US DOE Building Windows and Envelope R&D - Retrofit Focus

Transcription

1 EcoBuild December 10 th 2009 US DOE Building Windows and Envelope R&D - Retrofit Focus Marc LaFrance Technology Development Manager Building Technologies Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy Joseph Deringer Visiting Researcher Building Technologies Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2 Facing our Energy Challenges We're using 19th and 20th century technologies to battle 21st century problems like climate change and energy security. Remarks of President Barack Obama, Signing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, February 17, 2009 President Barack Obama Make it white, Secretary Steven Chu, Daily Show, July 21, 2009 Secretary of Energy Dr. Steven Chu 1

3 Building Technologies Goal Net-Zero Energy Buildings by 2025 Net-Zero Energy Homes by 2020 Low incremental cost. 2

4 EERE Budget History ( ) 2,500,000 $2.2B US$ (in thousands) 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 $1.0B 500, In addition to FY09 funding, EERE received $16.8 billion in funding through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of

5 EERE Recovery Act Funding $16.8B EERE Recovery Act Funding $14.35 $2.5 EERE Discretionary RD&D EERE Directed Funding Amounts are in billion US 4

6 EERE Technologies Potential Carbon Abatement EERE Power DOE Nuclear/CCS EERE Energy efficiency EERE Transport Cost $2005/ton CO 2 e Light trucks fuel economy packages Light Trucks Hybridization Residential electronics Residential buildings new shell improvements Commercial buildings New shell improvements Biofuels cellulosic Control systems Residential buildings Shell retrofits Residential water heaters Coal mining - CH4 Hydrothermal Energy efficiency Cars Plug-In measures Hybridization represent most of the no-cost options Enhanced geothermal systems Manufacturing - HFCs Afforestation - pastureland Coal power Coal power plants CCS rebuilds with plant CCS rebuilds Residential EOR Offshore wind HVAC equipment Coal power efficiency plant CCS Coal power plant CCS new builds with EOR new builds Industry CCS Nuclear Reforestation Volume new builds on Existing hydro Biomass Gt/year efficiency Solar CSP carbon-intensive cofiring -50 Industrial processes gains Residential windows Land-based process new build wind New hydro in Commercial improvement existing dams Natural gas and petroleum HVAC systems management equipment Commercial Afforestation efficiency -100 buildings Industry cropland CFL lighting combined Existing hydro capacity heat and increases Distributed Coal-to-gas Commercial power PV existing plants LED BTP believes opportunities Technology Share of Abatement Volume -150 Residential buildings lighting Power plant Car Hydrogen for Buildings are even % Power conversion Transport Fuel Cell 21 Commercial greater than predicted Vehicles efficiency electronics 14 improvements DOE Nuclear/CCS Cars Hybridization Commercial buildings combined Buildings 17 Cars fuel economy packages heat and power 28 Non-DOE Source: December 2008 analysis conducted by EERE with McKinsey using Industrial 2008 DOE technology performance projections; mid-range case Note: Preliminary analysis, under technical review 5

7 US Energy in Buildings Electricity 72% for Buildings Natural Gas 55% for Buildings $370 Billion Annually Industry 32% Buildings 40% Transport 28% 6

8 Fenestration Impacts on Building End Use Energy Consumption Buildings consume 39% of total U.S. energy 71% of electricity and 54% of natural gas 7

9 Building Consumption Envelope Relationship Computers 2% Other 12% Has Impact on 57% of Loads Heating 23% Appliances 12% Electronics 7% Cooling 13% Water Heating 10% Ventilation 3% Lighting 18% 133 Billion $/yr 13.9% US Energy 3.5% Global Energy 8

10 US Window Energy Consumption Window-Related Energy Consumption (Quads) Residential Commercial Heating Cooling Total Daylight: +1 Q Total Building Energy Use: ~ 40 Quads Window-Related: 4.1 Q + 1Q Lighting includes infiltration losses Quad : 1 quadrillion BTU 1 EJ 1% of annual US Energy Consumption 9

11 Two Contrasting Views of Energy Efficiency 1976 Perspective: Code Official s View of the Ideal Windows 2007 Perspective: Architect s View of the Ideal Windows 10

