ECON Economic History of Modern Europe John Lovett. Code Name: Part 1: (71 points. Answer on this paper. 2.5 pts each unless noted.

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1 ECON Economic History of Modern Europe John ovett Code Name: Part 1: (71 points. Answer on this paper. 2.5 pts each unless noted.) 1. Which of the time periods is often described as a period of free trade and general peace in Europe? a to 1589 b to 1659 c to 1739 d to 1815 e to 1900 f to 1914 # s 2 4: Match the following places and times with the system of land ownership and use. 2. The High Middle Ages; i.e. Western Europe ca England ca France ca 1700 a. and is owned by the government and divided up into state farms. Each farm is managed by a worker s collective that makes decisions and can sell some of the farm s product. b. and is typically divided up into very large estates. Each estate is often fenced. andowners hire labor on the free market to work their farms. c. and is typically divided up into small plots. A family will own and farm each plot. The family, however, has many taxes and obligations it owes to the state and aristocracy. d. and is owned by a local lord. Poor farmers farm the lord s land collectively. They owe the local lord work and some of the farm goods they produce. e. and is rented from the state in very long term leases (ex. 50 years). The lease fees consist of two parts: 1) a very large application fee, and 2) a small per acre fee. As a result, farms are very big and held by the rich. 5. (3 pts) Which two names are associated with the idea that changes in the system of land ownership and use, between roughly 1500 and 1750, explain why some European nations modernized ahead of others? Check ( ) 2 blanks below. ouis Alexander Robert Brenner Stephen Donald ois Fuller Deidre McCloskey Benjamin Nicolson JoAnn Robinson Adam Smith Adrian Turgot 6. Which of the following best describe the importance of the agricultural revolution when it comes to achieving modernity? The agricultural revolution: a. slowed the onset of modernity. Resources that could have gone to industry were used in agriculture. b. was modernity. Once agricultural productivity reached a certain level, modernity was inevitable. c. had an overall neutral effect on the advent of modernity. By freeing up labor, the ag. revolution hastened modernity. By dominating scientific research, the ag. revolution slowed modernity. d. facilitated the onset of modernity although it is possible to have an agricultural revolution without it leading to modernity.

2 ECON Economic History of Modern Europe John ovett 7. In which place and time was the selective breeding of farm animals most common? a. The high Middle Ages (ca 1100) in Western Europe in general b. France ca 1700 c. England ca What fiber was used in most of the first textile factories? a. wool b. wood (bark) c. silk d. hemp e. flax (linen) f. cotton 9. Benjamin is an English farmer in He wishes to apply some fertilizer to increase the fertility of his soil. The fertilizer will add nitrogen to soil although Benjamin may not be aware of this. All he needs to know is that the fertilizer will make his soil more productive. What type of fertilizer will he add? a. animal manure b. human manure (human feces, night soil c. composted (rotted) stubble (the grassy part of the wheat plant) d. chemical fertilizer produced in a chemical factory) 10. Benjamin is an English farmer in He wishes to apply some fertilizer to increase the fertility of his soil. The fertilizer will add nitrogen to soil although Benjamin may not be aware of this. All he needs to know is that the fertilizer will make his soil more productive. What type of fertilizer will he add? a. animal manure b. human manure (human feces, night soil c. composted (rotted) stubble (the grassy part of the wheat plant) d. chemical fertilizer produced in a chemical factory 11. What is (or was) the Royal Society? a. a government society that gave prizes and membership to innovative gentleman farmers b. a secret organization of people who wanted to see democratic government replaced by a monarchy c. a club, consisting of royalty from many different countries of Europe, organized to exchange ideas about how an enlightened ruler should rule d. a non-profit club designed to promote science and its practical applications 12. Who is Antoine avoisier? a. A pioneer in early chemistry. The Father of Modern Chemistry. b. A pioneer in medicine and the empirical method. He discovered that, contrary to what the ancients, the heart pumps blood throughout the body. c. An early Socialist. He wanted to use government not to destroy private property, but guide how private property is used. d. An early Anarchist or Communist. He wanted to destroy the system of private property. 13. According to Dan, the Industrial Revolution started when fossil fuels began to be used in multiple (more than one) industrial processes. When did the Industrial Revolution begin according to Dan? a b c d e f g h. 1912

3 ECON Economic History of Modern Europe John ovett 14. According to Kate, the Industrial Revolution started when fossil fuels began to be used in multiple (more than 1) industrial processes several goods began to mass-produced in factories. When did the Industrial Revolution begin according to Kate? a b c d e f g h (3 pts) and Which two regions below were the first to industrialize (i.e. have factories and heavy industry?) 16. What improvement did James Watt make to the steam engine? a. a firebox that burned coal rather than wood b. passing high-pressure steam over a turbine (fan blades) instead of using it to push a piston c. a separate condenser so that steam condenses back to water outside the cylinder rather than inside d. a cylinder that slides (in addition to the sliding piston) thereby reducing vibrations and wear

