AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 On-site Domestic Wastewater Management CONTENTS COMPARISON [PART A: AS/NZS 1547:2012 LISTED ORDER]

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1 AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 On-site Domestic Wastewater Management CONTENTS COMPARISON [PART A: AS/NZS 1547:2012 LISTED ORDER] AS/NZS 1547:2012 Page AS/NZS 1547:2000 Page NOTES re 2012 CHANGES FOREWORD (i) Foreword 6 Systems are to be effective and sustainable. Focus is thus on the management of risk to public health and the environment. 1 GENERAL Part 1: General Purpose of Standard Objective changed to Purpose. 1.2 Scope Inclusions Brings domestic wastewater definition into here Systems covered System size Exclusions Greywater 9 Qualifications added re recycling. 1.3 Application Users of this Standard Adds disinfection. Adds guidelines and design manuals used by others are OK Requirements for sustainable functioning of onsite systems Section modified to fit sustainability intent. 1.4 Risk management framework Structure of this Standard Interpretation Referenced documents Legislation Australia New Zealand New Zealand Building Code Resource Management Act Definitions Several new definitions added Abbreviations Several new abbreviations added Conversion of per cent grade, slope, and gradient 19 2 RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS 2.1 Scope Performance requirement The risk management process Implementing risk management Protection of public health and the environment Organisational performance Review and evaluation 22 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 1

2 3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Implementation 32 Roles 3.1 The regulatory authority Expanded significantly. 3.2 Planners/surveyors/land developers Site evaluators and soil assessors Designers To provide a loading certificate. 3.5 Installation contractors Equipment manufacturers and suppliers Maintenance and desludging/pumpout contractors Property owners Home owners changed to property owners. 3.9 Estate agents and property transfer agents PERFORMANCE STATEMENTS Primary performance objectives Public health Environment Restructured section Community amenity Resource utilisation Secondary performance objectives Site-and-soil evaluation Wastewater treatment systems Land application systems Construction and installation Operation and maintenance Primary performance requirements Public health and environment Community amenity Resource utilisation Clause simplified. 5 DESIGN OF ON-SITE SYSTEMS 5.1 Scope Overview 34 Includes NOTE from (p.54). On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 2

3 5.2 Site-and-soil evaluation Performance requirements for site-and-soil evaluation Site-and-soil evaluation General methodology Adds requirement re risk reduction measures Types of site-and-soil evaluation Site-and-soil evaluation procedure Summary Extent and intensity of site-and-soil evaluation Sewerage system option to be evaluated Timing of site-and-soil evaluation Results of site-and-soil evaluation Determination of soil category Design loading/irrigation rate Reporting Design flow A Wastewater treatment units Performance requirements for wastewater Amended. treatment units Capacity Structural design Solids management Effluent quality and land application Alternative toilet systems On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 3

4 5.4.2 Performance criteria for wastewater treatment units Design flow Capacity of septic tanks Capacity requirements Capacity of septic tanks Reduced water supply changed to restricted water supply. Restricted water supply Food waste disposal units Food waste disposal units replaces garbage grinders Holding tanks Wastewater treatment units other than septic tanks Disinfection Performance criteria for 46 disinfection 5.5 Land application system design Modified Performance requirements for land application system design Design process List of systems covered is expanded. 4.2A1 4.2A2 4.2A Land application system design criteria Minimum design requirements Design output Adds requirement for risk management assessment Siting considerations Refers designer to Appendix R on setback distances Reserve area Distribution system A Stormwater control Land use activity Considerations for land application system design A System selection considerations A Limiting site-and-soil factors A Site A Soil A On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 4

5 5.5.5 Soils and LTAR/DLR/DIR values A Soil category/dlr/dir values A5.1 to These sections moved to commentary C New summary Table 5.1 of DLR/DIR values added Restrictive soil conditions A Improving LTAR A These sections moved to commentary C Evapotranspiration A Contaminants Nutrients Refers designer to Appendix S on nutrients Pathogens Replaces Note 2 to Table 4.2B Reporting CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND Restructured section incorporating parts of sections 2, 3 and 4. MAINTENANCE 6.1 Scope Construction and installation Performance requirements Serviceable life is updated Site work Distribution system Construction of on-site systems Wastewater treatment units Land application systems Refers to Appendices L to N Installation of on-site systems Siting Amended Pumpout Soil Surface water Drainage lines Installation instructions Instructions Repairs On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 5

