Hydrogen storage & distribution

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1 Hydrogen storage & distribution in a Power to H2 context April 2014 l Air Liquide Nordic Countries

2 Air Liquide - Our activities World leader in gases for industry, health and the environment Production Storage and Distribution Applications N 2 Air Ar O 2 Pipeline Large industries Small / Medium industries Natural resources CO H 2 Trailers Electronics He Healthcare Silane Acetylene Cylinders H2 Mobility 2

3 European Power Mix (Installed capacity / In 2013, source: EWEA 2014) 3

4 Germany s energy transition 4

5 The challenge of intermittent renewable power How can hydrogen production fit into this picture? 5

6 Electricity system / Transport market Final energy consumption, EU-27, 2010 (% of Total = ~1 bn ton of oil equivalent) Per energy form... Per sector... Source: Eurostat 6

7 Transport is a large contributor to GHG emissions SOURCE: FORES 7

8 From new power mix to GHG reduction in the Transport The increasing share of intermittent renewable power with temporary excess of production is a good opportunity to reduce GHG in the mobility sector. Power to Hydrogen fuel for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Electrolysis Storage Transport HRS FCEV 8

9 Electrolysis and intermittent power supply Power load Wind power generation Over-consumption: Storing excess of renewable (cheap) energy Curtailment: Electrolysis stand-by Power price 9

10 H2 production cost CAPEX Interest of flexible electrolysis operation Cheap electricity is needed to produce hydrogen at a competitive cost as compared to other transport fuels: Electrolysis operation function of the power spot prices Services to the grid Decrease or stop consumption - up regulation Increase consumption - down regulation From renewables: Carbon-free Hydrogen 10

11 Importance of Blue-H2 for FCEV CO2 emissions: simple calculations Air Liquide commitment in 2020 for Energy applications: > 50% H2 zero emission < 50% H2 grey - SMR type For FCEV, the target is to reduce of at least 50% the GHG emissions / ICEV: H2 from SMR production 8 kg CO2 / kg H2 FCEV 1 kg H2 = 100 km drive 10g = 1 km With H2 from SMR 80g CO2 / km Zero emission from tank to wheels Electrolysis typical efficiency: 60 kwhe / kg H2 Hypothesis: wind power 10 g CO2 / kwhe 0,6 kg CO2 / kg H2 With H2 from electrolysis 6g CO2 / km 11

12 H2 Power to H2 distributed or semi-centralized Distributed water electrolysis + H2 refueling station Renewable Mix e - e - e - H2 Fueling Buffer tank H2 FCEV Cars Forklifts Buses Semi-centralized electrolysis Combined heat and power Stationary FC Natural gas grid / 5 à 20% vol. H2 H2 Power control FCEV Surplus RE e - Electrolysis H2 Storage and distribution H2 Industrial customers 12

13 Hydrogen storage Gaseous form ( bar) H 2 : 950 km Liquid Solid (metal hydrides) 13

14 Hydrogen storage Energy density (kwh/m3) Energy required (% of LHV) Status Gas 40 bar 120 (low) Stationary storage with sufficient space Gas 200 bar % Widely used in industry (cylinder & tube-trailer) Gas 350 bar % Current standard for FCEV busses Gas 700 bar % Current standard for FCEV cars Liquid (-253 o C) % Expensive, limited liquefaction capacity in EU Solid metal hydrides < % Early deployment, good for low pressure output 14

15 H2: promising solution for large scale energy storage 8000 Source: KBB underground 6000 (MW) This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 M m3 salt cavern): MWh Pumped hydro storage potential 0 CAES potential for a 2 Mm3 cavern Source: GM presentation, Freese, May 13, 09 Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13 Only Power-to-Gas can provide seasonal storage because surplus power can be converted to hydrogen and stored on consecutive days or even weeks without needing to discharge the stored energy 15

16 Hydrogen distribution Volume capacity Distrib. OPEX Distrib. CAPEX Cost upstream Cost point of use Constraints H2 Pipe High + Low High + Mid High - Cylinders Low High Mid - Low Mid Tube Trailers Mid Mid Mid + Mid + Mid Liquid Trailers High - Low High - High Variable Dense H2 consumption e.g. chemical industry clusters Only small quantities - limited distances Limited quantities Liquefaction capacities limited Distributed SMR Variable Low (methane) Low Low High - Site size limitation Not necessarily fossil-free Distributed electrolysis Variable Low (electricity) Low Low High + Site size limitation Need for back-up? Natural gas grid Variable Low (methane) Low Mid Variable ~5% volume. Framework? End use? Methanation High Low (methane) Low High Mid End use as methane Upstream costs: e.g. compression, liquefaction, injection Costs at point of use: e.g. compression 16

17 Air Liquide Biogas technologies: renewable gas from waste 17

18 Integrated hydrogen production & distribution system Wind power Injection into grid? H 2 Grid balancing services Electrolysis Storage Industry Mobility 18 00/00/2012

19 The German experiment 19

20 Thank you for your attention Benjamin Berg Business Developer Hydrogen & Biogas Air Liquide Gas AB Lundavägen 151 SE Malmö - Sweden Phone : Mobile: benjamin.berg@airliquide.com

21 H2 mobility 21 00/00/2012 Doc title

22 The Air Liquide Group

23 Air Liquide know-how: Electrolyzers Experience in integrating, installing, operating and maintaining a range of electrolyzers

24 Product: Hydrogen Refueling Stations HRS standard offer : 80 kg/day mobile station 200 kg/day small size 400 kg/day medium size kg/day large size Comprehensive solutions: 350 bar fast filling 700 bar fast filling H2 supply chain management More than 55 systems deployed

25 Product: Hydrogen Refueling Stations

26 Air Liquide experience in Salt Cavern Storage