UNIT 2. Natural Resources

Transcription

1 UNIT 2 Natural Resources

2 LESSON 1 Terminology Ecological Footprint

3 Resource Available source of wealth Something that is renewable and valuable Human resources A valuable service or product that humans provide Natural resources Naturally occurring materials that are valuable to humans Non-renewable resources a natural resource that can NOT replenish itself naturally Renewable resources a natural resource that CAN replenish itself naturally

4 Ecological Footprint Ecological footprint the total human impact on the environment What can I do to change my ecological footprint? Watch the video Human Footprint and answer the question above.

5 Assignment My Ecological Footprint Draw a picture to represent 3 resources you use everyday For each resource list 3 ways you can reduce the use of that resource Your footprint should be colourful and visually appealing 10 marks Due next class

6 You can take action in several ways: Food: Buy more locally grown and organic food Buy more unpackaged and unprocessed foods Eat vegetarian meals more frequently Mobility: Drive your car less and carpool whenever possible If you drive, choose a more fuel efficient vehicle Use public transit, bike or walk whenever possible Housing: Hang clothes to dry - limit the number of loads of laundry that go in your dryer Reduce the number of days you use the air conditioner Practice water and energy conservation Turn off lights and use energy efficient bulbs and appliances If enough individual action is taken we can expect to observe improvements in the Region's ecological footprint over time.

7 Canada s Natural Resources Water

8 Canadian Natural Resources Canada's natural resources are a vital part of our economy and society Canada has a rich endowment of natural resources Canada is a leading exporter of natural resources - contributes to the well-being of people in many countries Canada s most valuable natural resources: Water Fish Forests 10 percent of the world's forests In 2006, Canada was the world's largest forest-product exporter Minerals and metals Canada is one of the largest mining nations in the world, producing more than 60 minerals and metals. leading producer of potash and uranium Canada ranks third in the world in the value of diamond production Energy Natural gas Crude oil petroleum

9 Water 70% of the earths surface is covered in water Salt water 97.5% of the total water in the world Fresh water 2.5% of the total water in the world Rivers % Lakes and marchlands 0.002% Ground water & soil moisture % Glacial ice, permafrost & permanent snow %

10 Water In some parts of the world, people view water as a resource more valuable than gold. In Canada, most people take water for granted because Canada has a major share of the world s surface water. Canadian s are the second largest users of water in the world (fig 30.3). We use water for agriculture, mining, manufacturing, cooling, electrical power generation and personal use.

11 Assignment Go Over Part 1: all questions

12 1.Define the Following Terms Groundwater- water found in earth s surface in the spaces between bedrock and soil. Drainage basins-area drained by a river and its tributaries.(a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake) Watershed- an area of high land that separates one drainage basin from another. water table- top of the soil zone in which all pore spaces are filled with water called the saturation zone. wetlands-swamp, marsh and bog. (water table is at ground level)

13 2. Surface water/groundwater When rain falls to the ground, some of it flows along the surface to streams or lakes is used by plants some evaporates and returns to the atmosphere some sinks into the ground Surface water: water is water on the surface of the planet such as in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean. Groundwater water that is found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock groundwater is stored in layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers

14 Surface water/groundwater

15 2. Groundwater Advantages More reliable than surface water Fluctuates less with the seasons Does not need to be treated as much as surface water Soil and rocks act like a filter removing some impurities Disadvantages May have an unpleasant taste because of the presence of minerals (hard water) calcium magnesium Iron May be contaminated from waste disposal sites industrial products (oil spill)

16 Instream Use 3. Instream vs Withdrawal Water is used without removing it from lakes or rivers Examples: Transportation Waste disposal Recreation Fishing Hydro-electric power Withdrawal Use Water is used by removing it from the water body Examples: Agriculture Mining Manufacturing In all of these cases, very little water is returned to the environment

17 4. Water Use 330 litres a day. Population increase and industry expands. (agriculture, power generation, mining, manufacturing, cooling) 4500 if we take usage divide by population. Why will the demand for water increase in the future? Population is increasing Industries are expanding The treatment of sewage waste from expanding cities Expansion of irrigated farming (global warming)

18 5. Water Pollution POLLUTION CAUSE EFFECT Physical Littering Unpleasant to look at Clean-up and prevention is simple Biological Chemical Bacteria and viruses Ex. sewage Industrial processes Ex. pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, etc. Can lead to diseases Can lead to diseases Most dangerous (colourless, odorless and difficult to clean) We currently face two major problems with water pollution: 1. We do not know how to completely stop dangerous chemicals from entering water bodies 2. We do not have the technology to remove chemicals once they are in the water

19 6. Wetlands Places where the water table is at ground level Example: swamp, marsh, or bog They are an important source of groundwater They act as storage areas for floodwaters They provide food and shelter for wildlife What will happen if wetlands disappear?