6 6.2.5 Commissioning and inspections Installation and validation Commissioning of pump systems Other equipment Installation and commissioning report(s) Manuals Operation, maintenance, and monitoring General Performance requirements for operation, maintenance, and monitoring Operation and maintenance procedures Copy of operation and maintenance guidelines Monitoring General Monitoring frequency Community-wide schemes Individual systems Operation and maintenance record sheets Maintenance certificate Health Incidents and emergencies 64 Contingency plan and troubleshooting guide required. 7 ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDANCE Administration and management Construction, installation, and operation Advice and education Reports Site-and-soil evaluation report Design report Installation and commissioning report(s) Maintenance report Innovative and alternative systems to be assessed. Loading certificate to be provided [content detailed in (d)]. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 6

7 APPENDICES Appendix A: Risk management process guidelines 71 (Informative) A1 Scope A2 Context A3 Risk management process A3.1 Introduction A3.2 Steps in the risk management process A3.2.1 Communicate and consult A3.2.2 Establish the context A3.3.3 Identify risks A3.2.4 Analyse risks A3.2.5 Evaluate risks A3.2.6 Reduce risks A3.2.7 Monitor and review A4 Risk management examples Appendix B: Site-and-soil evaluation procedures 83 Appendix 4.1A 74 (Normative) B1 Scope A1 74 B2 Desktop study A2 74 B2.1 Objective B2.2 Groundwater B2.3 Site plans B3 Site-and-soil check (SSC) A3 75 B3.1 Matters to be considered B3.2 Reporting B4 Soil assessment B4.1 General B4.2 Soil inspection procedures B4.3 Assessment of soil properties B4.4 Reporting B5 Dispersive soils B5.1 General A4 77 Note: 4.1A5 on nutrient loading considerations has now been replaced by a new Appendix S A6 79 B5.2 Reclassification of dispersive soils B6 Soil permeability measurement A7 79 B7 Reporting A8 79 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 7

8 Appendix C: Site-and-soil evaluation for planning, 90 Appendix 4.1B 81 rezoning, and subdivision of land (Normative) C1 Scope B1 81 C2 General B2 81 C3 Site-and-soil evaluation C3.1 Terrain-soil combinations C3.2 Land surface shape C3.3 Gradient C3.4 Water C3.5 Soil inspection C3.5.1 Personnel C3.5.2 Soil survey C3.5.3 Favourable land C3.5.4 Soil sampling and inspection C3.6 Unfavourable land C3.7 Low environmental risk C3.8 Final plan C3.9 Final plan report B3 81 Appendix D: Site-and-soil evaluation for individual lots 96 Appendix 4.1C 87 (Normative) D1 Scope C1 87 D2 Site assessment C2 87 D2.1 General D2.2 Preliminary interpretation D3 Soil assessment for individual lots C3 89 Expanded commentary on soil boreholes and observation pits. D3.1 Soil data collection procedures D3.1.1 Standard procedure D3.1.2 Modified procedure D3.2 Inspection record or log D4 Reserve land application area C4 90 D5 Unfavourable results C5 90 D6 Site report C6 90 Appendix E: Site-and-soil properties (Normative) 104 Appendix 4.1D 95 E1 Scope D1 95 E2 Assessment of site exposure D2 95 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 8

9 E3 Assessment of soil colour D3 95 E4 Assessment of soil texture E4.1 Field assessment D4 96 Table E1 (replacing Table 4.1D1) now includes Soil Category numbers. E4.2 Laboratory assessment E5 Assessment of course fragments D5 98 E5.1 General E5.2 Abundance E5.3 Size E5.4 Relevance and impact E6 Assessment of soil structure D6 99 E7 Assessment of soil dispersion D7 100 E8 Assessment of areal porosity 109 Appendix F: Dispersive soil and sodicity (Informative) 111 Appendix 4.1E 101 F1 Scope E1 101 F2 Discussion E2 101 Appendix G: Soil permeability measurement Constant 112 Appendix 4.1F 102 head test (Normative) G1 Scope F1 102 G2 Principle F2 102 G3 Apparatus F3 102 Stopwatch included to enable set time interval to be determined. G4 Test procedure F4 103 G4.1 Single test holes G4.2 Multiple test holes G5 Test results F5 106 G6 Test calculation F6 106 Correct equation now provided. Clarification provided on depth to impermeable layer. G7 Test records F7 107 Appendix H: Typical domestic wastewater flow design allowances (Informative) 121 Appendix 4.2D 141 H1 Scope 121 H2 Design flow and peak occupancy 121 Fully revised and split into Australia and New Zealand design flow allowance Tables. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 9

