LAS/ANS Symposium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 23 rd July Paul DegnanInternational Atomic Energy Agency

Transcription

1 A Global Perspective on Prospects & Challenges for the Development and Deployment of SMRs LAS/ANS Symposium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 23 rd July 2014 Paul Degnan 1

2 Outline Roles of IAEA in SMR Technology Development Global Status and Prospects for Nuclear Power SMR Advantages and Challenges Identified Issues from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Newcomer Countries Considerations IAEA Response to the Global Trends Summary 2

3 A Key Role for the IAEA to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world while preventing its misuse for non-peaceful purposes. Facilitate efforts of Member States to identify key enabling technologies to support the development of SMRs and address key challenges in their deployment Establish and maintain international networks with Member States, comprising participation from industry, utilities and other stakeholders Ensure coordination of Member State experts by planning and implementing training programme and knowledge transfer through technical meetings and workshops Develop international recommendations and guidance focusing on specific needs of newcomer countries

4 Nuclear power supply today As of 31 December Operating Operating with Considering nuclear nuclear power reactors plans to expand power introduction Operating and 1 st NPP Under Decided to introduce Constructing Construction nuclear power

5 Geographical Distribution of Operating Units 5

6 72 reactors under construction Highest number since

7 Construction starts 7

8 Expansion centred in Asia 8

9 Global installed nuclear power capacity 9

10 Age of 2013 Operating Reactors Reference: IAEA-PRIS

11 IAEA Involvement with SMR s and a Definition The (IAEA) has conducted the activities on Small and Medium-sized Nuclear Power Reactor technology development for over three decades since Small reactors: <300 MW(e), Medium reactors: MW(e) Technologies and Issues for Small and Medium-sized Nuclear Reactors are addressed by GC resolutions every other year Umbrella-Programme that covers the whole spectrum of technologies Current IAEA focus on trends in development & deployment in Member States, especially, but not only, relating to: Small Modular Reactors: modern, power < 300 MW(e), shop-fabricated as modules, shippable to sites by roads or rails Integral-PWR SMRs deployed as multiple-module plant Marine-based small modular reactors: barge-mounted floating power unit, transportable NPP, underwater power units Mostly water-cooled, but include consideration of gas-cooled and liquid-metal cooled fast small reactor designs 11

12 Map of Global SMR Technology Development CANADA StarCore Nuclear RUSSIA SVBR 100 VBER 300 RITM 200 UNITHERM KLT 40S BREST300 OD VVER 300 ABV6 M SHELF KOREA USA mpower NuScale W SMR SMR 160 EM 2 GT MHR PRISM G4M FRANCE Flexblue ITALY IRIS INDIA PFBR 500 SMART JAPAN 4S IMR CHINA HTR PM ACP 100 CAP 150 NHR 200 AHWR 300 PHWR 220 SOUTH AFRICA ARGENTINA CAREM 25 PBMR

13 Water-cooled SMRs for Near-term Deployment Name Integral-PWR Small Modular Reactors Design Organization Country of Origin Electrical Capacity, MWe 1 System Integrated Modular Advanced Korea Atomic Energy Reactor (SMART) Research hinstitute Republic of Korea mpower B&W Generation mpower United States of America 180/module 3 NuScale NuScale Power Inc. United States of America 45/module 4 ACP100 CNNC/NPIC China 100 Design Status Standard Design Approval Received 4 July 2012 Design Certification Application starts mid 2014 Design Certification Application starts mid 2014 Basic Design, Construction Starts in 2016 SMART mpower ACP100 NuScale