12 Window R&D

13 Window R&D Core Areas Commercialize Cost Effective R5 Windows Develop Affordable Dynamic Windows Develop Next Generation of R10 Windows Promote Efficient Products with Enabling Research Develop Integrated Daylighting Strategies Develop Fenestration Test and Rating Standards Internationally 12

14 Highly Insulating Goal U value 0.10 (SI U value 0.56) Possible vacuum glazings Dynamic solar control Passive heating Dramatic peak cooling reduction Market ready, prices will drop with more investment Next Generation of Windows Prototype Concept Window (Highly Insulating and Dynamic U Value 0.18 (SI U value 1.0) SHGC ) Low cost unsealed center lite 13

15 Vision: Energy Losers --> Neutral --> Net Energy Suppliers Heating climates Reduce heat losses (U) so that ambient solar energy balances and exceeds loss Need very low U but moderate solar gain Cooling climates Reduce cooling loads: very low SHGF Static control -> dynamic control Mixed climates Requires dynamic solar control All climates Replace electric lighting with daylight Electricity supply options Integrate Photovoltaics with Glazing 14

16 Highly Insulating and Dynamic Windows As we move towards ZEB, windows will play an important role and offer a large opportunity for energy savings Passive Heating Bars above black line represent window energy load Outlined in ASHRAE and ACEEE Peer Reviewed Papers 15

17 Savings from Better Windows Annual Heating Cost simulated for a heating climate Single Glazed w/storm, $1310 Double Glazed, $1218 Double w/low-e, $1120 House with no windows, $1000 SuperWindow, $960 Conclusion: Good windows outperform insulated walls in winter! 16

18 Evolution of Advanced Windows Highly insulating systems Reduces winter heating loads Multiple technologies for glass Aerogel Vacuum glazing Multipane, low-e gas fill Better Frames Climate dependence Cost Dynamic windows for solar control Dynamic optical switch from high transmission to low transmission Reduces summer cooling load; reduces glare Multiple technologies Electrochromic, thermochromic, photochromic, LCD, Integration with window, building Cost 17

19 New Sash and Frame Technologies New Materials Fiberglass Thermoset plastics Foam Composites - wood fiber and vinyl Hybrid Designs Metal, vinyl clad Structural reinforcements Co-extruded Metal-Plastic-Wood hybrids 18

20 Storm Windows: Interior and Exterior 19

21 Next Generation Prototype Zero Energy Window Current Prototype Dynamic Glazing; SHGC ( ) Electrochromic glazing Highly Insulating; U Value 0.18, R 5.6 Ongoing R&D Increased dynamic range Cost-effective production Frame heat transfer R&D (50% of heat lost through 20% of area) Systems benefits: Better comfort No perimeter ducts No central heating system?? 20

22 Highly Insulating R5 Production Engineering Solicitation DOE Selected GED Integrated Solutions in partnership with PPG, and other major window companies Goal Affordable R5 (U value of 0.22 or less for operable window and 0.20 or less for fixed window) with price premium less than $4/ft 2 compared to conventional double pane low e Multiple paths to market, window companies and IGU sales Product availability months Second round RFP closed Aug 18 th 50% cost share requirement Strong response, evaluation underway 21

23 Savings with Clear and Low-E Storm Windows Whole house heating energy savings over a winter season in Chicago for new storms: Clear storm windows 8-18% Low-e storm windows 19-27% Estimated U-values: Clear storm windows: 0.49 Btu/h-ft2-F Low-e storm windows: 0.36 Btu/h-ft2-F Payback: 3-12 years 22

24 Windows Volume Purchase R5 (~U 0.2) and Low E Storm Volume Purchase Develop Buyer Groups Develop Draft RFP Specifications with Buyers and Possible Manufacturer Bidders Issue RFP Dec 2009 Make Awards for Purchasing Schedule Promote Winner s Products with Partners 23

25 What are the Best Solar Optical Properties for a Window Anywhere in the U.S.? Varies with Location and Orientation. Varies with Season and Weather. Varies with Occupant Use Patterns So the best solution is a window whose properties are variable. 24

