Buildings and Grid Integration

Transcription

1 Buildings and Grid Integration Prof. Thomas M. Jahns UW - Madison jahns@engr.wisc.edu Dr. Burak Ozpineci ORNL ozpinecib@ornl.gov 1st Southeast Solar Summit October 24, 2007

2 Outline Introduction Role of Buildings in US Energy Strategy Integration of Solar into Future Buildings Grid Distributed Energy Resource Issues Conclusions 3-2

3 The Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES) Virginia Tech Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute University of Wisconsin Madison University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez North Carolina A&T State University 76 Industry Partners A National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center 3-3

4 CPES Research Objectives Seek major advances in power electronics technology using integration as a key technique to achieve major improvements in: Performance/quality Reliability Cost Integrated Power Electronics Module (IPEM) 3-4

5 CPES Research Directions MPS Rectifier IGBT A G E P-body n + Schottky p-body Schottky contact P- contact deep-p + N-drift N-drif t Integrated Packaging n + N+ K Collector short p + -n diode P+ p + C Power Semicond. Devices IGBT/Rectifier w/ Pilot Sensors Embedded Power IPEM Power Converter Modular Phase-Leg Inverter Sensors Control Giant Magnetoresistive Current Sensors Integrated Pilot Current Sensors Distributed Modular Control Multi-disciplinary Research Addresses Wide Range of of IPEM Issues 3-5

6 Power Electronics Integration Drive Motor Present Status Increase Reliability Reduce Cost Reduce Size Improve Performance Processor Core Die GHz Linear Regulator MHz Switching Regulator Ceramic Capacitors Inductors Silicon Devices Higher Integration Controller A major CPES objective is is to to develop IPEM technology for for integrating power electronics with load or or source 3-6

7 Impact of Buildings on US Energy Usage and GHG Emissions US Electricity Consumption US Total Energy Usage US Carbon Dioxide Emissions Source: US EPA 3-7

8 Zero-Energy Buildings Solar Power Must Play Play Important Role in in Achieving Goal of of Net Net Zero-Energy Buildings 3-8

9 Building Systems and Subsystems Solar PV Wind power Fuel cells Electrical storage Lighting Heating Air-conditioning Cooking Refrigeration Laundry Air quality Water purification Water heating Data services Entertainment Plug-In Hybrid Veh. Combined heating and power (CHP) Electrical power system architecture Power/energy management Emergency power Buildings Are Are Complicated Energy Systems! 3-9

10 Building Electrical System Configurations Alternative electrical system configurations will be investigated Baseline 60 Hz High-frequency AC (300 to 500 Hz) DC Best system to meet future needs not clearly identified 3-10

11 Building Electrical System Power Management Power System Management Power management algorithms will play key role in achieving high energy efficiency High performance requires all sources and loads to be controllable Algorithms must handle dynamic changes imposed by both loads and sources, incl. solar 3-11

12 Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles Power Converter Interface Building Electrical System Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) represent opportunity for significant additional energy storage in future buildings Opportunities for using vehicle battery as local energy storage for building electrical system requires careful evaluation Demands imposed by vehicle, building, and grid must be balanced in any power management algorithm 3-12

13 Solar PV Modular Interface Converters Integration of power converter directly into PV panels represents one promising approach to simplifying PV grid interface Requires compact power electronics that is inexpensive and highly reliable in harsh thermal environments 3-13

14 Impact of Distributed Sources on Grid Conventional Utility Enhanced Distribution Power Plant (~1000 MW) Power Plant (~1000 MW) Transmission Line (~100 mi) Transmission Line (~100 mi) Distribution Substation Distribution Line (~10 mi) Distribution Transformer Distributed Resources Including Solar and Wind Have Major Impact on on Grid 3-14

15 Smart Switch Seamless separation Automatic re-synchronizing Microgrid Concept Microgrid Combination of of Local Sources and Loads in in Single or or Multiple Buildings Form Microgrid 3-15

16 Prospective Benefits of Microgrid-Based Distribution System Reduce need for new transmission lines using DER and local energy storage for peak shaving Opportunity to improve power system reliability by means of intentional islanding Provides basis for new protection and safety strategies using smart switches Provides means for minimizing electrical energy cost for customers by managing local sources based on current pricing 3-16

17 Impact of Distributed Energy Resources on Grid Reliability Electricity Reliability (in 9 s) (3 ms/yr) (30 ms/yr) (0.3 sec/yr) (3 sec/yr) (30 sec/yr) (5 min/yr) (1 hr/yr) (9 hr/yr) Interconnected Central Station Generation Local Reliability (3-4 day/yr) 2 Motors (1 mo/yr) 1 Lights 0 Stand-alone Steam Generation Year Digital Systems DER-based Distribution System Robust G&T Solar Provides Opportunity to to Enhance Grid System Reliability in in DER Configurations 3-17

18 New Energy Technology Development R&D issues include grid stabilization with large-scale PV power generation, wind power stabilization, and electric energy storage Source: NEDO, Japan 3-18

19 CPES Demonstration Sustainable Building at UW-Madison Building to be located at UW West Madison Agricultural Research Station Planned size of building is approx. 20,000 sq. ft. Building to be available for testing of other sustainable building technology such as electrical system living lab Expected start date for building construction is 2009 West Madison Research Sta.

20 CPES Sustainable Building Testbed at Virginia Tech Battery Wind Solar 60 Hz Grid Charger / Discharger Plug-in Hybrid Car Charger / Discharger Rectifier DC-DC Inverter / Rectifier DC Distribution: ~ 300 V DC 48 V DC Distribution DC-DC Server Smart Appliances HVAC Advanced Electronic Lighting Entertainment System DPS

21 Conclusions Long-term success of solar PV requires addressing system-level issues in addition to cell development Deserves to be integral part of coordinated energy R&D program pursued at federal level Buildings provide a natural and attractive environment for tackling PV system issues Target development of net zero energy buildings Significant R&D content will benefit from active partnership of national labs, industry, and academia Major cooperative effort will be be required to to raise priority of of sustainable buildings in in DOE R&D plans 3-21