Current Practises in Australian Wineries for wastewater reuse: their Advantages and Limitations

Transcription

1 You can change this image to be more appropriate p to your topic by going to the Master slide and inserting a new image: View menu, Master, Slide Master. Note: only one image should be used. Please delete these instructions before use. Current Practises in Australian Wineries for wastewater reuse: their Advantages and Limitations Anu Kumar CSIRO Land and Water

2 Wastewater sources Waste from winery operations Winemaking Cleaning Transfer and storage Stormwater in open tank farms Runoff from roadways and building infrastructure

3 Symptoms Odours and overflows

4 Contamination of Freshwater Environments

5

6 Salinity

7 Water usage in wineries

8 Relative Water Consumption by Process Unit

9 Winery wastewater generation, treatment and disposal: A survey of Australian practice

10 Number of wineries for the Audit Equivalent crush Number of wineries in Proportion of industry (tonne per annum) sample represented Weight < > TOTAL 45

11 Distribution of responses State Number of wineries % of total sample 1 Distribution ib ti compared to industry % of industry % of industry South Australia 23 48% 50% 46% Victoria 10 7% 18% 15% New South Wales 5 43% 29% 34% Western Australia 6 3% 2% 5% Queensland 1 0.1% 0.01% 0.04% Tasmania 0 0% NA 02% 0.2% 1 Distribution for survey based on summation of crush of the sampled wineries in each state over total crush of the sampled wineries in the study. 2 Distribution for industry based on total production which is estimated by crush (average in range) x number of wineries i in sample. Industry data sourced from Wine Industry Directory 2006 (Winetitles). 3 Data from ABS for 2007.

12 Current Treatment practices

13 We have looked at wineries using energy-intensive methods to remove BOD from the waste stream ranging through to a minimal treatment process that would allow land disposal of the waste water. Neither system manage salt effectively and this remains an on- going problem. The latter system has the potential advantages of Improving soil quality Sequesting carbon into soil

14 Use of different disposal/dispersion methods

15 Irrigation rates by plant type and winery size

16 Land irrigation- Is it sustainable?

17 Wastewater treated sites sampled Woodlots 7-20 yrs history Pastures >20 yrs Vineyards short history

18 BOD is not bad for soil Organic carbon is good for soil more the better provided it does not 10 5 lead to soil clogging 0 or Nitrate problem to groundwater CO2 (ug/g soil/h) Respiration - Woodlot LP road (2.2%) Woodlot (4.7%) Substrate Induced Nitrification (28 days) 200 mg/kg g LP Road (2.2%) Woodlot (4.7%)

19 + N Na & + K

20 Potassium in wastewaters 300 Large Winery 250 Seasonal fluctuations due to harvesting and crush operations in the vintage period, Potassium (m mg/l) Pre-vintage Vintage Post-vintage The concentration of potassium in winery wastewaters can go up to 1000 mg L -1 during the vintage season Season Small Winery Pot 200 tassium (mg/l) 0 Pre-vintage Vintage Post-vintage Season

21 Potassium uptake by some crops Crop Yield Uptake (K) p ( ) t ha- 1 kg ha- 1 Lucerne Clover-grass Mixture Coastal Bermuda grass Maize Cotton Oil Palm Peanuts Soybeans Wheat Banana Grape

22 Can BOD, OC and solids be good? From Shane Philips Soils very low in OC (<0.5%) After 5 years of irrigation OC levels have moved from 0.28% (control) to 0.4% in irrigated areas If I remove BOD and solids I am still faced with EC and salt loads in terms of sustainable management Vetch Rye corn Forage oats Lucerne Barley Millet Sorghum

23 Soil management Integrate the wastewater chemistry and soil type into cropping rotations Focus on infiltration rates, crop water use and irrigation cycles As a result: fertigation with Calcium nitrate, zinc sulphate and ammonium sulphate in conjunction with cropping program Soil Type Basic Infiltration Rate (mm/hour) sandy less than 30 sandy loam loam clay loam 5 10 clay 1 5

24 Current treatment drivers Acceptance for the aquatic ecosystem BOD/COD is one of the Key driver Odour is another key driver Is the treatment method best for land? Salt vs BOD/COD

25 Treatment: fit for purpose

26 Use of Wastewater requires an understanding of soil processes

27 Soil Health

28 Go Green: Ground to Glass Thank you CSIRO Land and Water Anu Kumar Senior Research Scientist Phone: (08)