26 Solar Load Control Minimize Cooling Loads but admit Daylight Conventional Options: Glass: Clear - Tinted - Reflective Overhangs, awnings, fins, vegetation Shades, blinds, drapes Goal: Cool Windows and Smart Windows 25

27 Spectrally Selective Cool Glazings Spectral control- transmit light, reject near-ir heat Equal daylight with only 50% of solar gain IG to minimize SHGC Technology: Selective Absorbers blue-green tints Selective reflectors modified low-e coatings coated glass and plastic Multilayer dielectric Transmittance -vs- Wavelength 26

28 Light to Solar Gain Ratio LSG = 2.0 LSG = 1.0 Light to Solar Gain Ratio for insulating glass units for all glasses in LBNL IGDB Tvis LSG: Light to Solar Gain Ratio = Tvis / SHGC SHGC 27

29 Smart Coatings for Dynamic Control of Windows Balancing Cooling and Daylighting Flexible, optimized control of solar gain and daylight Passive control Photochromic - light sensitive Thermochromic - heat sensitive Active control Liquid Crystal Suspended particle display (SPD) Electrochromic Active control preferred; but requires wiring windows for power and control ON OFF 28

30 Electrochromic Field Tests 1999 GSA Building Performance assessment - Understand EC operation in a real building: color glare privacy switching speed peak load energy savings occupant impacts 29

31 Engineering and Occupant Response Studies with Switchable Electrochromic Windows LBNL Façade Field Test Facility ( ) 30

32 FY09 Integrated Daylighting and Smart Window Demonstration in EE-1 Conference Room 31

33 Characteristics of Successful Daylighting Systems Designed as Integrated Building System Envelope <-> Lighting <-> HVAC Provide Daylight Control Spectral control to reduce cooling loads Dynamic control of intensity and direction Support changing Occupant Needs: performance, comfort, satisfaction Decision support tools for Architects, Engineers,... design/analysis across life cycle Link Design --> Operations and Maintenance 32

34 Directional Light Control Conventional control of direction of light Glass block Fritted glass Shading systems Light shelves New Options Prismatic glazings Holographic materials Laser cut panels Light pipes Fiber optics 33

35 Intelligent Lighting and Shade Control Automated Shaded (Multifunctional) Dimmable lighting Addressable (Affordable) (1/3 original cost estimate) (Multifunctional) Occupied 2007 New York Times office with dimmable lights and automated shading

36 WINDOW6 Software Suite IGDB (Specular Glass Data Source) Optics (Window Glass) THERM (Window Frame) CGDB (Complex Glazing Data Base) WINDOW (Whole Window) NFRC Ratings and Labels Design / Simulation Tools DOE-2, EnergyPlus Radiance COMFEN (Whole Building Commercial) RESFEN (Whole Building Residential) Design tools for advanced products ISO Compliant NFRC Ratings 35

37 Commercial Windows Website 36

38 Window Technical Targets Characteristics Energy Consumption Improvement * 1. Dynamic Solar Control 2. Highly Insulated Windows 3. Daylight Systems 4. Enabling Technology Research for Efficient Products Units Reduction in Window Energy Use Incremental Price ($/ft 2 ) 2003 Status Base ENERGY STAR (Low E) Calendar Year 2007 Status 2010 Target 2015 Target 2020 Target 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% 40-60% Size (ft 2 ) Visual Transmittance 60 to 4% 60 to 4% 65 to 3% 65 to 2% 65 to 2% SHGC 0.50 to to to to to 0.09 Durability (ASTM Tests) Dynamic Response (Speed/Variable Tint) Medium High High High High Slow/On-off Slow/ On-off Slow/ On-off Moderate/ Variable Fast/ Variable U-Value Incremental Cost ($/ft 2 ) Lighting Energy Savings Perimeter Zone Depth (ft) Incremental Cost ($/ft 2 ) Tool Capability for Residential (R), Commercial (C) and New Technology (N) IG Base Cost: % 50% 50% 60% 60% R Yes C No N No R Fully C Partial N No R Fully C Partial N Partial Assess need for industry support Assess need for industry support 37