10 Appendix J: Recommended capacities for septic tanks 125 Appendix 4.3A 143 (Informative) J1 Scope A1 143 J2 Context of use A2 143 J3 Septic tank capacities J3.1 Service time J3.2 All-waste septic tank capacities J3.3 Greywater septic tank capacities J3.4 Blackwater septic tank capacities A3 143 Expanded explanatory information provided re settling volume allowance. J4 Pumpout frequency A4 144 Notes that septic tanks with outlet filters can have a reduced pumpout frequency. Appendix K Land application systems Guidance on 128 Appendix 4.2B 127 selection (Informative) K1 Scope B1 127 K2 Application B2 127 K3 Limitations due to site, soil, and climatic factors B3 127 K3.1 General K3.2 Salinisation K3.3 Modifications to systems K3.4 System options K3.5 Setback distances K4 Selecting the land application system to fit the site and the soil B4 127 Appendix L: Land application methods Trenches, beds A7 115 and ETA/ETS systems (Normative) L1 General A A L2 Selection of DLR values A A L3 Plants A L4 Design area sizing L4.1 General L4.2 Sizing A On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 10

11 L5 Construction and installation A A L5.1 General A L5.2 Dimensions A A L5.3 Construction details A A L5.4 Surface water A L6 Effluent loading A4 151 L6.1 Gravity loading L6.1.1 Trench or bed length L6.1.2 Distribution pipe L6.1.3 Arches A A4.1.4 boxed trenches (p. 150) has apparently been omitted. Their advantage is their capacity to store large volume, intermittent daily flows of effluent. The diagram for boxed trenches remains as Fig. L3. L6.2 Discharge control trench effluent loading method for category 1 soil A Expanded details on sand media specification is provided [after 2000 version mistakenly indicated distribution aggregate in Fig 4.5A4 (p. 150)]. L6.3 Dose loading of effluent A Recommends use of LPED dose lines and automatic L7 Construction techniques A5 153 L7.1 Good construction technique L7.2 Dispersive soil L7.3 Filling trenches and beds L8 Installation pipe laying A6 154 L9 Inspection A7 154 L10 Pre-commissioning tests A8 155 L11 Commissioning A9 155 L12 Marking A L13 Reporting A sequencing valves. Appendix M: Land application methods Irrigation A systems (Normative) M1 General A10.1 and M2 Effluent quality requirements A M2.1 Covered surface drip and shallow subsurface drip A irrigation M2.2 Spray irrigation A M2.3 LPED irrigation 156 M2.4 E.coli A Thermotolerant coliforms replaced by E.coli. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 11

12 M3 Drip irrigation (secondary effluent) A M3.1 Shallow subsurface drip irrigation M3.2 Covered surface drip irrigation A M4 Spray irrigation (disinfected secondary effluent) A M5 LPED irrigation (primary and secondary effluent) 158 M6 Irrigation system design A Section expanded. M6.1 General M6.2 Design irrigation rate A M7 Irrigation area A M7.1 General A Use of good quality topsoil discussed. M7.2 Designated area A M8 Spray irrigation A M9 Construction M9.1 General M9.2 Setbacks M9.3 Sloping sites M9.4 Distribution systems M9.4.1 LPED irrigation M9.4.2 Covered surface drip M9.4.3 Spray C2 and 4.5D2 consolidated M10 Installation M10.1 Pump system M10.2 Pipework M10.3 Solids, soil and water M11 Pre-commissioning tests M11.1 Drip irrigation C3 and 4.5D3 consolidated C4 and 4.5D4 consolidated M11.2 LPED Irrigation M12 Commissioning C5 4.5D5 M13 Marking C6 4.5D6 M14 Reporting C7 4.5D Complete revision of this section to incorporate new information on sloping sites and on LPED primary effluent irrigation. New figures are provided for drip, spray and LPED irrigation (with old Figures 4.5C1 and 4.5D1 deleted). Sub-surface and surface drip consolidated. Sub-surface and surface drip consolidated. On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 12