20 7. Should the Canadian government be allowed to export Canada s fresh water supply to the United States for profit? No because, Loss of water and diverting water from certain Canadian regions could mean ecological damages Once the USA starts taking some of our water they will want more and so will other countries Canada could lose control of its water Yes because, Canada already exports non-renewable resources (oil and natural gas), so why not export water, which is a renewable resource? Could create jobs in Canada We already sell some water (bottled water), why not sell more and earn more money?

21 Assignment Work on Part 2 & 2 Drainage Basin Map Due next class Canadian Drainage Basins: Refer to the map on page 441 Draw the borders of the 5 major drainage basins Trace the rivers first, then draw boundaries, then shade basins Use a different colour for each drainage basin Use a legend Make sure you have a title

22 LESSON 4 Wetlands, Rivers & Streams

23 Wetlands, Rivers & Streams Video Bill Nye

24 Oceans & Fisheries Oceans cover about 75% of the Earth s surface. They provide food, help regulate the climate, and provide a unique habitat for thousands of plants and animals. People use oceans in a variety of ways. catch fish harvest seaweed and salt for cooking sand, gravel and limestone are removed from the ocean floor for use in construction enzymes found in shark tissue are used to treat cancer doctors study jellyfish to learn about the human nervous system transportation generate hydro electricity

25 Oceans & Fisheries Despite the wealth of resources found in oceans, humans have often abused them. Raw sewage, oil and industrial wastes are dumped into oceans everyday Garbage in the water kills fish and birds New houses destroy the coastal breeding grounds of animals, and fish stocks are in decline Oceans are an extremely valuable resource Without proper management, our ocean ecosystems may be damaged beyond repair We must apply the concept of sustainability to oceans to ensure future use of this resource

26 Continental Shelf Gently sloping outer edge of a continent below the ocean s surface A natural extension of the continent as it descends to the deep oceanic floor Depth = 200m Shallow fishing banks allow sunlight to reach the bottom, creating ideal growing conditions for plankton, which attracts fish About 40% of Canada s territory lies beyond the coast line beneath the sea (continental shelf) extends 200 miles offshore

27 Types of Fisheries inshore fishery Commercial fishing that takes place within a few kilometres of the shore line Use small fishing boats Go out to sea and return to shore each day Stay close to the shore Usually self employed Usually lower incomes Seasonal a way of life offshore fishery Ocean fishing Use large boats (longer than 25m) Out to sea for up to 2 weeks Travel further from the shore Large companies Higher and steadier incomes Year round a business

28 Sustainable Yield Management Using a renewable resource at a rate that allows the resource to renew itself Are fish a renewable resource? Yes, they can replace themselves How can sustainable yield management be applied to Canada s fishing industry? The number of fish caught can not exceed the number of fish reaching maturity

29 Aquaculture The production of fish and other marine products on fish farms positive outcomes: World population is increasing demand for more seafood Provides a reliable source of food Provides reliable employment negative outcomes: need to use antibiotics to control disease destruction of habitat the effects of escaped farm fish on wild species depletion of wild stock caught for feed disruption to the natural food chain in British Columbia infestations and transfer of sea lice originating from salmon farms Increased fecal matter A salmon farm of 200,000 fish releases roughly the same amount of fecal matter as the untreated sewage of 65,000 people

30 Grand Banks East Coast Fishery Once the world s greatest fishing grounds (cod) These waters were extremely suitable for fishing: Continental shelf fishing banks Warm Gulf Stream meets with the cold Labrador Current churns up nutrients necessary for plankton growth

31 East Coast Fishery 1980 s starting catching fewer and smaller fish 1991 East Coast Fishery collapsed 1992 Canadian government stopped all fishing for northern cod Reasons for the collapse: Overfishing Improved fishing technology after World War Two Uncontrolled foreign fishing Destructive fishing practices Trying to catch cod - everything else would be thrown away Changes in natural conditions Drop in water temperature Change in ocean salinity Decline in the sealing industry in the 1970 s seals eat caplin, a food source for cod