39 Goals: Output R5 Highly Insulated Windows Needs to be no more than $2 to $4 per square above double low e Available within 12 to 24 months Need for ZEH in mixed and cold climates, ZEB in cold (maybe mixed) Dynamic Windows Needs to be no more than $5 to $10 above double pane low e Affordable products should be available in the 2015 time frame Dramatic peak cooling load reduction, promotes daylight, passive heating in mixed climates with double low e now, and in cold climates when combined with vacuum glazing 38

40 Goals Output (continued) R10 Highly Insulated Windows Until FY10 limited funding received, major at risk item. Minimal effort in the past due to funding constraints. Smaller market than R5. Cost needs to be in the $3 to $6 per square foot above double low e. Anticipate ARRA RFP to provide new project. Old EverSealed project on hiatus but reinvigorated within last 6 months. Cannot commit to schedule since just received resources, goal is to have affordable products in the 2015 to 2018 time frame. Needed for ZEH/ZEB in cold climates Daylighting Small project prior to FY10, initiating major increase in activity in collaboration with CEC. Moving from a 200 to 400K project to a 2.5M project annually. More planning and coordination required. Age old opportunity, needs to be fully planned and coordinated with Commercial Team. 39

41 Subprogram Status in five years (2015) Accomplishments R5 Windows widely available from multiple sources at cost effective prices Dynamic Windows available from multiple sources at affordable prices for numerous applications but might not yet be fully cost effective for energy efficiency. May be cost effective when full consideration of impacts including increasing value of peak demand. Retrofit Products including blinds, awnings, shades, etc are fully rated by NFRC and have greater attention of voluntary programs. Remaining Tasks to Achieve ZEB R10 Windows truly commercialized but require greater production capacity to be cost effective Daylighting Strategies are much more prevalent but still require more work to be widely available Enabling Research like changing the oil, needs to continue to support emerging technologies 40

42 How to Achieve Goals: Critical Paths Critical Paths: Residential Highly insulating High Solar Gain with Dynamic and Vacuum Glazing (dependent upon cost compared to other non-window strategies) R5 low risk, R10 and dynamic cost effective for residential much higher risk Conventional multi glazed products reduce solar heat gain potential Critical Paths: Commercial Dynamic windows can provide daylight opportunity that has not yet become market viable Peak demand is critical for ZEB Why are the selected paths the best way to achieve goals Windows are the weak link in the building envelope External shading not fully effective and difficult to maintain/wash windows, etc ARPA E just selected and awarded a 4.9M dynamic window project this is 5 times our previous awards. More funding than the entire windows program prior to FY10. 41

43 Envelope R&D

44 Envelope R&D Core Areas Next Generation of Attic/Roof Systems New Material Development Dynamic and Advanced Insulation Dynamic membranes Dynamic roof surfaces Advanced Walls Initiate Foundation Systems Enabling Research Cool Roofs Moisture design, analysis and modeling Air barrier Standards development 43

45 Advanced walls to reach R20 (U = 0.28 SI) in 3.5 (9cm) cavity, exterior insulation systems, R30 (U = 0.19 SI) total wall Next Generation of Attic/Roof System to save 50 Percent Energy New Material Development 100 R&D Award in 2009 for phase change material (PCM) insulation Higher performing foams and aerogels Dynamic membranes Thermal Envelope R&D 44

46 Next Generation of Roofing/Attics Integrated solutions for building type and climate Key elements to develop and integrate Cool Roofs (lighter colors and near-infrared (NIR) reflective pigments) Thermal Mass Above Deck Ventilation Radiant Barriers Location and Higher Performing Insulations 45

47 Next Generation Roof/Attic R&D Concepts Shingles Foil backed OSB Upper air channel Radiant barriers PCMs Upper air channel Lower air channel Insulation w/ foil Gypsum board 46

48 PCM Shaves Peak Demand and Reduces Night Sky Losses Potential to Reduce Peak by 90 Percent Measured Data Peak Demand Reduction Cost effective solutions for hot climate should achieve 50 percent reduction (residential) 47

49 What is a Cool Roof? CRRC only looks at surface properties: Solar Reflectance Thermal Emittance CRRC does not set minimum requirements Credit: Significant material in this presentation is from the Cool Roof Rating Council 48

