GHG Emissions Reduction by Improving Efficiency of Utilities Transport and Use and Cross-Sectorial Energy Integration

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1 19 A publication of CHMICAL NGINRING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 63, 2018 Guest ditos: Jeng Shiun Lim, Wai Shin Ho, Jiří J. Klemeš Copyight 2018, AIDIC Sevizi S..l. ISBN ; ISSN The Italian Association of Chemical ngineeing Online at DOI: /CT GHG missions Reduction by Impoving fficiency of Utilities Tanspot and Use and Coss-Sectoial negy Integation Andeja Nemet a, Jiří J. Klemeš b, Zdavko Kavanja a, * a Faculty of Chemisty and Chemical ngineeing, Univesity of Maibo, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maibo, Slovenia b Sustainable Pocess Integation Laboatoy SPIL, NTM Cente, Faculty of Mechanical ngineeing, Bno Univesity of Technology- VUT Bno, Technická 2896/2, Bno, Czech Republic zdavko.kavanja@um.si The demands and consumption of in the wold ae inceasing, despite majo developments towads moe efficient ion and use. Most supply still comes fom non-enewable souces, and geenhouse gas emissions ae constantly inceasing, despite the development of vaious intenational policies on climate change, such as the Kyoto Potocol o the not yet atified Pais Ageement. In this sty, the potential fo enhancing the efficiencies of utility tanspot and use, as well as coss-sectoial integation, ae estimated fo the cuent state of ion, convesion, and use within and between the main sectos. Impoving integation between diffeent sectos can lead to significant savings in souces, esulting in significantly lowe geenhouse gas emissions. Integating diffeent sectos is not a staightfowad task since they use diffeent types and loads of utilities at diffeent levels. The fist step towad integation of diffeent sectos is to popely assess the pimay souce demand. A methodology fo estimating pimay equiements by tackling diffeent types of and loads on utilities was developed. The esults indicate that the pimay souce utilisation can be 2.6 times highe compaed to the initial consumption in diffeent sectos. The consumption should be addessed holistically consideing at least thee diffeent aspects: i) utility tanspot efficiency, ii) efficiency within the sectos (intensification) and iii) integation between diffeent sectos. 1. Intoduction Methods and techniques fo advanced Heat Integation in the industy have been continuously developed ove the last foty yeas fo an oveview, see Klemeš and Kavanja (2013). The widening of the scope the poblem came with the poposal fo heat and powe integation of diffeent plants (Dhole and Linnhoff, 1993). An extension of this Site methodology came with consideation of any unit, incling sevice and esidential sectos, by Locally Integated negy Sectos (Pey et al., 2008). The aspect of the integation of enewables has also been developed (Vabanov and Klemeš, 2011). An oveview of the latest developments in Site planning and design fo industial, uban and enewable systems can be found in Liew et al. (2017). All of these appoaches have focused on the integation of aleady poduced, consideing utility systems in a vey simplistic way. Thee have been many attempts to conside the utility system in specific cases, such as Walmsley et al. (2017). It should be noted that these conside the utility system within the Site. Anothe lage goup of eseaches focused on the detailed planning of the utility system in a paticula egion. One of these poposals involves the widely used negyplan tool. A eview of negyplan tool applications and pefomance citeia fo systems can be found in Østegaad (2015). This tool enables simulation of diffeent utility system designs with special emphasis on enewable souces. A simila tool is H2RS, which is based on a RenewIslands methodology (an oveview can be found in Duić et al. (2008)). The H2RS aims to achieve designs based 100 % on enewable systems in a selected egion (Kajačić et al., 2009). The usual citeia in these appoaches ae Pimay negy Saving (PS). Othe citeia wee also used, such as the single combined citeia Sustainable Pocess Index (SPI) (Naodoslawsky and Kotscheck, 1995) o Sustainable Pofit (Zoe et al., 2017). Please cite this aticle as: Andeja Nemet, Jiří Jaomí Klemeš, Zdavko Kavanja, 2018, Ghg emissions eduction by impoving efficiency of utilities tanspot and use and coss-sectoial integation, Chemical ngineeing Tansactions, 63, DOI: /CT

2 20 ach goup of eseaches developed sophisticated methods fo addessing the poblem of eithe heat integation o the planning of a utility system. In this sty, a moe holistic view is pesented, whee a egional utility system is consideed togethe with the equiements of diffeent economic sectos (industy, tanspot, esidential, sevice, and agicultue). It can be seen fom the liteatue that losses ae still significantly high; fo example, the Sankey diagam of US electicity geneation and use (Yong et al., 2016) deived fom data pesented in (IA, 2014) indicates that 67.1 % of souces ae consumed in opeation, convesion, tansmission and distibution losses and that only 32.9 % is used fo the net electicity ion 12.1 % fo esidential use, 11.3 % fo commecial, 8.3 % fo industial use and 1.2 % fo diect use and tanspotation. It is inteesting to note that the faction of losses almost exactly matches the faction of fossil fuels in oveall souces. Focusing on GHG emission distibution between diffeent economic sectos globally, it can be obseved that the secto with the highest GHG emissions is the electicity and heat ion secto (25 %), second is agicultue, foesty and othe land use (24 %) and only in