4 ECON Economic History of the Industrial Revolution John ovett 17. How did the above (# 16) improve the steam engine? a. The engine became much safer. It was less likely to explode. b. The engine became much more efficient. It burned less fuel per unit of power. c. The engine that could now work in adverse weather and the rolling deck of a ship. d. The engine could operate at a much higher speed without breaking. 18. It s What is true of European coal consumption? a. Areas that would later become Southeastern Germany (Prussia and Saxony) used the majority of coal in Europe. Britain, France, and Belgium were well behind. b. Britain used much more coal than any other European country. Britain accounted for just under 40% of total European coal usage. c. France used more coal than any other country with Britain in second place. Britain, however, used the most coal per capita. d. Britain used much more coal than the rest of Europe combined. # s 19 22: (1.5 pts each) Given the picture at right, indicate each component. The first one has been done for you / 2. _ i_ SuperFrog 19. the boiler 20. the engine s piston 21. the engine s cylinder J 22. the firebox 23. Assume the piston is moving down ( ). What pressure is on the top of the piston? a. less than 1 atmosphere b. 1 atmosphere c. more than 1 atmosphere 24. Assume the piston is moving down ( ). What pressure is on the bottom of the piston? a. less than 1 atmosphere b. 1 atmosphere c. more than 1 atmosphere D 25. What is this engine likely powering? a. an electric generator b. a cable pulling canal boats up an incline c. a railroad locomotive d. a steamboat e. a pump for removing water from a coal mine F K K G E C H B i A 4

5 ECON Economic History of the Industrial Revolution John ovett 26. What is the significance of the Royal Society? It demonstrates that in Britain, by the 1700s, a. the government was the main funder of scientific research. Further, most of this research went to improving the military. b. there was significant interest in using science to improve manufacturing and industry c. the Anglican Church not only allowed scientific research, it actually provided almost ½ of the funding. d. wealth, rather than having a ancestral title, was now the main symbol of status. Anyone could join the Royal Society provided they pay the very high fee. 27. (8 pts) Indicate the name of the type of metal described in each row. The first one has been done for you. Use only one check per row!! I may have made up some fictional types of metal. Boffers Wrought Cast Salicous Characteristic Steel Iron Iron Iron Iron Spelled backwards, I m Nori Sreffob. I have a low carbon content (< 0.2%). I have a high carbon content (> 2%). I m made in a blast furnace. I m also called Pig Iron I hold a good edge. I m good for making tools (I ll take 2 possible answers) I m smelted (i.e. melted) in direct contact with the fuel. I m made in an Open Hearth furnace Briefly describe how one makes and uses charcoal. 28. To make charcoal, one starts with: a. Coal e. ime b. Cotton f. Peat c. Grain (ex. wheat) g. Urine &/or feces d. Iron ore h. Wood i. Wood ash (burnt wood) j. Wool 29. Next, one: a. lets the material sit in a nitre pit until it starts to decompose. The saltpeter (potassium-nitrate) is scraped off and packed into cakes. b. mixes the material with crushed clay and water to remove impurities. c. heats the material in a high temperature furnace until the metals it contains turn liquid. d. compresses the material using a large press (lever). e. heats the material without exposing it to too much oxygen and thereby burning it. 5

6 ECON Economic History of the Industrial Revolution John ovett Briefly describe how one makes and uses coke. 30. To make coke, one starts with: a. Coal e. ime b. Cotton f. Peat c. Grain (ex. wheat) g. Urine &/or feces d. Iron ore h. Wood i. Wood ash (burnt wood) j. Wool 31. Next, one: a. lets the material sit in a nitre pit until it starts to decompose. The saltpeter (potassium-nitrate) is scraped off and packed into cakes. b. mixes the material with crushed clay and water to remove impurities. c. heats the material in a high temperature furnace until the metals it contains turn liquid. d. compresses the material using a large press (lever). e. heats the material without exposing it to too much oxygen and thereby burning it. 32. (3 pts) Which of the following was directly facilitated by the use of coke? Check ( ). the production of modern dyes for fabric. the cheap mass production of kerosene (what the British call coal oil). the cheap mass production of cast iron. steam engines that were small enough to power canal boats. Part 2: Answer 1 of the following 2 essays (30 points) 1. Get out your drawing pencils! What s the difference between Wrought Iron, Cast Iron, and Steel? Which one of these metals is the best general purpose metal? Why? How did the way this best metal was made change as Europe modernized? Explain the process used in at least 2 different time periods. Don t forget to include illustrations. Also, tell the reader how each change affected the price and availability of this best metal. 2. Explain and illustrate some reasons Europe flirted more with "radical" economic ideas such as Socialism and Communism than did the United States. Who, among European thinkers, advocated a very radical form of social change? Tell me about this person, what they advocated' and their reasoning? Who, among European thinkers, advocated a less radical form of social change, but still radical change by American standards? 6