32 West Coast Fishery Most important catch is salmon 1994 fewer salmon were caught 1997 Canadian salmon fishers were not allowed to fish Reasons for the collapse: Overfishing Changes in environment Increasing water temperatures (global warming) salmon prefer water below 7 degrees Lack of Salmon Fishing Treaty Dispute between Canada and the USA

33 Our marine waters offer the most diverse habitats on the planet But our oceans are in deep trouble Our once abundant waters are deteriorating due to profit-driven industrial fisheries pirate vessels operating without license unsustainable aquacultural systems needless lethal research of whales marine pollution the impacts of climate change

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35 Forests Cover 42% of Canada s total area. Made up of: - 63% Coniferous (needle leaves), pine and spruce. - 22% Deciduous (lose their leaves every year), birch and poplar. - 15% Mixed.

36 Commercial vs. Non- Commercial What is the Difference? Part 3 question 1.

37 Economic Impact 1 in 16 jobs depend of forestry in Canada. The industry generates a total of $80 Billion per year. $43 Billion is exported to other countries. Provides direct jobs for Canadians and indirect jobs.

38 Question 2 Clear Cutting? Shelterwood logging? Selective Cutting? Draw backs? Benefit?

39 Question 3 Why is Central Canada the leading producer of pulp and paper? Why is BC the leading producer of lumber in Canada?

40 Question 5 Acid Rain? Forest Fires?

41 Canada s Mineral Wealth A mineral is a naturally occurring, pure, non-living substance found in the rocks of the earth Canada s valuable minerals can be divided into 3 groups 1. Metallic minerals 2. Fossil fuels 3. Industrial minerals

42 Question 1 What is the difference between Metallic and Industrial Minerals?

43 Question 2 Potash? Which Province produces the most?

44 Economic Importance Canada ranks 3 rd in the world in production of minerals. (US & Russia). We export 80% of the minerals we produce making us the largest exporter of minerals. The total value of the mineral production in Canada was $83 Billion.

45 The mining industry has also contributed to the development of Canada s transportation system. Since WW2 almost all railway expansion has been done for the mining industry. The mining industry is also responsible for port facilities, power projects, roads, railways and towns.

46 Question 3 Strip mining? Open pit mining? Underground mining?

47 Question 4 Milling? Smelting?

48 Question 5 Environmental impact of a mining operation disposal of waste?

49 Issues Facing the Mining Industry Impact on environment. (millions of tonnes of waste). - 6 of the 10 biggest polluters in North America are located in Canada (Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba) Abandoned Mines. (Dozens across Canada.) 50% of minerals are exported before being manufactured resulting a loss of jobs. Economies of other countries slowing down. High quality reserves being depleted. Competition with developing countries. Mining towns dependency on mining industry.

50 Energy and Fossil Fuels Energy Fat Cats Largest consumers of energy in the world. Why? Live in northern climate. Small population spread over large area. Advanced industrial economy. Energy is cheap. (We WASTE it!)

51 Energy Sources Conventional Alternative Examples:

52 Part 4 Questions Question 1 Question 2

53 Energy Usage Basic unit of measuring energy is a joule. We use Petajoule (Pj) to measure our usage, which is the equivalent of 1 million gigajoules. (Gj equals one billion joules).

54 Oil and Gas Formed hundred of millions of years ago when areas of Canada were covered by shallow oceans. The remains of marine life feel to the bottom and were covered by sand and silt. Under immense heat and pressure (along with bacterial life) the marine life was converted to oil and gas.

55 Sources of Oil and Gas Alberta, Saskatchewan, BC and Northwest Territories dominate oil and Natural gas production Convention crude oil is pumped from the ground. Synthetic crude oil is created from oil sand. - Bitumen is separated from the sand and used to create the synthetic oil.

56 Electricity Mostly produced with a generator, converting mechanical energy into the electrical energy. - Hydro Electric. - Thermal. - Nuclear.

57 Economic Impact Responsible for jobs and 16% of all investment in Canada s economy are a result of energy projects. 90% of our energy exports go to the united states.

58 3 and 4 Part 4 Questions