thid place one can find industy (21 %). The tanspotation (14 %) and building (6 %) sectos also contibute significantly (PA, 2014). Achieving bette efficiency in the industy can contibute only patially to oveall savings in consumption, with limited enhancement potential. negy efficiency enhancement should focus not only on industial pocesses, but on all sectos, and exploit the coss-sectoial potential of integation, focusing on those types used fo ion and those most utilised, since most of the fom souces is lost duing convesions. This sty pesents the development of a methodology fo detemining the pimay souce use analysing potential of enhancing the efficiency of utility tanspot and use, as well as coss-sectoial integation. The detailed flow desciption indicates the potential fo impovement. The methodology developed was applied to the case of the U, evealing the main potentials fo impovement. 2. Methodology The coelations between savings in diffeent sectos and pimay utility equiement savings ae deived fom the flows fo a cetain egion as pesented in Figue 1. Pimay utilities Impot Own ion di di, Diect cayove tans tans, Tansfomations Deived utilites loss, tanspot Tanspot xpot Industy Tanspotation Sevice Residential Agicultue pim de, t, t pim _ de up,, t Tanspot losses Figue 1: negy flow fom ion to the place of utilisation The aim of the methodology is to detemine the atio of the pimay mix needed to cove the demand of a cetain utility in an secto. The atio calculations wee deived fom the demand in vaious sectos (Industy, Tanspotation, Sevice, Residential, Agicultue in Figue 1), following step-by-step the tanspot and tansfomation until eaching the pimay utilities (Own ion and Impot in Figue 1). Duing tanspotation, losses can be consideable; and these losses ae taken into account by detemining the atio of tanspot afte tanspot divided by the sum of flow losses - q(1). loss tanspot loss and flow of UD (1) The atio is detemined fo evey utility fom the set of deived utilities UD. The expot is excled fom this atio. Befoe tanspotation, thee ae two main options fo obtaining deived utilities. The pimay utilities ae eithe diectly tanspoted to the secto o deived fom diffeent pimay utilities via di tansfomations. The shae of diect cay-ove is detemined fom q(2), while the shae of flow fom tansfomation is detemined fom q(3), both fo evey utility fom the set of deived utilities UD. tans

3 21 di di di tans tans tans di tans UD (2) UD (3) In the case of diect cay-ove, the deived utility type is the same as the pimay utility. Duing the pim _ de tansfomation, the utility types changes; theefoe, the atios of tansfomations have to be detemined fo evey deived utility UD and fom evey pimay utility up UP. This atio pesents how much and which pim type of diffeent pimay utility is equied to poduce tans the utility deived afte any tansfomation t de TRANS, t. In tansfomation, diffeent deived utilities can be poduced. Fistly, the shae of pimay utility flow fo a cetain deived utility duing a cetain tansfomation is detemined (q(4)). The oveall atio between pim _ de pimay utility and deived utility, consideing all tansfomations, is detemined as the atio between the pim sum of pimay utility flow shae ove each tansfomation, t and sum of deived utility flow de (q(5))., t pim, t pim _ de ttrans pim de tans, t de ', t ' ttrans pim, t de, t up UP, UD, t TRANS (4) up UP, UD (5) pimay The oveall atio of pimay utility up, is ecalculated fom the peviously detemined atios. It pesents the atio of pimay utility to ensue a unit of deived utility equied at the place of utilisation (q(6)). pimay di tans pim _ de up, up UP, UD (6) tanspot Fom the flow fo each type equied at diffeent sectos, the flow of pimay each type of pimay flow can be detemined (q(7)) up UP, UD (7) pimay pimay up The final ion equied fo one secto is detemined fo each pimay utility sepaately by pimay summation of equiement fo each deived utility (q(8)). up up UP (8) pimay The GHG emissions ae ecalculated fom the flow of the pimay utility flow. 3. Case sty A case sty was pefomed based on flow statistics (UROSTAT, 2017a), also fom the web souce (UROSTAT, 2017b), fo the case of the U. Diffeent utility goups have been consideed as solid fuels (e.g. coal, peat, oil shale and oil sand), total s (e.g. ce oil, natual gas liquids, efiney feedstocks, gasoline, naphtha, gas/diesel oil), gas (natual gas, coke oven gas, blast funace gas), enewable (hydopowe, wind powe, sola themal, sola photovoltaic, tide wave and ocean, biogas, geothemal ), waste and deived heat and electicity. Table 1 pesents the shae of diect cay-ove and flow used fo tansfomations fo evey pimay utility. It should be noted that electicity has a diect cay-ove shae due to impot; howeve, the electicity should be poduced fom pimay souces. It was assumed that all of the electicity was poduced by tansfomation. This assumption essentially means the electicity impots have simila tansfomation as in the U. Table 2 pesents the atio between the pimay and deived utilities duing tansfomation, as pesented in q(5). It should be noted that tansfomations having an output of deived heat have an input of electicity. This equiement was ecalculated to pimay souces and incled in the atio. Table 3 pesents the atio of content afte tanspotation. This atio seves to account fo tanspotation losses. Table 4 pesents the oveall atios of utilities equied to cove the demand in vaious sectos and shows that fo 1 GWh of solid fuels in a secto, GWh of solid fuels is equied, 02 GWh of s, 43 GWh of gas and 02 of enewable because of diffeent tansfomations and tanspot.