50 Real World Example 81 C 34 C Photos from the CEC s Consumer Energy Center, courtesy of Hydrostop 49

51 Energy Savings Benefits Lower roof top and building temperatures Less heat transfer Increased occupant comfort Reduced AC load Lower building occupant s electricity bills Reduce peak electricity demand (avoid black-outs) Through cool roof and other urban heat island mitigation measures (cool pavement, passive cooling designs), avoid the need for the addition of air conditioning that is driven by increased wealth LBNL estimates Worldwide energy savings of $27 billion (2008) 50

52 Environmental Benefits Reduced energy consumption means less air pollution from power plants Global warming mitigation Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect Lower ambient air temperature Improves local air quality Reduction in heat and smog-related health issues 51

53 Garden Roofs Show Improved Performance - Preliminary Results Comparison of Cooling Loads (Heat gain) Relative to White Control System 52

54 DOE/ORNL Conducting Indepth Air Barrier Research Sophisticated energy performance measurements Supports real world performance and code activity 20 wall panels with 13 manufacturing supplier partners and Syracuse Univ. Needed to support higher code levels leading to ZEB 53

55 Solutions you can install today! Cool roof with reflective IR pigments, metal, clay tile, concrete tile, asphalt (still limited) Cool wall coatings with reflective IR pigments and new vinyl siding with same surface coatings Moisture tolerant Exterior Insulation Finishing Systems (EIFS) with drain plane Broad range of insulation systems including new aerogels for stud caps and thermal shorts 54

56 ASPEN Aerogel Supported by DOE via Competitive Solicitations Application: Thermal bridge in steel and wood framing Supplied in strips ⅜ thick x 1 ½ wide x 8 long Applied onto a building s framing, inside or outside, prior to sheathing. Applied with a peel-and-stick adhesive backing or staples Adds an R-4.0 to standard wall framing Does not alter standard construction 55

57 Envelope Technical Targets Advanced Attic/Roof Technology Targets Characteristics 2009 Status 2010 Target 2015 Target Advanced attic/roof system R-30 to R-38 Dynamic annual performance equal to conventional R-45 Improved dynamic annual performance at no extra cost Enhanced reflectivity on attractive darkcolored roof products 30% solar reflectivity on premium-priced products 40% solar reflectivity Wider color space and increased availability on regular products Advanced Wall Systems Technology Targets Characteristics 2009 Status 2010 Target 2015 Target Advanced wall systems Static R-20 prototype in 3.5 inches thick space Dynamic annual performance equal to conventional R-25 Improved dynamic annual performance at reasonable extra cost Enhanced reflectivity on attractive wall coating products 30% solar reflectivity on premium-priced products 40% solar reflectivity Wider color space and increased availability on regular products 56

58 Goals: Output Next Generation of Attic/Roofs 50% Final Design for Hot Climate Ready for Building America ($1.00 to $1.50 per square foot) Mixed and Cold Climate still in development More cost effective option than R50/Heel Truss Solutions New Materials Dynamic insulation commercialized, still has cost premium Cost effective today for some applications, wide spread cost effective in the time frame Dynamic membranes performance fully characterized (perm vs relative humidity chart) but still have not found viable manufacturer partner Dynamic roof surfaces variable solar reflectivity, prototypes had great performance but low durability, still in development Advanced Walls EIFS research completed, viable solutions for new and retrofit Advanced SIPS in development for higher performing phenolic foams Double stud evaluation 57

59 Unaddressed Opportunities ARRA Funding and Priority Items address most unaddressed opportunities BUT HOW DOES THIS GET MAINTAINED?? Greater support for demonstrations/case studies of advanced products Growing demand for technical support for retrofit programs limited resources Envelope program has multiple technology paths that reduces risks 58

60 Contact and Information Resources P Marc LaFrance, CEM Technology Development Manager Building Technologies Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy US Department of Energy Stephen Selkowitz Building Technologies Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Building Berkeley, CA USA SESelkowitz@lbl.gov marc.lafrance@ee.doe.gov Fax More Info: New York Times project rktimes.htm Advanced Facades project Commercial Web Site 59