13 Appendix N: Land application methods Mounds A9 120 (Normative) N1 General A Emphasises mounds are not raised sand filters. N2 Design N2.1 Sizing A Sand loading rate (which sizes distribution bed) reduced from 50mm/day to 40mm/day. N2.2 Application rates N3 Construction and installation N3.1 Site protection N3.2 Construction preparation N3.3 Construction of the mound N3.3.1 Delivery pipe N3.3.2 Sand-fill media N3.3.3 Distribution bed N3.3.4 Effluent distribution network N3.3.5 Pre-commissioning tests N3.3.6 Finish of distribution bed N4 Commissioning B4 159 N5 Reporting B5 159 Appendix P: Disinfection (Informative) B3 156 The distribution manifold in N3.3.4 is to be placed so it drains between doses. P1 Chlorination P1.1 Disinfection apparatus P1.2 Chlorine dosing P1.3 Monitoring and maintenance P2 Ultraviolet P2.1 Disinfection apparatus P2.2 Maintenance Appendix Q: Water balance and land application systems 180 Appendix 4.2C 137 (Informative) Q1 Scope C1 137 Q2 General C2 137 Q3 Land application water-balance C3 138 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 13

14 Q4 Water-balance and primary treated effluent C4 138 Q4.1 General Q4.2 Trenches and beds Q4.3 Evapotranspiration/absorption/seepage systems Q4.4 Mounds Q4.5 LPED irrigation Q5 Water-balance and secondary effluent Q5.1 Secondary effluent quality Q5.2 Subsurface drip irrigation Q5.3 Covered surface drip and spray irrigation C5 139 Appendix R: Recommended setback distances for land 184 application systems (Informative) R1 Scope 184 R2 Application 184 R3 References/guidelines used in the development of these 190 setback distances Appendix S: Nutrients (Informative) 191 S1 Scope 191 S2 Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus 191 S3 Harmful effects 192 S4 Natural removal mechanisms 192 S4.1 Phosphorus S4.2 Nitrogen S5 Guidelines 194 S6 Nutrient databases 194 S7 Removal in treatment facility 195 Appendix T: Operation and maintenance guidelines (Informative) T1 Scope 196 T2 Preparation T3 Content of operation and maintenance guidelines 196 3A T4 On-site system incidents and emergencies 197 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 14

15 T5 Typical content of operation and maintenance guidelines for 197 3A3 44 householders T5.1 Description of wastewater treatment and land 197 3A Wastewater treatment unit replaces septic tank. application systems T5.1.1 The wastewater treatment unit T5.1.2 Land application system 197 3A T Trenches T Beds T Evapotranspiration/absorption/seepage systems T Mound systems T Irrigation systems (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) T5.1.3 Distribution systems 198 3A T5.1.4 Reserve areas 199 3A T5.2 Operation and maintenance requirements 200 3A T5.2.1 Advice to a property owner/occupier on use of the system T5.2.2 Advice on maintenance 201 3A T5.2.3 Advice on operating problems 202 3A T5.3.4 Consequences of failure 202 3A T5.2.5 Advice on property owner/occupier 202 3A responsibilities T5.2.6 Advice on alternative on-site systems 202 3A Appendix U:Monitoring records for on-site systems (Informative) 203 U1 Scope 203 U2 Purpose of records 203 U3 Sources of data 203 U4 Monitoring forms 203 Appendix V: Comparison of sections between AS/NZS 1547:2000 and AS/NZS 1547:2012 (Informative) 207 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 15