4 22 Table 1: Ratios between diect cay-ove and tansfomations fo diffeent utilities fo the U fo 2015 ecalculated fom UROSTAT (2017b) Utility/atio s Deived heat lecticity* di (0.113) tans (0.887) *The impoted electicity has to be tansfomed; the assumption is that the tansfomations ae simila to those in the U. Table 2: Ratios between the pimay utility and deived utility in tansfomations Utility s Deived heat* lecticity s *Heat ion equies some electicity fo tansfomation; these needs wee ecalculated with espect to pimay esouces needs to be based on electicity tansfomation. Table 3: Shaes of content (consideation of losses) Utility s Deived heat lecticity tanspot Table 4: Oveall atios between utility used in a secto and the utility ion equiement poduced Solid fuels s Deived heat lecticity s TOTAL Fou diffeent scenaios wee analysed. In the fist scenaio, the demands wee calculated based on the methodology descibed pesenting the cuent state. In the second scenaio, it was assumed that the tanspot losses will be educed by 5 %. In the thid scenaio, the efficiency in each secto was foecasted fom histoical data pesented by ODYS-MUR (2015) fo a 10 y foecast and using this data, the demand was e-calculated. In the fouth scenaio, both tanspot efficiency enhancement and secto efficiency foecasts wee consideed. The esults ae pesented in Figue 2a fo each secto sepaately. The solid fuel and gas consumption in industy is expected to be futhe deceased as a esult of enhanced efficiency within the secto. All the othe pimay souces ae expected to decease in the scenaios stied. In tanspot, the dominant pimay souce used is s. The enhancement of efficiencies in this secto can significantly contibute to the pimay consumption decease of s. In this case, the pimay souce change to an envionmentally fiendlie one should be stied as well. In the sevice secto, consideing enhanced tanspot efficiency leads to deceased consumption of pimay souces. When obseving tends of efficiencies in the sevice secto, it was found that electicity consumption pe employee is inceasing, not deceasing. Pimay consumption in this secto is highe in the thid scenaio. In the esidential secto, efficiency is expected to incease, leading to deceased consumption. In agicultue, thee is an insignificantly low efficiency impovement expected, but tanspot efficiency can lowe consumption. The developed methodology enabled to evaluate/eveal diffeent integation options. Fo example, consideing impoved efficiency in industy, 170,020 GWh electicity can be saved.

5 This electicity could be used to cove inceasing electicity demands in sevices. This would lead to a 123.8*106 t CO2 equivalent decease. With futhe development of the methodology, othe coss-integation options could be evealed in a systematic way, such as waste heat utilisation fom industy in the esidential secto. The GHG emission fo each utility goup was consideed fo the souce type that has the highest ate. The GHG emission eduction was calculated between the fist scenaio and the last scenaio and pesented in Figue 2b. It can be seen that the highest GHG emission eduction is expected fom the deceased utilisation of s in tanspot. A high shae in GHG emission eduction can be achieved by deceased consumption of solid fuels in industy. Pimay utility 1,800,00 1,600,00 1,400,00 1,200,00 1,000,00 800,00 600,00 400,00 200,00 Pimay utiltiy 1,200,00 1,000,00 800,00 600,00 400,00 200,00 a) Industy Impoved efficiency of tanspot Impoved efficiency in secto Impoved tanspot and efficiency in the sectos c) Sevices Impoved efficiency of tanspot Impoved efficiency in secto Impoved tanspot and efficiency in the sectos Pimay utiltiy 6,000,00 5,000,00 4,000,00 3,000,00 2,000,00 1,000,00 Pimay utiltiy 1,800,00 1,600,00 1,400,00 1,200,00 1,000,00 800,00 600,00 400,00 200,00 b) Tanspot Impoved efficiency of tanspot Impoved efficiency in secto Impoved tanspot and efficiency in the sectos d) Residential Impoved efficiency of tanspot Impoved efficiency in secto Impoved tanspot and efficiency in the sectos 23 Pimay utility 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 e) Agicultue Impoved efficiency of tanspot Impoved efficiency in secto Impoved tanspot and efficiency in the sectos f) GHG emmision GHG emmisions eduction / Industy 10 6 t CO 2e Tanspot 500 Sevices Residential Agicultue Figue 2: Pimay souce demand fo each type of utility, shown sepaately fo a) industy, b) tanspot, c) sevice secto, d) esidential secto and e) agicultue consideing initial, enhanced tanspot and enhanced secto expected efficiency and the enhanced tanspot and secto expected efficiency scenaios, f) GHG emission eduction between the initial case and the scenaio, consideing enhanced tanspot and efficiency within each secto

