LIST OF TABLES. 2 Gas Production per Kg of Dung Design Parameters for Sizing of Biogas Plants 52

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1 TABLE LIST OF TABLES 1 Growth of Educational Institutions in India and Tamil Nadu 14 2 Gas Production per Kg of Dung 45 3 Design Parameters for Sizing of Biogas Plants 52 4 Nature and Number of the Institutions Surveyed for the Study 69 5a Selected Institutions for the Study Tamil Nadu 71 5b Selected Institutions for the Study Kerala 72 6 Comparison of Biogas Spent Slurry and other Organic Manures 85 7 Details of Community Biogas Plant 89 8 Selection of Respondents 95 9 Concept of Installing IBP Year wise Installation Capacity wise Distribution of Institutional Biogas Plants 12 Area and Cost Incurred for 10 cu.m, 15 cu.m and 20 cu.m capacity plants 13 Area and Cost Incurred for 25 cu.m, 30 cu.m, 35 cu.m and 40 cu.m capacity plants 14 Area and Cost Incurred for 60 cu.m, 80 cu.m, 85 cu.m and 90 cu.m capacity plants

2 15 Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in Educational Institutions 16 Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in Textile Industries 17 Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in Hospitals and Religious Centre Waste Disposal Methods and Associated Problems Mean Cost Benefit through the Installation of Institutional Biogas Plant Obstacles Faced in Execution Prospects Gained by Authorities in Installing IBP Materials Required Man Power Required Dimensions of the Digester Dimensions of Inlet and Outlet Tank Cost of Materials and Labour Cost spent for construction of IBP Average Waste Generated in a Week for Three Months Average Quantity of Organic Waste Generated Month Wise Average Gas Production from Organic Waste Gas Flow in Cubic Meter Fuel and Cost Equivalent 134

3 33 Average Generation of Organic Waste and Gas Flow with its LPG Fuel Equivalent Fuel Equivalent Compared with Biogas NPK Content of BSS Recovery of Organic Manure Economic Viability of 35 cu.m Institutional Biogas Plant Analysis of Untreated and Treated Effluent Water Social Status Educational Status Economic Status Fuel Usage Pattern Quantity and Amount Spent for fuel Problems Associated with the use of Fuel Resource Recovery of Fuel Energy Reasons for Adoption Reasons for Non-Adoption Personal and Economic Variables towards Adoption Average Concentration of Carbonmonoxide Amount spent for Fuel in Anganwadi 159

4 FIGURE LIST OF FIGURES 1 Population Estimates ( ) 14 2 Map of Tamil Nadu Showing Surveyed Districts 67 3 Map of Kerala Showing Surveyed Districts 68 4 Resource Recovery from Organic Wastes 80 5 Design of 25cu.m Community Biogas Plant 88 6 Evaluation Process Model for Resource Recovery 91 7 Location of the Selected Villages 93 8 Year wise Installation Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in various Institutions 10 Fuel Saved through the Installation of Institutional Biogas Plant Design of 35 cu.m Institutional Biogas Plant Cost spent for construction of IBP Average Quantity of Organic Waste Generated Gas Flow in Cubic Meter Socio-Economic Profile of Rural Households Resource Recovery of Fuel Energy Personal and Economic Variables versus Adoption Average Concentration of Carbon monoxide SWOC Analysis 163

5 LIST OF PLATES PLATE I Excerpts from Print Media 5 II Waste to Energy - Focus by Print Media 9 III Institutional Biogas Plants in Operation 70 IV Quantification of Waste in the Educational Institution 79 V Recording the Gas Flow in the Kitchen 83 VI Community Biogas Plants in the Village Set-up 94 VII Assessing the Smoke Emission from Traditional Chulah 97 VIII Construction of Institutional Biogas Plant 123 IX Resultant Change in the Lifestyle of Rural Households 151 X Changing Scenario in Anganwadi 160 XI Creating Knowledge, Awareness and Perception to Rural Women 162

6 LIST OF ANNEXURES ANNEXURE I Interview Schedule to elicit Information regarding the Institutional Biogas Plant 194 II Sample Menu of the Hostel 198 III Working Mechanism of Carbon Monoxide Meter 199 IV Interview Schedule to elicit Information regarding the Views and Awareness on Community Biogas Plant among Rural Women 201 V Statistical Analysis 203 VI Conversion of LPG kg to LPG cu.m 211 VII Leaflet Community Biogas Plant 212 VIII Information about Institutional Biogas Plant 214

7 Glossary of Terms and Symbols IBP - Institutional Biogas Plant CBP - Community Biogas Plant cu.m - Cubic metre mm - Millimetre kw/h - Kilowatt per hour kcal - Kilocalories ppm - Parts per million sqm - Square - at BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand FYM - Farm Yard Manure BGM - Biogas Manure BSS - Biogas Spent Slurry CO - Carbon monoxide C/N - Carbon Nitrogen Ratio NPK - Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus content WHO - World Health Organisation MNRE - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources TEDA - Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration SWOC - Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Challenge RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete PCC - Plain Cement Concrete Equivalents 1kg human excreta = 0.02 cu.m/day of biogas 1kg garbage = 0.1 cu.m/day of biogas 1kg LPG = cu.m LPG 1cu.m biogas = 0.433kg LPG (fuel equivalent) 1 adult person/day excretes = 0.4kg 1 commercial cylinder = 19kg