16 TABLES AS/NZS 1547:2012 Page AS/NZS 1547:2000 Page NOTES re 2012 CHANGES 1.1 Slope conversion table Implementation processes and persons involved 24 Table Essential stages 5.1 Determination of soil category 39 Table Soil categories and recommended design irrigation/loading rates (DIR/DLR) for land application systems 55 Summarises DLR and DIR values for all systems, but notes that information and detail in Tables L1, M1 and N1 take precedence over Table 5.2. A1 Examples of design risk reduction measures 77 A2 Examples of operation and maintenance risk reduction 79 measures A3 Examples of administrative risk reduction measures 81 B1 Summary of investigation procedures 86 Table 4.1A1 77 B2 Soil properties 87 Table 4.1A2 78 D1 Site assessment factors Individual lot 97 Table4.1C1 88 E1 Assessment of soil textures 106 Table 4.1D1 97 E2 Abundance of coarse fragments 107 Table 4.1D2 98 E3 Size of coarse fragments 107 Table 4.1D3 98 E4 Structure 108 Table 4.1D4 99 H1 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowance Australia H2 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowances for each fixture Australia H3 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowances Domestic wastewater from households New Zealand H4 Typical domestic wastewater design flow allowances Domestic wastewater from commercial premises New Zealand Replaces Appendix 4.2D (p. 141). J1 All-waste septic tank operational capacities 127 Table 4.3A1 143 J2 Greywater septic tank operational capacities 127 Table4.3A2 144 J3 Blackwater septic tank operational capacities 127 Table4.3A3 144 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 16

17 K1 Land application systems Limitations due to site, soil, and 130 Table 4.2B1 128 climatic factors K2 Selecting the land application system to fit the site and the soil 135 Table4.2B2 132 L1 Recommended design loading rates for trenches and beds 145 Tables 4.2A1 and A2 119 L2 Typical dimensions of conventional trenches and beds 146 Table 4.5A1 147 ETA/ETS systems consolidated with trenches and beds. M1 Recommended design irrigation rate (DIR) for irrigation 160 Table 4.2A4 125 Expanded to include DIR values for drip, spray and LPED systems irrigation.. M2 Recommended reductions in DIR according to slope 163 N1 Recommended mound design loading rates 172 Table 4.2A3 121 R1 Guidelines for horizontal and vertical setback distances 185 R2 Site constraint scale for development of setback distances 187 S1 Typical nutrient contributions for residential dwellings 191 FIGURES 1.1 Management framework for on-site systems Example record sheet Septic tank and trench system 65 Figure Example record sheet AWTS and irrigation system Emergency flow chart 67 A1 The risk management process 73 B1 Site-and-soil evaluation form: Excavation log Example 89 Figure 4.1A1 80 C1 Site-and-soil evaluation process for subdivisions 91 Figure 4.1B1 82 C2 Slope configuration and surface drainage 93 Figure 4.1B2 84 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 17

18 D1 Site plan Individual lot Example 100 Figure 4.1C1 91 D2 Site information sheet Example 101 Figure 4.1C2 92 D3 Site-and-soil evaluation form Individual lot Example 102 Figure 4.1C3 93 E1 Example of pore charts with an areal percentage of G1 Permeameter assembly 115 Figure 4.1F1 104 G2 Anti-scouring device 116 Figure 4.1F2 105 G3 Soil permeability field record sheet Example 120 Figure 4.1F3 108 L1 Conventional piped trench 151 Figure 4.5A1 148 L2 Self-supporting arch trench 151 Figure 4.5A2 148 L3 Boxed trench 152 Figure 4.5A3 149 L4 Discharge control trench 153 Figure 4.5A4 150 Sand fill media replaces distribution aggregate. L5 Conventional bed 153 Figure 4.5A5 150 L6 ETA/ETS bed details 154 Figure 4.5A6 152 L7 ETA/ETS trenches 154 Figure 4.5A7 152 M1 Drip irrigation system Example layout of components 167 M2 Spray irrigation system Example layout of components 168 M3 Shallow subsurface LPED irrigation Example system 169 Figures 4.5C1 and 4.5D1 (p. 161 and 167) replaced. N1 Wisconsin mound system 174 Figure 4.5B1 157 Q1 The natural water balance of land 180 Figure 4.2C1 137 R1 Example of design and compliance boundaries for application of setback distances for a soil absorption system R2 Example of wastewater pathways and site constraints for application of setback distances for a soil absorption system T1 The septic tank and land application system 199 Figure 3A1 45 T2 Traditional septic 200 Figure 3A2 47 U1 Monitoring form Site information 204 U2 Monitoring form On-site 205 U3 Monitoring form Soil investigation 206 On-Site NewZ AS/NZS 1547:2012 and AS/NZS 1547:2000 Comparison Part A [7 September 2012] 18