6 24 4. Conclusions A methodology fo ecalculation of pimay souce utilisation has been developed. It enables to calculate the pimay consumption fom the final utility consumption at diffeent sectos in a cetain egion. As can be seen fom the case sty, the pimay used can be up to 2.6 times highe than the utility demand at the place of use. Analysing the flows shows that thee ae thee main potentials fo pimay eduction: i) impoving the efficiency of utility tanspot, ii) impoving efficiency within the sectos and iii) integation of diffeent sectos. Fom the case sty fo the U, it can be seen that the lagest GHG emission eduction can be achieved by impoving tanspot. In futue sties, a moe detailed analysis of coss-secto integation options will be analysed, and the envionmental impact will be stied fom diffeent pespectives, not only that of GHG emissions. Acknowledgments This eseach was financially suppoted by the Slovenian Reseach Agency (pogam P and poject L2-7633) and has benefited fom a collaboation ageement between the Univesity of Maibo and Bno Univesity of Technology, unde the poject Sustainable Pocess Integation Laboatoy - SPIL funded by U CZ Opeational Pogamme Reseach and Development, ducation, Pioity 1: Stengthening capacity fo quality eseach (Gant No. CZ / 0.0/0.0/15_003/ ). Refeence Dhole V.R., Linnhoff B., 1993, Site tagets fo fuel, co-geneation, emissions, and cooling, Computes and Chemical ngineeing, 17, S101 S109. Duic N., Kajacic G., Dagacacavalho M., 2008, RenewIslands methodology fo sustainable and esouce planning fo islands, and Sustainable negy Reviews, 12(4), IA, 2014, Intenational negy Outlook 2013 < accessed PA, 2014, Global Geenhouse missions Data < accessed UROSTAT, 2017a, negy balance sheets 2015 DATA, Publications Office of the uopean Union, Luxemboug. UROSTAT, 2017b, negy balance flow fo uopean Union 2015 <ec.euopa.eu/euostat/cache/sankey/ sankey.html?geo=u28&yea=2015&unit=gwh&fuels=0000&highlight=&nodedisagg= &flowd isagg=tue> accessed Klemeš J.J., Kavanja Z., 2013, Foty yeas of Heat Integation: Pinch Analysis (PA) and Mathematical Pogamming (MP), Cuent Opinion in Chemical ngineeing, 2(4), Kajačić G., Duić N., Cavalho M. da G., 2009, H2RS, negy planning tool fo island systems The case of the Island of Mljet, Intenational Jounal of Hydogen negy, 34(16), Liew P.Y., Theo W.L., Wan Alwi S.R., Lim J.S., Abdul Manan Z., Klemeš J.J., Vabanov P.S., 2017, Site Heat Integation planning and design fo industial, uban and enewable systems, and Sustainable negy Reviews, 68, Naodoslawsky M., Kotscheck C., 1995, The sustainable pocess index (SPI): evaluating pocesses accoding to envionmental compatibility, Jounal of Hazadous Mateial, 41, ODYS-MUR, 2015, Key indicatos < accessed Østegaad P.A., 2015, Reviewing negyplan simulations and pefomance indicato applications in negyplan simulations, Applied negy, 154, Pey S., Klemeš J., Bulatov I., 2008, Integating waste and enewable to educe the cabon footpint of locally integated sectos, negy, 33, Vabanov P.S., Klemeš J.J., 2011, Integation and management of enewables into Sites with vaiable supply and demand, Computes and Chemical ngineeing, 35, Walmsley T.G., Atkins M.J., Walmsley M.R.W., Philipp M., Peesel, R.-H., 2017, Pocess and utility systems integation and optimisation fo ulta-low milk powde ion, negy, DOI: /j Yong J.Y., Klemeš J.J., Vabanov P.S., Huisingh D., 2016, Cleane fo cleane ion: modelling, simulation, optimisation and waste management, Jounal of Cleane Poduction, 111, Zoe Ž., Čuček L., Kavanja Z., 2017, Syntheses of sustainable supply netwoks with a new composite citeion Sustainability pofit, Computes and Chemical ngineeing, 102,