PLUMBING SYSTEMS. Plumbing Systems

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1 PLUMBING SYSTEMS WATER SUPPLY cisterns: American cohousing solar still: Australian outback Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 1 Plumbing Systems Potable water supply (potable = fit for human consumption) Cold Hot Sanitary drainage (waste water and stuff) Black water (contains human wastes) Greywater (no human wastes) Black water and greywater are combined in the typical building Storm drainage (rain water) and in many building types Specialty fluids (medical gases, natural gas, lab waste) not addressed in this course Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 2 1

2 Water Supply All the water that will ever be is, right now. National Geographic water is recyclable not renewable Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 3 Water Supply like solar energy, rainwater is a generally diffuse resource, which (unlike solar) is concentrated by gravity; society has managed to divert this resource on a regional scale used to go the water footprint of several western cities now goes base diagram from: Design for Human Ecosystems; Lyle Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 4 2

3 green design: it s about more than energy and materials environment / economics / equity Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 5 Water Supply Subsystems Water source Public (municipal or private utility) Private (well, cistern) Distribution (pressurized) Pipes, valves, accessories (meters, water softeners, water heaters, ) Fixtures Water-using devices of all types Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 6 3

4 Water Source Public (utility) User purchases water as a commodity Designer verifies availability and conditions (location of main, flow capacity, mains pressure, water quality) Designer connects distribution system to utility main Private (well, cistern) More complicated (for designer) than a public system May involve treatment, storage, and pressurization and possibly depletion of the resource Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 7 Water Distribution Cold water Steel, copper, or plastic pipe are commonly used Dead-end distribution with pressurized pipes Involves control valves and other accessories Hot water Steel, copper or heat-resistant plastic pipe Central water heater with storage tank OR No-storage instantaneous heaters Dead-end distribution OR Recirculating hot water loop (to avoid having to wait for 5 minutes to get hot water) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 8 4

5 Water Supply Piping is under pressure, so this is possible. is sized using diversity such that reasonably small pipe sizes result (even in large buildings) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 9 Water Supply Piping Requirements the International Plumbing Code presents minimum water supply requirements in terms of water pressure and flow rate at various fixtures the designer s task is to ensure these minimum performance expectations are met by provision of appropriate pipe sizes throughout the supply system; or to provide for better performance if design intent/criteria so require Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 10 5

6 Introducing Diversity Diversity is a design concept that engages system component sizing based upon the expectation that there will NOT be simultaneous usage of all elements in the system Example, all the water supply fixtures in a building will NOT likely be used at the same time, therefore the main supply pipes need not be sized for full coincident use Considering diversity keeps central distribution elements smaller Branches, on the other hand, are sized for full coincident usage Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 11 Supply Pipe Sizing Process Tabulate fixture units (FU) per building code requirements For each segment of pipe, convert FU to flow rate in gpm (gallons per minute) using Hunter (diversity) curves [caution!] Size pipe segments based upon gpm and designer s criteria for friction (pressure loss/energy) and water velocity (noise) note: this process is undergoing change in some codes Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 12 6

7 Pipe Sizing (why engineers get the big bucks) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 13 Diversity Hunter Curves this would be the slope with no diversity diversity flattens the curve that relates fixture count to resulting flow demand; a flush tank stores water and spreads demand across time Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 14 7

8 Diversity The concept of diversity is not found just in plumbing system design. Diversity influences the sizing of: -- elevator systems -- fire egress stairs -- sprinkler system piping (dry and wet pipe) -- VAV system main ductwork -- some electrical system components Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 15 Fixtures A supply fixture is any device that uses water, including: water closet, shower, dishwasher, refrigerator, washing machine, hose bibb, Minimum fixtures are dictated by building codes (and vary by occupancy type) Desired fixtures are derived from design intent Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 16 8

9 Minimum Fixture Requirements space type minimum fixture counts excerpt from 2006 International Plumbing Code Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 17 Fixtures lavatory ^^ flush tank water closet >> lavatory is the technical name for a sink water closet is the technical name for a toilet Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 18 9

10 Fixtures bathtub plus ^^ shower >> fixtures are the things that use water Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 19 Fixtures urinal ^^ eastern WC >> Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 20 10

11 Fixtures ^^ hose bibb Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 21 Green Fixtures Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 22 11

12 Water Supply Aesthetics Backflow Preventers two elements of a water supply system tend to be visible; fixtures and backflow preventers (sometimes, aka fake rocks) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 23 Why Backflow Preventers? leakage of make-up valve combined with a reversal of assumed pressure relationships can allow solution to flow into main back pressure in drain coupled with a drop in mains pressure (maybe fire hydrants open) can allow sewage to flow into potable water line and then into municipal system Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 24 12

13 Backflow Preventer Installation Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 25 Water Supply Aesthetics Cisterns Chesapeake Bay Foundation; Philip Merrill Center, Annapolis, MD Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 26 13

14 Water Supply Aesthetics Artwork Chesapeake Bay Foundation; Philip Merrill Center, Annapolis, MD Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 27 Water Supply Aesthetics Conveyance rainwater cistern rainwater aqueduct Lady Bird Johnson National Wildflower Center, Austin, TX Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 28 14