14 Perceived Advantages and Challenges IAEA Observations Advantages Challenges Te echnolog gical Iss sues Non-Tec hnologic cal I Shorter construction period Licensability y( (due to innovative or (modularization) first-of-a-kind engineering structure, Potential for enhanced safety and systems and components) reliability Non-LWR technologies Design simplicity Suitability for non-electric application (desalination, etc). Replacement for aging fossil plants, reducing GHG emissions Operability performance/record Human factor engineering; operator staffing for multiple-modules plant Post Fukushima action items on design and safety Fitness for smaller electricity ygrids Economic competitiveness Options to match demand growth First of a kind cost estimate by incremental capacity increase Regulatory infrastructure (in both Site flexibility expanding and newcomer countries) Reduced emergency planning zone Lower upfront capital cost (better affordability) Availability of design for newcomers Infrastructure requirements Post Fukushima action items on Easier financing scheme institutional issues and public acceptance 14

15 Features and Expected Advantages Innovative Feature Expected Advantage Main Outcome Integrated RCS Passive ESF Sstem System Simple, Compact & Less Safer, Weight Flexible & Efficient Operation Enhanced Safety Advanced I&C Technology Increased Maintainability i Increased Reliability Multiple Modules Deployment Better Radiation Control Cost Reduction Longer fuel Cycle Cogeneration Long Design Life Better Utilization Public Acceptanc e 15

16 Benefits of Introducing SMRs Very Important More Important Important Less Important Not Important Source: 16 INPRO Dialogue Forum International Common User Atomic Considerations Energy for SMR, Agency IAEA Vienna, October participants from 39 Member States

17 Impediments of Introducing SMRs Towards commercialization, what hurdles need to be overcome? Very Important More Important Important Less Important Not Important Source: 17 INPRO Dialogue Forum International Common User Atomic Considerations Energy for SMR, Agency IAEA Vienna, October participants from 39 Member States

18 Safety Lessons Learned from Fukushima Review extensive scenario of Design Basis Accident (DBA) Multiple external initiating events and common cause failures Station blackout mitigation Ultimate heat sink for core and containment cooling in post severe accident Reliability of emergency power supply Optimization of the grace period (i.e. operator coping time) Enhanced containment hydrodynamic strength Hybrid passive and active engineered safety features Safety viability of multiple-modules first of a kind engineering Accident management, emergency response capability and costs Seismic and cooling provisions for spent fuel pool Hydrogen generation from steam-zirconium i reaction; recombiner system Environmental impact assessment and expectation Control room habitability in post accident transient 18

19 Status of Countries on NE Initiatives Technology developer countries (NPPs in operation) Countries with NPPs Newcomer countries 19

20 Newcomer Countries Considerations Integrated Infrastructure Robust Energy Policy Security of Supply + GRID Proliferation resistance & physical protection Affordability (Capital & electricity costs) Introduction of the first Nuclear Power Plant Public acceptance Economic Competitive ness Nuclear Safety Domestic Industry Participation Viable financing scheme 20

21 Current Newcomer Countries - Plan Country Grid Capacity in GWe Current Deployment Plan Bangladesh x 1000 MWe PWRs in Rooppur in 2018 Vietnam x 1000 MWe PWRs in Ninh Thuan #1 by x 1000 MWe PWRs in Ninh Thuan #2 by 2025 Jordan x MWe PWR in + possible interest in SMR UAE x 1400 MWe PWR in Braka by 2018 Belarus x 1200 MWe PWR in Ostrovets by 2018 Turkey x 1200 MWe PWR in Akkuyu by 2022 Malaysia x 1000 MWe LWRs, 1 st unit by 2021 Indonesia x 1000 LWRs, with potential interest of deploying Small Reactors for industrial process and non-electric applications by

22 Country New entrants with active participation in IAEA s Programme on SMR Grid Capacity in GWe Current Plan Rationales (in addition to the small grid capacity) Mongolia 0.83 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security + non-electric application(s) Egypt Had considered 1000 MWe Class LWR and/or SMR Ghana 1.99 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security Kenya 1.71 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security Morocco 6.16 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security Energy supply security + non-electric application(s) Nigeria 5.9 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security + non-electric application(s) Sudan 2.34 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security + non-electric application(s) Tunisia 3.65 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security + non-electric application(s) Algeria Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security + non-electric application(s) Albania 1.6 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security Croatia 4.02 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security Jamaica < 3 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply security Uruguay 2.25 Potential for future SMR deployment Energy supply 22 International security Atomic Energy Agency

