lklinity. Exchngele sodium percentge of more thn 1 is extremely hrmful, 10 is modertely hrmful nd 0 is slightly hrmful. High level of ESP cuses dispersion of soil colloids which results in deteriortion of soil structure. The eqution for clcultion of ESP from SAR is following (U.S. Soil Slinity Lortory, 194). ESP = (y/ (1+y))* 100, where, y = ( SAR) Similr to SAR, ppliction of gypsum nd potssium silicte proved useful for chnging ESP of sline sodic soil. Sttisticl nlysis indicted the significnt difference mong vrious tretments (Figure 4). Mximum decrese in ESP (14.92) ws found in T 2 (100% G.R). Minimum decrese in ESP (33.31) ws recorded 1

6 NOSHEEN ZAHRA ET AL. ESP of soil g de de c cde Figure 4. Effect of vrious levels of gypsum nd potssium silicte on ESP of soil (Mens followed y sme letters do not differ significntly t P< 0.0) in control. Highly significnt decrese in ESP ws lso oserved in T nd T 8 with vlue of nd 19.92, respectively, oth were sttisticlly nonsignificnt. Similrly, T nd T lso 3 9 ply role in effective decrese of ESP nd lowered it to nd 20.44, respectively, oth were non-significnt with ech other. Tretments, T nd 10 T lso lowered the ESP to 22.1 nd , respectively nd were noted s non significnt with ech other. T nd 4 T decresed ESP to nd 24.82, 7 respectively. Vrious levels of gypsum nd potssium silicte plyed effective role in reducing ESP nd effect of these mendments ws highly significnt sttisticlly. Among different comintions of gypsum nd potssium silicte; T ws superior to ll others. 8 ESP is derived from SAR, so similr pttern is dopted in its decrese s in SAR. Results of Mtichenkov nd Clvert (2002), Ghfoor et l. (2001), Zk et l. (2003), Gong et l. (2003), Murtz et l. (1998), Chengxing et l. (200) nd Ch-um et l. (2011) lso support these results. It is thus concluded tht lthough gypsum is the est mendment for fg T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 10 T 11 the reclmtion of sline sodic soil when 100% G.R. The results of the experiment proved tht potssium silicte my e good sustitute or lternte of gypsum when 22 mg kg soil. Comintion of 7% G.R + potssium 10 mg kg soil lso proved successful tretment for the reclmtion of sline sodic soils nd susequently growth of rice crop. LITERATURE CITED Ali, T. nd M.A. Khlown Role of gypsum in meliortion of sline-sodic nd sodic soil. Intern. J. Agric. nd Biol. 3: Brdy, N.C. nd P.R. Weil The nture nd properties of soils. Person Eduction, Inc. nd Dorling Kindersley Pulishing Inc. 13th edn. p Ch-um, S., Y. Poksomt nd C. Kirdmnee Remedition of slt-ffected soil y gypsum nd frm yrd mnure-importnce for the production of Jsmine rice. Austr. J. Crop Sci. : Chudhry, M.R Gypsum efficiency in the meliortion of sline sodic/sodic soils. Intern. J. Agric. nd Biol. 3: Chengxing, X., M. Ynping nd C. Kirdmnee Effects of silicon on growth nd physiologicl sttus of Zizyphus juju cv. Jinsi-xiozo under slt stress. J. Northwest Sci-Tech Univ. Agric. nd Forestry 33: Ghfoor, A., M. Gill, A. Hssn, G. Murtz nd M. Qdir Gypsum: An economicl mendment for meliortion of sline- 16

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8 silicon on growth of mize seedlings under slt stress. Agro- Environ. Prot. 20: Thir, M.A., Rhmtullh, M. Ashrf, S. Knwl nd T. Mqsood Beneficil effects of silicon in whet (Triticum estivum L.) under slinity stress. Pkistn J. Bot. 38: Tom, M., M.E. Sumner, G. Weeks nd M. Sigus Long-term effects of gypsum on crop yield nd susoil chemicl properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 63: NOSHEEN ZAHRA ET AL. World Bnk (Aville t km.w.dt.html on ). Zk, M.A., F. Mujee, G. Srwr, N.M. Hssn nd G. Hssn Agro meliortion of sline sodic soils. J. Biol. Sci. 3: Zhu, Z., G. Wei, J. Li, Q. Qin nd J. Yu Silicon llevites slt stress nd increses ntioxidnt enzymes ctivity in leves of sltstressed cucumer (Cucumis stivus L.). Plnt Sci. 167: (Received Novemer 2013 nd Accepted Jnury 201) 18