23 Selected IAEA Meetings (2013/14) TM on Instrumentation and Control for Advanced SMRs INPRO Dialogue Forum on Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs TM on Small and Medium-sized Reactors (SMRs) Technology Development for Near Term Deployment TM on Environmental Impact Assessment for Small and Medium sized Reactors (SMRs) Deployment in Newcomer Countries CM on Instrumentation and Control for Advanced SMRs CM on Options to Enhance Energy Supply Security using Systems based on SMRs CM on Incorporating Lessons Learnt from the Fukushima Accident in SMR Technology for Design of Engineered Safety Systems 23

24 Selected IAEA Activities on SMR ( ) 1. Formulation of a roadmap for technology development and deployment - including country requirements, regulatory and business issues 2. Defining safety-performance, operability, maintainability and constructability indicators to assist countries in assessing advanced SMR technologies 3. Development of Guidance and Tools to Facilitate Countries with Planning for SMRs Technology Implementation 4. Support and participate in relevant international and/or topical conferences on nuclear engineering and technology 5. Safety and Licensing of Small Reactors: safety approach, safety design criteria, safety features, probabilistic and deterministic safety analysis, severe accidents prevention and mitigation and post-fukushima safety action plan 6. CRP on the Design and Performance Assessment of Non-Electric Engineered Safety Features in Advanced Small Reactors 7. Provide education and training on various aspects of SMR technology development and assessment and SMR applications 8. Participate in and collaborate with OECD-NEA and European Commission i activities iti on topics relevant to development and technology deployment of innovative SMRs 24

25 On-Going Publications to Support SMR Licensing NE Series Report Instrumentation and Control Systems of Small Modular Reactors draft completed Contributors: US-ORNL, Canadian-CNSC, US-NRC, BARC, KAERI, Politecnico di Milano, Chinese CNNC, PAEC, etc. NE Series Report Approaches on Environmental Impact Assessment for Small Modular Reactors draft completed Contributors: US-NRC, Canadian-CNSC, CNEA, Rosatom, EdF, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, BATAN, EAEC, etc. IAEA TECDOC Considerations to Enhance the Performance of Engineered Safety Features in Advanced SMRs in Coping with Fukushima-type Accidents draft completed Contributors: KAERI, OKBM Afrikantov, GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, BARC, Politecnico di Milano, etc. 25

26 NuclearPower/ Downloadable/ SMR/files/ smr-status- sep-012.pdf

27 Vision, Challenges.. etc Enhanced understanding on prioritized various safety action plans on Post-Fukushima shima (in-depth elaboration) Operational Issues for SMRs Overcoming Constraints: Licensability of non-lwr technologies in newcomer countries Control room staffing and human factors Connection to the grid Site specific exclusion zones and EPZs Deploying SMRs in Developing / Newcomer Countries Integrated infrastructure development International regulatory frameworks First of a kind cost estimate Integration with renewable energy resources Does SMR help Public Acceptance after Fukushima accident? M. Hadid Subki (NENP/NPTDS) - SMR Technology Development 27

28 Summary SMR is an attractive option to enhance energy supply security in newcomer countries with small grids and less-developed infrastructure and in advanced countries requiring power supplies in remote areas and/or specific purpose; Innovative SMR concepts have common technology development challenges: licensability, competitiveness, control room staffing for multi-modules plant, and so forth. Domestic deployment in technology-developers countries is very important to encourage newcomer countries to adopt SMR (i.e. operability/safety record, provenness) Needs to address relevant lessons-learned from the Fukushima accident into the design development and plant deployment Global efforts should focus on two activities: Facilitate SMR designers to get their reactors reviewed, certified and licensed for prototype deployment in the country of origin i Facilitate newcomer countries capacity building, including human resource and infrastructure developments. 28

29 Main Points of Contact in IAEA for SMR-Related Related Technology Issues: tk ikh

30 Thank you for your attention!